• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.136-150
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• 2017

This study analyzed the spatial change of urban green spaces in Daegu from 1989 to 2009 using cell based spatial metrics. To do so, the conversion process of land covers during the past 20 years was explored using a land cover change detection matrix. The synoptic analysis with a moving window sampling strategy was conducted to quantify cell based spatial metrics related to size, shape, cohesion, and diversity and to explain the spatial change at the local level. Difference maps were then generated by subtracting the 1989 maps of spatial metrics from the 1998 maps and the 1998 maps from the 2009 maps. The gradient analysis was performed to identify the directional change of spatial metrics along an urban development axis in Daegu. The results from this study show that urban green spaces in Daegu during the past 20 years have been gradually fragmented around the new town housing development districts such as Dalseong-gun, Seongseo, and Ansim. Forests were most prominently fragmented in the Hwawon area while most rapidly in the Chilgok area. Grasslands were largely fragmented in many areas due to the decrease in size and cohesion indices and most fragmented in the Ansim area. The spatial pattern of the decreased and fragmented urban green spaces identified by this study can be used as a base data for establishing the environment-friendly urban development strategy in Daegu.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.123-141
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• 2017

This study predicted urban green spaces for 2020 based on two scenarios keeping or freeing the green-belt in the Daegu metropolitan city using a hybrid Cellular Automata(CA)-Markov model and analyzed the spatial dynamics of urban green spaces between 2009 and 2020 using a land cover change detection technique and spatial metrics. Markov chain analysis was employed to derive the transition probability for projecting land cover change into the future for 2020 based on two land cover maps in 1998 and 2009 provided by the Ministry of Environment. Multi-criteria evaluation(MCE) was adopted to develop seven suitability maps which were empirically derived in relation to the six restriction factors underlying the land cover change between the years 1998 and 2009. A hybrid CA-Markov model was then implemented to predict the land cover change over an 11 year period to 2020 based on two scenarios keeping or freeing the green-belt. The projected land cover for 2009 was cross-validated with the actual land cover in 2009 using Kappa statistics. Results show that urban green spaces will be remarkably fragmented in the suburban areas such as Dalseong-gun, Seongseo, Ansim and Chilgok in the year 2020 if the Daegu metropolitan city keeps its urbanization at current pace and in case of keeping the green-belt. In case of freeing the green-belt, urban green spaces will be fragmented on the fringes of the green-belt. It is thus required to monitor urban green spaces systematically considering the spatial change patterns identified by this study for sustainably managing them in the Daegu metropolitan city in the near future.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.81-94
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to test the applicability of landscape metrics for quantifying and monitoring the landscape structure in the Geumho River watershed, which has undergone heavy environmental disturbances. Landscape metrics were computed from land cover maps(1985, 1999) for the forest patches. The number of variables were reduced from 12 metrics to 3 factors through factor analysis. These factors accounted for above 91% of the variation in the original metrics. We also determined the relative effects of land development on the changes of forest landscape structure using multiple linear regression analysis. At the forest patches, the conversion of forest to urban areas and agriculture resulted in increased fragmentation. Patch area and patch size decreased. and patch density increased as a result of the conversion of forest to agriculture($R^2=0.696$, p<0.01). The heterogeneity of patch size and complexity of patch shape mainly decreased as a result of the conversion of forest to urban areas($R^2=0.405$, p<0.01). The density of core area and edge showed the tendency increase, but there was no relationship with the conversion of forest to urban area and agriculture The future research will be needed to analyze correlations between landscape structures and specific environmental and socioeconomic landscape functions.

• Journal of Korean Association for Spatial Structures
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.83-92
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• 2009

This study tries to feel out the possibility of experimental areas of architecture which is becoming urbanization gradually through practical issues of landscape urbanism. According to this study, it is affirmed that the practical issues of landscape urbanism such as process in time, Potential territoriality of surface, practical methodology and socio-cultural imagination already have rome into the architectural area over urbanism. This is presented as characteristics of detail issues through relational density on the matrix of landscape urbanism, traces of the general landscape concepts and architectural landscapeconcepts. As a result, these practical issues and detail architectural strategies constitute the important spatial characteristics of contemporary architecture.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 2015

