• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.909-930
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• 2022

Although the electricity tariff for each customer class in Korea has an institutional basis which can be linked to cost fluctuations caused by the increase in fuel cost, there is a situation in which it cannot be raised in a timely manner, considering the national economic burden such as inflation. There can be some disagreements about unconditionally raising electricity rates when cost increases occur. It is, however, well known that Korean domestic electricity rates are very low around the world and are in an environment in which rates are not easily adjusted. Moreover, as Korean electricity rates cannot be easily raised due to various factors, domestic electricity rates for each customer class itself have not delivered a desirable price signal for power consumption. Based on historical data such as fuel costs and power production by power source from 2017 to 2020, this study estimated how much power consumption would change if electricity rates were adjusted in 2030 and price signal distortion was resolved. As a result of the estimation, power consumption will be reduced by 9,000 GWh if the current electricity bill is adjusted to a level which can be 100% recovered even with the supply cost alone. This led to a reduction of about 3.82 million CO₂tons of greenhouse gas emissions in the Korean power sector.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.1488-1494
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• 2011

In this paper, we propose an algorithm using linear regression model that forecasts the demand of heated water in winter. To supply heated water to apartments, stores and office buildings, Korea District Heating Corp.(KDHC) operates boilers including electric power generators. In order to operate facilities generating heated water economically, it is essential to forecast daily demand of heated water with accuracy. Analysis of history data of Kangnam Branch of KDHC in 2006 and 2007 reveals that heated water supply on previous day as well as temperature are the most important factors to forecast the daily demand of heated water. When calculated by the proposed regression model, mean absolute percentage error for the demand of heated water in winter of the year 2006 through 2009 does not exceed 3.87%.

• Informatization Policy
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.3-33
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to analyze the research trends in the field of Blockchain that is one of the core technologies of the 4^th Industry, and present future research orientation. In this study, (1) Blockchain technologies in business perspective are summarized; (2) analysis criteria of Blockchain fields are established; and (3) results of analysis are presented and future research orientation is proposed. Major findings are as follows: (1) related research is being activate with the advent of the 3rd generation blockchain which aims for distributed applications. (2) major concerns of the technology (engineering) field is blockchain scalability and of the business (application) field is blockchain-based supply chain traceability. (3) Compared to overseas, domestic research results are very poor. (4) to catchup the gap, the spreading of awareness that blockchain is not a technology but a business means is required.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2021.06a
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• pp.381-381
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• 2021

영산강 유역은 타수계에 비해 농경지 비율이 높으며, 영산강 하류에는 나주평야 등 논농사를 하고 있어 농업용수 위주의 물이용율이 높다. 또한 4대호(광주호, 장성호, 담양호, 나주호) 이외의 대규모 다목적댐이 없어 수자원 확보에 어려움이 있다. 섬진강 유역은 유역변경으로 대부분 타수계로 물 공급이 이루어져 하천유량 부족, 섬진강 하류 생태계 피해로 물문제가 지속되고 있다. 이러한 물문제를 해결하기 위해 물관리 일원화에 따른 물이용, 수량, 수질 등을 모두 고려한 효율적인 통합 물관리 방안이 제시되고 있다. 통합 물관리를 위해 유역 내 수자원 이용현황과 물 문제해결 등을 고려한 용도별 최적 물이용 계획 및 효율적인 물관리 운영방안이 중요시되고 있다. 이를 위해서는 지역의 여건 및 특수사항을 고려한 장래 물공급량 변화 및 과부족량에 대해 분석하는 것이 필요하다. 이에 본연구에서는 대상지역인 영산강·섬진강 유역 특성 및 물공급체계를 파악하고 이를 반영한 물수지 분석체계를 구축하여 유역 내 수자원 현황을 파악하고자 한다. 본 연구에서는 실제 물이용체계를 반영하고 용수계통에 따라 자기유역 내 또는 타수계에 대해 용도별 수요량에 따른 공급량, 부족량을 산정하여 그 적용성을 평가하고자 한다. 이를위해 1) 하천수는 유수와 저수로 구분하고 유수는 하천 취수시설의 실사용량을 유역단위 수요량으로 추정, 저수는 다목적댐은 계약량, 농업용저수지는 필요공급량을 개별시설의 수요량으로 설정하여 각각의 수원(저수/유수)에 대한 수요량 대비 공급량과 부족량을 분석하였다. 2) 댐과 저수지는 용수공급조정기준에 따라 공급량을 탄력적으로 적용하고 농업용저수지는 가뭄등급에 따라 하천유지용수를 고려하였다. 3) 주암본댐과 섬진강댐은 송정 수위관측지점의 유량 상황에 따라 환경대응용수를 고려하였다. 4) 주안본댐과 주암조절지댐의 연계 운영을 고려하였다. 물수지 분석 결과 검증을 위해 주요 지점의 관측유량과 물수지 분석을 통해 계산된 유량을 비교하여 적용성 분석을 진행한 결과 상관관계가 높게 분석되었다. 본 연구 결과를 바탕으로 영산강·섬진강 유역 내 효율적인 물관리 방안 수립에 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.71-95
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• 2008

