• Korean Medical Education Review
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.102-108
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• 2012

This study developed a test entitled Clinical Critical Thinking Skills (CCTS) by using item response theory (IRT) and examined its validity. In the development stage, data obtained from a convenience sample of 627 undergraduate nursing students were analyzed using a discrimination and difficulty index with the TestAn 1.0 program. In the evaluation stage, data from a convenience sample of 284 nursing and non-nursing students were analyzed using a discrimination and difficulty index with the BILOG-MG program. Criterion validity was verified by the group comparison method. Five items received low discrimination index scores according to the IRT results. In terms of the criterion validity, CCTS scores differed according to major (t=2.21, p=0.028), location of high school (F=4.35, p=0.014), clinical experience (t=5.66, p=0.004), and grade point average (F=7.17, p< 0.001). The CCTS can be used to measure critical thinking skills in the clinical setting.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.225-238
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• 2005

Hwa-Byung(HB) has been categorized as a Korean culture-bound syndrome that is prevalent in married women of low socioeconomic status. Purpose: The Purpose of the study was to search for the essence of HB and a caring-healing process of HB. Then the research result discusses whether the Transpersonal Caring-Healing Model has been congruent with it. Method: Case examples resulted from in-depth telephone counseling over a period of time at the Women's Hot Line with a client who is a housewife with HB. The counseling content was analyzed through Giorgi's method of descriptive phenomenology. Result: The core meaning of the essence of HB was 'injustice'; and essential themes were 'lack of reciprocity', 'infidelity' 'suppressed aggression and powerlessness' and 'need for recognition'. The core meaning of the essence of the caring-healing process was 'caring-healing experience(maintaining a trust relationship)'; and essential themes were 'active listening', 'empathy' and 'forming a therapeutic relationship'. According to Watson, 'active listening', 'empathy' and 'forming a therapeutic relationship' were identified as intentionality, intersubjectivity and transpersonal. Conclusion: Transpersonal caring can release inner power and strength and help the person to gain a sense of inner harmony. Transpersonal caring is as important to healing as are conventional treatment approaches and even more powerful in the long run.

• Proceedings of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute Conference
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• 2004.04a
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• pp.177-184
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• 2004

Orthotropic steel deck bridge has much advantages such as the light deadweight, so the construction of orthotropic steel deck is profitable for the long-span bridges Although the system has a lot of merits, it happens some damages by the traffic density and the fatigue cracks of welding. The cross-connection of longitudinal rib and transversal rib is one of the weakest at the fatigue. The secondary stresses which are from the out-plane deformation of transversal rib and the torsion of longitudinal rib make the topical stress concentration phenomenon. The Bulkhead Plate for prevention of this stress concentration phenomenon was applied by changing the orthotropic steel deck of Williamsburg bridge in USA. But, it is principle that a Bulkhead Plate is not established in the domestic design standard. Therefore, it is estimated that the study for installation of Bulkhead Plate is needed. This study with considering these circumstances proves efficiency of Bulkhead Plate and will be presented optimal design details through finite element analysis according to change the geometrical of Bulkhead Plate and the cross-connection area of longitudinal and transversal rib

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.66-72
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• 1984

In this paper, the error rate performance of L-level amplitude shift keying (ASK), M-ary phase shift keying (PSK) and amplitude phase keying (APK) systems have been studied in the presence of interference and noise. Using the derived error probability equations, the error rate performance of each L-level ASK and M-ary PSK system has been evaluated in terms of carrier-to-noise power ratio (CNR), carrier-to-interferer power ratio (CIR), and envelope distribution of interferer. These results are combined and then the error rate performance of APK signal has been found. Finally, the error rate performance is compared and discussed.

• Proceedings of the Korea Contents Association Conference
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.408-412
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• 2006

Growing needs for efficient management of water resources urge integrated management of whole basin. As one of the tools for supporting above tasks, this study aims to indicate a hydrologic model that can simulate the streamflow discharges at some control points located both upper and down stream of dams. For the development and utilization of non analysis model, relevant basin information including historical precipitation and river water stage data, geophysical basin characteristics, and water intake and consumptions needs to be collected and stored into the hydrologic database of Integrated Real-Time Water Information System. The well-known SSARR model was selected for basis of continuous daily runoff model for forecasting short and long-term national river flows in this paper.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.678-685
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• 2003

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to interpretate Caper's view of the aesthetical approach to nursing, to discover problems of her arguments, and to ultimately expand the horizon of the aesthetical thinking of nursing. Method: By means of the critical interpretation of Caper's paper, problems of her arguments were discovered. This then was suggested was the proper way of the aesthetical approach to nursing. Result: Caper's arguments of aesthetics were seen to be confused, regarding the pattern of the nursing art and the relationship between aesthetical knowing and practical art, and to have no the nursing's perspective as moral art. The proper paradigm for the distinct thinking of the nursing aesthetics could be offered here through applying some aesthetical theories as follows; a mode of aesthetical knowing could be characterized as emphatical awareness in relationship between nurse and client, and a practical art of nursing understood as moral art in sense of the expression of the human dignity. Conclusion: This study suggested fundamental theme for the proper aesthetical approach to nursing in view of the aesthetical knowing and the practical art. The horizon of the aesthetical thinking in nursing can be expended through the inquiry into aesthetical theories which offer theoretical the base for nursing as an art.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.10 no.4 s.37
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• pp.565-575
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• 1998

