• Sim-seong Yeon-gu
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.1-30
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• 2022

This text is an attempt to understand the psychological meaning of panic attacks occurring in the young people in their early twenties who play music. A panic attack is a type of anxiety neurosis known to occur primarily in their twenties and is characterized by extreme fear and terror accompanied by various symptoms in the autonomic nervous system. Situations with occurring panic attacks were examined in three cases combined with panic attacks and mood swings, suicidal ideation, and self-mutilating behaviors, and the psychological meaning of panic attacks was reviewed for each case. In the first case, panic attacks make one think or reflect with consciousness for someone who wants to remain unconscious. In the second case, for one who hesitates to move forward in life and finds oneself in conflict, panic attacks open the inner mind and allow one to come in touch with one's deeper mind, thereby opening possibilities to transcend the conflict. In the third case, one experience the instinct and impulse of desiring to realize the unconsciousness as panic attacks and thereafter consciously realize the impulse as well. Their panic attacks, which all seem to have different meanings, are likely a powerful approach of the unconsciousness to urge a renewal from the consciousness level of the youth period.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.26-33
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• 2021

Objectives : This study was designed to investigate datas related to panic attack and treatment in emergency room of panic disorder patients who visited emergency room for panic attack. Methods : A retrospective analysis of medical records was conducted on 92 patients with panic disorder who visited Chungju Konkuk university hospital emergency department due to panic attack and had bodily symptoms from 1st January 2010 to 31th December 2019. In addition to demographic characteristics and comorbid disorders, triggering stressors and alcohol consumption were corrected as pre-panic attack datas, bodily symptoms at the time of panic attack were corrected as datas during attack, electrocardiogram trial, consultation with psychiatrist, admission and information of used psychotropic drugs were corrected as post-attack data. Depending on size of data, Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test was used. Collected data was analyzed using R 4.03. Results : Cardiovascular disease was accompanied by 5.4% and depressive disorder was the most common coexisting mental disorder. Among triggering stressors, economic problem/work-related stress was significantly higher in men than women (𝛘²=4.322, p<0.005). The most common physical symptom during attack was circulatory (65.2%), followed by respiratory (57.6%), numbness-paralysis (33.7%), dizziness (19.6%), gastro-intestinal (14.1%) and autonomic symptom (12.0%). Electrocardiogram was taken at higher rate when patients complained circulatory symptom (𝛘²=8.46, p<0.005). The psychotropic drug most commonly used in emergency room was lorazepam, used in 92.1%. Conclusions : The most common bodily symptom during panic attack was circulatory symptom and the most common triggering stressor in men was economic problem/work-related stress. The most commonly used psychotropic for panic attack was lorazepam.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.57-62
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• 2011

Sleep disturbance is a one of common complaints among patients with panic disorder. However, clinicians and researchers did not give much attention to the sleep symptoms of panic disorder yet. Several previous studies suggested that the sleep disturbance in panic disorder is mediated by nocturnal panic attack. In terms of the pathophysiology of panic disorder, nocturnal panic attack seems to be closely associated with the sleep problems in panic disorder. In this article, the authors reviewed various previous studies about sleep of panic disorder and intended to give importance of evaluating sleep disturbances and nocturnal panic attack in panic disorder for both clinical and research purpose.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.34-45
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• 1998