Transaction between industrial suppliers and their buyers in business markets increasingly take place in the form of long-tenn business relationships. These relationships are governed through formal or informal agreements. Dynamic business markets are also forcing B2B marketers to create flexibility in their firms. However, buyers are bound in their rationality and find it impossible to contemplate all possible future contingencies. The more formal and detailed the contracts they conclude, the likelier it becomes that at least one buyer is going to perceive a need to adjust the initial agreement as environmental events unfold. In this case, the actor relies upon industrial supplier's competence. Our study purpose is to examine the consequences of supplier's competence on the industrial customer-supplier long-tenn relationship. Antecedent variables of supplier competence include R&D, flexibility, brand asset, market sensing, and customer support service. We presented a comprehensive constructive model consisting of components of supplier's competence and the antecedent factors. Research hypotheses were developed and data were gathered from respondents who work in the cosmetics industry. The results discussed here represent a first step towards a better understanding of the role of supplier competence in the B-to-B cosmetics industry. Managerial implications and the limitations of this research were also discussed.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.191-212
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• 1992

This paper discusses the role of money in the process of capital accumulation where financial markets are impeded by contract enforcement problems in the context of overlapping generations framework. In particular, in less developed countries (LDCs) creditors may know little about the repayment capability of potential debtors due to incomplete information so that financial instruments other than money may not acceptable to them. In this paper the impediments to the operation of the private finanical markets are explicitly modelled. We argue that creditors cannot observe actual investment decisions made by the potential borrowers, and as a result, loan contracts may not be fully enforceable. Therefore, a laissez-faire regime may fail to provide the economy with the appropriate financial instruments. Under these circumstances, we introduce a government operated discount window (DW) that acts as an open market buyer of private debt. This theoretical structure represents the practice of governments of many LDCs to provide loans (typically at subsidized interest rates) to preferred borrowers either directly or indirectly through the commercial banking system. It is shown that the DW can substantially overcome impediments to trade which are caused by the credit market failure. An appropriate supply of the DW loan enables producers to purchase the resources they cannot obtain through direct transactions in the credit market. This result obtains even if the DW is subject to the same enforcement constraint that is responsible for the market failure. Thus, the DW intervention implies higher investment and output. However, the operation of the DW may cause inflation. Furthermore, the provision of cheap loans through the DW results in a worse income distribution. Therefore, there is room for welfare enhancing schemes that utilize the higher output to develop. We demonstrate that adequate lump sum taxes-cum-transfers along with the operation of the DW can support an allocation that is Pareto superior to the laissez-faire equilibrium allocation.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.103-121
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• 2017

