• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.325-329
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• 2018

Thp1/PCID2, PCI domain-containing protein, is a component of the evolutionally conserved TREX-2 complex linking mRNA transcription and export. In fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the pci2 (SPBC1105.07c) gene encodes a PCI domain-containing protein that is predicted as a fission yeast orthologue of Thp1 (in budding yeast)/PCID2 (in human). Repression of pci2 expression inhibited both growth and mRNA export. And over-expression of pci2 also exhibited growth retardation with slight accumulation of $poly(A)^+$ RNA in the nucleus. Moreover, yeast two-hybrid and co-immunoprecipitation analysis showed that the Pci2 protein physically interacted with Sac3 and Dss1, which are members of TREX-2 complex. These observations support that the S. pombe Pci2 protein, as a component of TREX-2 complex, is implicated in mRNA export.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.112-116
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• 2019

Thp1/PCID2 is a subunit of the evolutionally conserved TREX-2 complex, which is required for transcription-coupled mRNA export from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. In fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, there are two orthologs of the Thp1/PCID2 protein. In addition to pci2 (SPBC1105.07c) gene, SPAC1B3.08 gene encodes a PCI domain-containing protein that is predicted as a component of TREX-2 complex. Overexpression of SPAC1B3.08 cause slight defects of both growth and mRNA export. Yeast two-hybrid and co-immunoprecipitation analysis exhibits that the SPAC1B3.08 protein interacted with Sac3 and Dss1, which are another components of TREX-2 complex. These observations support the possibility that the S. pombe SPAC1B3.08 protein, as a component of TREX-2 complex, is involved in mRNA export.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.28-39
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• 2011

This review investigated theoretical principals and practical application examples on recirculation system of soil washing-wastewater treatment-treated water recycling. As for technologies which have attempted to remediating metals-contaminated soil in and around country, there are reactive barriers, encapsulation, solidification/stabilization, soil washing, and phytoremediation. Among those, in particular, this review covers soil washing technology which physicochemically removes contaminants from soils. The major drawbacks of this technology are to generate a large amount of wastewater which contains contaminants complexed with ligands of washing solution and needs additional treatment process. To solve these problems, many chemical treatment methods have been developed as follows: precipitation/coprecipitation, membrane filtration, adsorption treatment, ion exchange, and electrokinetic treatment. In the last part of the review, recent research and field application cases on soil washing wastewater treatment and recycling were introduced. Based on these integrated technologies, it could be achieved to solve the problem of soil washing wastewater and to enhance cost effective process by reducing total water resources use in soil washing process.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.91-97
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• 2018

The evolutionally conserved TREX complex member, Yra1/ALY, belongs to the REF (RNA and export factor binding proteins) family of hnRNP-like proteins, which has been implicated in multiple processes including transcription, nuclear RNA stability, and mRNA export. Fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, genome encodes two members of REF proteins. In addition to Mlo3 known previously as an mRNA export factor, there is the other REF protein, Tho4, which is predicted as a component of THO complex. Here we showed that deletion of tho4 (SPBC106.12c) gene does not inhibit both growth and nuclear mRNA export. However, overexpression of tho4 displays growth retardation and slight accumulation of $poly(A)^+$ RNA in the nucleus. Neither ${\Delta}tho4$ ${\Delta}mlo3$ nor ${\Delta}tho4$ ${\Delta}mex67$ double mutants exhibit additive growth defect. Moreover, yeast two-hybrid and co-immunoprecipitation analysis did not show that the Tho4 protein interacted with any members of TREX complex and mRNA export factor Rae1. Contrary to expectation, these observations support that the S. pombe Tho4 is not a component of TREX complex, and not directly involved in bulk mRNA export from the nucleus.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.49-54
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• 2017

Sus1 / ENY2 is a tiny conserved protein that is involved in chromatin remodeling and mRNA biogenesis. Sus1 is associated to two nuclear complexes, the transcriptional coactivator SAGA and the nuclear pore associated TREX2. In fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, ortholog of Sus1 / ENY2 was identified from the genome database. Tetrad analysis showed that the S. pombe sus1 is not essential for growth. However, deletion of the sus1 gene caused cold-sensitive growth retardation with slight accumulation of $poly(A)^+$ RNA in the nucleus. And the Sus1-GFP protein is localized mainly in the nucleus. Yeast two-hybrid analysis and co-immunoprecipitation experiment showed that Sus1 interacts with Sac3, another subunit of TREX2 complex. These results suggest that S. pombe Sus1 is also involved in mRNA export from the nucleus as a component of TREX-2 complex.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.153-161
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• 2023

The reservoir tank in an apartment is crucial for maintaining the quality of drinking water after it has undergone treatment. Investigating the water quality and potential contaminants in the reservoir tank is essential to ensure the safety of the drinking water. This study examined the water quality and precipitated suspended solids that accumulate at the bottom of the reservoir tanks in four apartments located in Gyeonggi province. As a result of the water quality investigation, turbidity increased proportionally to the distance from the water treatment plant (WTP) to the household. Heavy metals were also detected in the reservoir tank inlet but not in the water supplied from the WTP. The precipitated suspended solids (SS) in the reservoir tank contain high levels of heavy metals and total organic carbon (TOC). The precipitated SS mainly consists of Al, Mn, and Fe, which are expected to be a combination with turbidity-inducing substances. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed the presence of γ-FeO(OH), MnO₂, and β-Fe₂O₃ in the SS. Additionally, F-EEM analysis indicates that the dissolved organic matter in the SS is mainly derived from a natural water source and microorganism activities, including metal-oxidizing bacteria and biofilms that can absorb metal ions. Based on these findings, several countermeasures can be taken to prevent the inflow of SS into the household, including regularly cleaning the reservoir tank, replacing or cleaning old pipes in the water supply system, and implementing monitoring and filtering systems to manage the SS.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.2 s.82
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• pp.198-203
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• 2007