This study presents overall process for designing and constructing a prestressed frame overpass using temporary piers. For the purpose of automating the design process, this study presents a computer program. According to the effective span(20m, 25m, 30m, 35m, 40m, 45m), this study performed parametric analysis and eventually presented appropriate cross section and compared this cross section with that of the existing simple steel overpass in girder height and quantify of the steel. $26{\sim}48%$ for gilder height and $25{\sim}34%$ for quantify of the steel are reduced as the result of study for span length $20{\sim}45m$. As long as the span length. the reduction rate was large.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.683-687
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• 2009

하천의 하상은 장기간에 걸친 교란으로 변화를 겪으며 자연 평형상태에 이르게 된다. 하천에서의 교란은 자연적인 교란과 인위적인 교란으로 나눌 수 있다. 자연적인 교란은 홍수, 태풍, 지진, 해충, 질병, 사태, 극고 저온, 한발 등을 포함하며 생태계의 안정성, 저항성 및 복원성에 의하여 자연 복원되는 경우이며, 인위적인 교란은 댐건설, 하도정비, 골재채취 기타 다른 하천 구조물의 축조 등으로 인해 생태계의 구조와 기능에 막대한 변화가 초래되는 경우이다. 따라서 이러한 교란된 하천의 하상변동 경향을 분석하고 예측하여 이 치수 구조물 축조에 반영하고 하천 생태계 교란의 영향을 최소화 시키는 것이 하천 환경적 측면에서 매우 중요하다고 할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 경상북도 안동시 임하면 임하리에 위치한 반변천의 임하 역조정지댐 직하류부터 낙동강 합류점까지 10.92km 지역을 연구대상지역으로 선정하여, 미공병단에서 개발된 하상변동 수치모형인 HEC-6를 이용하여 댐 건설전과 건설 후에 대하여 하상변동을 모의하였다. 그 결과 처음 5년간은 하상이 $0.5{\sim}1.0m$정도 저하되었으나 10년이 지났을 때, 댐 건설전의 경우에는 $-0.4{\sim}2.2m$, 댐 건설 후에는 $-0.2{\sim}1.3m$정도로 하상이 변화되었다. 이는 댐이 없을 경우에는 처음 5년간은 하상이 심하게 저하되었다가 10년이 지나면서 하상 저하율이 감소되면서 평형상태를 이루는데 댐이 있을 경우에는 하상이 저하되는 감소율이 더 적어지면서 댐이 있을 때보다 하상저하가 적게 이루어진 것 때문으로 사료된다.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.15 no.10
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• pp.797-810
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• 1990

The error rate equations of digitally modulated signals transmitted through the Gaussian noise and tone multiple interference channel have been derived. Using the derived equations of error probabilities in the environments of Gaussian noise tone interferer and Gaussian noise multiple interferer, the error rate performances of various digitally modulated signals have been evaluated, and compared in graphs as a function of average carrier to tone interferer power ratio(CIR), average carrier to multiple interferer power ratio(CIT) and the average carrer-to-Gaussian noise powr ratio(CIR). In this paper, the modulation schemes such as amplitude shift keying (ASK), phase shift keying(PSK), frequency shift keying(FSK), minimum shift keying(MSK), quadrature amplitud modulation(QAM) and amplitude phase shift keying(APK) have been selected for the study of performance comparison. The results of comparison show us that, in low bits/sec/Hz, PSK is superior to the other schemes, but in high bits/sec/Hz, mixed multi ary type is better than single multi ary type. And in strong noise evironment, the multiple interferer has much influence than tone interferer, however, in low noise environment. the mojor error factor is tone interferer. But tone interference effect nearly disappears over specified CIR level about 20[dB]. And the modulation schemes using amplitude are heavily influenced by multiple interference.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.441-451
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• 2003

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to illuminate the relation between the aesthetics and qualitative nursing research, and especially to consider the aesthetical characteristics of phenomenological nursing research which may reflect works of art. Method: Based on Heidegger, Merleau-ponty and Gadamer' philosophical aesthetics, this study shows how aesthetical thought can be is applied to artistic creation and aesthetical criticism in the phenomenological research of nursing. Result: The result of aesthetical characteristics of phenomenological nursing research were as follows: 1) Poetical thought of the client's experience as the living is revealed as poetic expressions in forms of listening gazing, reflection and metaphor. 2) Literature works, paintings, poetry and fiction used as sources of lived-experience help to awaken insight into the essence of lived-experience. 3) Aesthetical evaluation of phenomenological product as art is related to the harmony as a whole, especially to the ability to do vicarious lived-experience of the client. Conclusion: In order to produce creative phenomenological works in nursing research, two suggestions are made: aesthetical thought and poetic language in phenomenological reflective writing which enables researchers to transmit the essence of the lived-experience.