The domestic ESCO project was introduced in 1992 as one of the energy efficiency improvement programs. In recent energy market, the changes in the market conditions such as smart grid, renewable energy, and the importance of demand response became important issues. As the diversified business models are required, examples of overseas exercises are examined. Business areas in Europe or the US where the ESCO industry has been active include measures to improve the efficiency of energy facilities in all areas, ranging from energy supply facilities and energy services to end users. This type of ESCO overseas business model can be classified into various types such as project execution method, supplier demand management, financing method, climate change and emission rights, new and renewable energy, and other criteria. In this study, we propose to adopt IEC (Integrated Energy Contracting) contract method in domestic ESCO market for additional business models. Current convention of listing the specific individual business types being allowed by regulation turned out to be obstacles to the revitalization of the related market. In order to achieve the goal of energy conservation, it is recommended, instead, to revise the current funding guidelines to be a negative system.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.23 no.9
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• pp.55-61
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• 2009

This paper presents a modified Phasor Discrete Particle Swarm Optimization (PDPSO) algorithm to configure Community Energy Systems(CESs) in the distribution system. The CES obtains electric power from its own Distributed Generations(DGs) and purchases insufficient power from the competitive power market, to supply power for customers contracted with the CES. When there are two or more CESs in a network, the CESs will continue the competitive expansion to reduce the total operation cost. The particles of the proposed PDPSO algorithm have magnitude and phase angle values, and move within a circle area. In the case study, the results by PDPSO algorithm was compared with that by the conventional DPSO algorithm.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.519-547
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• 2005

The aim of this study is to analysis how economic welfare lost happens within the present korea seasonal and time period electricity pricing system and find out reasonable electricity price system acceptable during the transitional period of korea electricity industry restructuring To analyze economic welfare lost in the electricity industry, in advance seasonal and time periodic 9 demand curves(summer, spring ＆fall, winter/peak-load time, middle-load time, low-load time) and one market supply curve are made and then using these demand and supply curve, seasonal and time periodic market equilibrium prices is calculated. Finally, comparing these market equilibrium prices with present regulated classified seasonal and time periodic prices, the whole economic welfare lost in the electricity industry is calculated. The result of this study shows that in 2002, the total economic welfare lost in electricity industry is 137,770 million Won and under present price system, the worst welfare lost is happening seasonally in spring ＆ fall, time periodically in the middle-load time. Specifically analyzing the characteristics of welfare lost, especially on the industry customers and service customers which are applied in seasonal and time periodic pricing, for the industry customers, the welfare lost calculated in this class occupies 51% of the total welfare lost in the whole electricity industry and the worst welfare lost is happening seasonally in spring ＆ fall, time periodically in the middle-load time. For service customers, the welfare lost calculated in this class occupies 13% of the total welfare lost in the whole electricity industry and the worst welfare lost is happening seasonally in summer, time periodically in the peak time Finally, this study was made based on the year of 2002 and KEPCO has practiced two times of rate change until now. The result of rate change was positively analyzed in the direction of economic welfare improvement(welfare improvement achieved by 16.3% compared to 2002 result).

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.303-319
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• 2013

The purpose of this paper in the case of elementary and middle schools in Hwaseong city is that clarify spatial structure by seasonal changes of supply region of school meal foods and changes in food mileage. This paper used account registers of school meal foods of the subject schools as data for this analysis. And this paper analyzed data in March, June, September, and December in order to understand seasonal changes of school meal foods. The spatial structure of school meal foods in elementary and middle schools in Hwaseong city take four with private contracts, limited competition, and bidding quotation by suppliers. With the crops in Hwaseong city, they consist of eco-friendly vegetables in Gyeonggi-do, domestic eco-friendly vegetables and fruits, general vegetables and fruits, and imported processed foods and agricultural products. In case of food mileage, around Hwaseong city, there are spatial structure with about 17 $ton{\cdot}km$, 26 $ton{\cdot}km$, and 11,000 $ton{\cdot}km$ respectively. The spatial structure of school meal foods supplies was determined by difference in feed rate of crops, eco-friendly agricultural products, imported processed foods, and imported agricultural products.