DNA transfection is a powerful tool for studying gene functions. The $Ca^{2+}$-phosphate precipitation remains one of the most popular and cost-effective transfection techniques. Mature neurons are more resistant to transfection than young ones and most other cell types, and easy to die if microenvironment changes. Here, we report a transfection protocol for mature neurons. The critical modifications are inclusion of glial cells in culture and careful control of $Ca^{2+}$-phosphate precipitation under microscope. Cerebral glial cells were grown until ${\sim}70-80%$ confluence in DMEM/10% horse serum, which was thereafter replaced with serum-free Neurobasal/Ara-C, and 319 hippocampal neurons were plated onto the glial layer Formation of fine $DNA/Ca^{2+}$-phosphate precipitates was induced using Clontech $CalPhos^{TM}$ Mammalian Transfection Kit, and the size ($0.5-1\;{\mu}m$ in diameter) and density(about 10 particles/$100\;{\mu}m^2$) were carefully controlled by the time of incubation in the medium. This modified protocol can be reliably applied for transfection of mature neurons that are maintained longer than two weeks in vitro, resulting in 10-15 healthy transfected neurons per a well of 24-well plates. The efficacy of the protocol was verified by punctate expression of $pEGFP-CaMKII{\alpha}$, a synaptic protein, and diffuse expression of pDsRed2. Our protocol provides a reliable method for transfection of mature neurons in vitro.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.265-276
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• 1986

The Jangseong manganese deposits are supergene oxidation products of hydrothermal rhodochrosite. The manganese ore veins are developed in the Dongjeom Quartzite, and Dumudong Formation. The deposits consist of primary manganese carbonate ores in the deeper part and manganese oxide ores near the surface. The manganese carbonate ores are composed of rhodochrosite and small amounts of sulfides. The manganese oxide ores are composed of birnessite, nsutite, todorokite, chalcophanite, and pyrolusite. Microscopic, X-ray diffraction, infrared, thermal and EPMA analyses have been made for manganese oxide minerals and other associated minerals. The manganese minerals were formed in the following sequence. Rhodochrosite$\rightarrow$birnessite$\rightarrow$todorokite$\rightarrow$nsutite-pyrolusite. Thermochemical properties of chalcophanite were studied by methods of X-ray powder diffraction, infrared absorption spectroscopic analysis and dehydration experiments. Chalcophanite changes to $4.8{\AA}$ phase at $90{\sim}110^{\circ}C$. Chemical analyses show that the manganese oxide minerals generally have high concentration in Zn.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.420-431
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• 2010

Simple material budget models were developed to predict the dry season water quality for a river-type reservoir in Paldang, Republic of Korea. Of specific interest were the total phosphorus (TP), chlorophyll ${\alpha}$ (Chl. ${\alpha}$), 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The models fit quite well with field data collected for 20 years and have enabled the identification of the origins of organic materials in the reservoir. The critical hydraulic load that determines the usability of phosphorus for algal production appeared to be about $1.5m\;d^{-1}$. When a hydraulic load was smaller than the critical value, the concentrations of $Chl.{\alpha}$, COD, and BOD in the reservoir water became sensitive to internal algal reactions such as growth, degradation, and settling. In spite of the recent intensive efforts for organic pollutant removal from major point sources by central and local governments, the water quality in the reservoir had not been improved. Instead, the concentration of COD increased. The model analysis indicated that this finding could be attributed to the continuing increase of the algal production in the reservoir and the allochthonous load from non-point sources. In particular, the concentrations of COD and BOD of algal origin during 2000~2007, each of which is comprised of approximately one half of the total, were approximately 2.5 times higher than those observed during 1988~1994 and approximately 1.3 times higher than those between 1995~1999. The results of this study suggested that it is necessary to reduce the algal bloom so as to improve the water quality of the reservoir.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.47-58
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• 2016

The Fe-component of pyrophyllite is an impurity that reduces its grade in the final product. In order to identify the amount of impurity in pyrophyllite and to remove the Fe from the ore using a dry method, microwave heating and magnetic separation were carried out. Pyrite and hematite were identified to contain pyrophyllite by microscopy, XRD, XRF, SEM/EDS and EPMA analysis. It is suggested that the euhedral pyrite in the pyrophyllite is formed by hydrothermal solution, and then the dissolution cavity structure is formed with a partial remainder of the pyrite which dissolved in acidic water. And the $Fe^{3+}$ ion contained in the acidic water precipitated out in the concentric structure of hematite as the origin of sedimentary structure. As a result of the microwave heating and magnetic separation experiments, the Fe removal rates obtained were 96% and 93% from pyrophyllite ore from the Sunsan mine and Wando mine, respectively. It is confirmed that the microwave heating and magnetic separation method was an environmentally friendly method to upgrade the low-grade pyrophyllite.