We provide the reader with a brief introduction to the neurobiology of neuropeptides. Several comprehensive reviews of the distribution and neurochemical, neurophysiological, neuropharmacological and behavioral effects of the major neuropeptides have recently appeared. In reviews of the large number of neuropeptides in brain and their occurance in brain regions thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of major psychiatric disorders, investigators have sought to determine whether alternations in neuropeptide systems are associated with schizophrenia, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, alcoholism and neurodegenerative disease. There is no longer any doubt that neuropeptide-containing neurons are altered in several neuropsychiatric disorders. One of the factors that has hindered neuropeptide research to a considerable extent is the lack of pharmacological agents that specifically alter the synaptic availability of neuropeptides. With the exception of naloxone and naltrexone, the opiate-receptor antagonists, there are few available neuropeptide- receptor antagonists. Two independent classes of neuropeptide-receptor antagonists has been expected to be clinically useful. Naltrexone, a potent ${\mu}$-receptor antagonist, has been used successfully to reduce the need for alcohol consumption. And cholecycstokinin antagonists are now in development as a new class of anxiolytics, which would be expected to be free from tolerance and physical dependence and lack of sedation. In this review, we deal with these two kinds of neuropeptide system, the opioid system and cholesystokinins in the brain. The role of opioid systems in the reinforcement after alcohol consumtion and that of cholesystokinins in the pathogenesis of anxiety will be discussed briefly. As we know, the future for neuropeptides in psychiatry remains bright indeed.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.139-146
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• 1995

Forty patients meeting DSM-III-H criteria for panic disorder and 51 normal controls were assessed with the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-Revised(PDQ-R), a self-rating scale designed to assess Axis II personality disorders and traits. Results replicated previous findings of a preponderance of dependent, avoidant, and histrionic features. But our result showed other features such as paranoid, schizotypal, borderline, and antisocial traits also. Patients were divided into two groups according to the severity of their personality traits(high or low). These groups were compared in various panic symptomatology and SCL-90-R. None of the specific symptom dimensions in panic disorder, i.e. panic, anxiety, agoraphobia, social impairment, or chronicity was different between groups. Rather, high personality trait groups were found to have significantly more symptomatology in SCR-90-R than low personality groups. Result indicated that patients exhibiting a greater number of personality traits were also significantly more symptomatic. The results suggested a possible link beteween panic disorder and personality disorder. And, general factors such as depression, social or interpersonal sensitivity might provide a much better explanation of personality disorders in panic patients.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.207-218
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• 2010

Objectives : This case report presents a 33-year-old male patient who complained chest pain and anxiety. diagnosed with panic disorder with agoraphobia improved by Herbal Extracts. SRP(Stress Reduction Program) and Acupuncture treatment. Methods : In early treatment period. we evaluated his general psychological state through interview and self-questionnaires(STAI, SCL-90-R, STAXI, BDI) for treatment planing. And then we had prescribed herbal extracts for 20 weeks with applying SRP and acupuncture treatment. After 20 weeks we assessed his psychological symptoms with same evaluation tools. Results : After 20 weeks. We found that patient's somatic and psychological symptoms(anxiety, depression, anger) were alleviated. Frequency and severity of panic attacks were reduced also. Conclusions : Herbal extracts. especially Gyejigayonggolmoryo-tang(桂枝加龍骨牡蠣湯) and Jakyakgamcho-tang(芍藥甘草湯), may be useful therapeutic tool for control of panic attack symptoms and anxiety.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.13-20
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• 1996

This study was performed to explore the frequency of panic attack induced by sodium lactate in alcohol dependence patients and to compare the extent of blunted growth hormone reponses after clonidine infusion with that of normal controls. The authors investigated 10 alcohol dependence patients receiving inpatient care in Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital from March 2, 1993 to August 31, 1993 and 10 normal controls. The disagnosis of alcohol dependence was based on DSM-III-R. Thirty minutes after the sodium lactate infusions clonidins were administrated. Venous bloods were sampled before the sodium lactate infusions, and 30, 45, 60, 90 minutes after the administrations of clonidine. Plasma growth hormone levels were measured by RIA method. The results were as follows : 1) In the questionaires of Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, Hamilton Depression Raing Scale, CAGE, Korean MAST, the scores of alcohol dependent patients were higher than those of normal controls. 2) Sixty percent of alcohol dependence patients and twenty percent of normal controls had panic attacks induced by sodium lactate. 3) All panic attacks induced by sodium lactate were relieved after clonidine infusions. 4) There were blunted growth hormone responses after clonidine infusions in alcohol dependence patients who had sodium lactate induced panic attacks like panic disorder patients. These results suggest that alcohol dependence patients may have noradrenergic abnormality same as panic disorder patients and two disorder may have high biological correlations each other.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.76-85
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• 2004

Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the emotional state and personality characteristics of patient with panic disorder. Methods: Twenty patients with panic disorder, 21 patients with somatoform disorder, and 20 normal healthy controls were studied. Korean version of Beck Depression Inventory(BDI), State and Trait Anxiety Inventory(STAI) and Korean standardized edition of Cattell's 16 Personality Factors Questionnaire(16-PF) were used for assessment. Statistically, One-way ANOVA with Scheffe test were used by SPSS/PC for windows. Results: 1) Total score of BDI was higher in the panic group than the somatoform group and normal control group(p<0.001). 2) Total score of state anxiety and trait anxiety in the panic group was higher than the somatoform group and normal control group(p<0.001). 3) In 16 PF, there were no definitely abnormal range of scores. But in first-stratum source traits of 16PF, the panic group was higher than the somatoform group and normal healthy group in O-factor (p<0.01) and Q4-factor(p<0.001). In second-stratum source traits of 16PF, the panic group was higher than the somatoform group in ANX-factor(p<0.05), but lower than normal control group in TOUfactor(p<0.05). 4) There were no differences in the panic subgroup according to sex and cutoff points of BDI score 16 and STAI-T score 54. 5) According to cutoff point of STAI-S score 52, the panic subgroup above 52 was higher than the panic subgroup under 52 in G-factor(p<0.001), Q3-factor(p<0.05) and SUP-factor(p<0.001), but lower in L-factor(p<0.05). Conclusion: These results suggest that emotional state of patients with panic disorder are depressive and anxious as compared with patients with somatoform disorder and normal controls. Patients with panic disorder did not show any abnormal personality characteristics but were more guilt-prone, anxious, emotionally sensitive. We propose that the understanding of panic patients' emotional state and personality characteristics will helpful to treat and manage in patient with panic disorder.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.107-114
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• 1995

This study was to investigate the anatomical evidence of anxiety. MRI was used to study 11 patients with panic disorder and 15 patients with complex partial seizure, and 21 controls. The regions of interest in the MRI were measured with computer-assisted planimetry using the AutoCad and digitizer. The following results were obtained ; 1) The mean age was 49.7(12.4) years in patients with panic disorder and 30.1(7.5) years in patients with complex partial seizure. 2) There were na signi ficant differences between 3 groups in the values of cerebral area, temporal lobe, caudate nucleus, hippocampus, parahippocampus, amygdala, third ventricle and VBR. The right parahippocampal region which attracted most attention in neurobiological studies regarding anxiety, tended to be larger in both study groups compared to the control group, but with no statistical significance. 3) There was lett-right reversal of temporal lobes in both study groups. And these are mainly due to asymmetrical increase in area of the temporal lobe on right side. These results suggest that temporal lobe, especially right temporal, is the anatomical correspondence of anxiety and functional activation of temporo-limbic system may be accompanied by the structural change of temporal lobe.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.16 no.7
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• pp.633-639
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• 2016

Putting his 'Panic theatre' aesthetics into practice, Fernando Arrabal is a leader of the avant-garde theatre. Creating ${\ll}$Guernica${\gg}$, Arrabal's play, in a dance theatre format, this study tries to analyze the group pathos in fanatical conscious and poetic movement. Logic analysis is based upon the pathos value of the theatre of the Absurd that transcends the unrealistic and the illogic on the authority of dual element of the internal opposition and contradiction of human beings. In ${\ll}$Guernica${\gg}$, the dance of the Absurd found expression in the group pathos phenomenon of fanatical conscious, and was analysed as a new framework of communication structure.