We have developed ellipsometry lidar and measured aerosol and ice-cloud characteristics. To measure a full normalized backscattering phase matrix (NBSPM) composed of nine elements, we have designed an optical system with three kinds of transmission and three kinds of reception, composed of ${\lambda}/2$ waveplate, ${\lambda}/4$ waveplate and empty optic. To find systematic optical errors, we used clean day middle-altitude (4-6km) lidar signals for which the aerosol's concentration was small and its orientation chaotic. After calibrating our lidar system, we have calculated NBSPM elements scattered from an aerosol and from an ice cloud. In the case of an aerosol, we found that the off-diagonal values $m_{12},{\ldots},m_{34}$ of the NBSPM are smaller than those for a cirrus cloud. Also, the off-diagonal values of the NBSPM from a cirrus cloud depend on atmospheric conditions.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.31-37
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• 1982

A practical and robust control scheme is suggested for MIMO disciete time processes with real simple poles. This type of control scheme, having the advantages of both the adaptiveness and optimality, maybe successfully applicable to structured dynamic controllers for plants whose paiameters are slowly timevaiying. The identiflcation of the process paiameters is undertaken in ARMA form and the optimization of the feedback gain matrix is performed in the state space representation with respect to a standard quadratic criterion.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.253-262
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• 2008

The main objective of this paper is to formulate a generalized procedure to extract the first four moments of univariate spatial association measures for statistical testing under the normality assumption and to evaluate the viability of hypothesis testing based on the normal approximation for each of the spatial association measures. The main results are as follows. First, predicated on the previous works, a generalized procedure under the normality assumption was derived for both global and local measures. When necessary matrices are appropriately defined for each of the measures, the generalized procedure effectively yields not only expectation and variance but skewness and kurtosis. Second, the normal approximation based on the first two moments for the global measures fumed out to be acceptable, while the notion did not appear to hold to the same extent for their local counterparts mainly due to the large magnitude of skewness and kurtosis.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 2017.04a
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• pp.160-160
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• 2017

자동화 기술을 통한 한국형 스마트팜의 발전이 비약적으로 이루어지고 있는 가운데 무인화를 위한 지능적인 스마트 시설환경 관찰 및 분석에 대한 요구가 점점 증가 하고 있다. 스마트 시설환경에서 취득 가능한 시계열 데이터는 온도, 습도, 조도, CO2, 토양 수분, 환기량 등 다양하다. 시스템의 경계가 명확함에도 해당 속성의 특성상 타임도메인과 공간도메인 상에서 정확한 추정 또는 예측이 난해하다. 시설 환경에 접목이 증가하고 있는 지능형 관리 기술 구현을 위해선 시계열 공간 데이터에 대한 신속하고 정확한 정량화 기술이 필수적이라 할 수 있다. 이러한 기술적인 요구사항을 해결하고자 시도되는 다양한 방법 중에서 공간 분해능 향상을 위한 다지점 계측 메트릭스를 실험적으로 구성하였다. $50m{\times}100m$의 단면적인 연동 딸기 온실을 대상으로 $3{\times}3{\times}3$의 3차원 환경 인자 계측 매트릭스를 설치하였다. 1 Hz의 주기로 4가지 환경인자(온도, 습도, 조도, CO2)를 계측하였으며, 계측 하는 시점과 동시에 병렬적으로 공간통계법을 이용하여 미지의 지점에 대한 환경 인자들을 실시간으로 추정하였다. 선행적으로 50 cm 공간 분해능에 대응하기 위하여 Kriging interpolation법을 횡단면에 대하여 분석한 후 다시 종단면에 대하여 분석하였다. 3 Ghz에 해당하는 연산 능력을 보유한 컴퓨터에서 1초 동안 획득한 데이터에 대한 분석을 마치는데 소요되는 시간이 15초 내외로 나타났다. 이는 해당 알고리즘의 매우 높은 시간 복잡도(Order of $O=O^3$)에 기인하는 것으로 다양한 시설 환경의 관리 방법론에 적절히 대응하기에 한계가 있다 할 수 있다. 실시간으로 시간 복잡도가 높은 연산을 수행하기 위한 기술적인 과제를 해결하고자, 근래에 관심이 증가하고 있는 NVIDIA 사에서 제공하는 CUDA 엔진과 Apple사의 제안을 시작으로 하여 공개 소프트웨어 개발 컨소시엄인 크로노스 그룹에서 제공하는 OpenCL 엔진을 비교 분석하였다. CUDA 엔진은 GPU(Graphics Processing Unit)에서 정보 분석 프로그램의 연산 집약적인 부분만을 담당하여 신속한 결과를 산출할 수 있는 라이브러리이며 해당 하드웨어를 구비하였을 때 사용이 가능하다. 반면, OpenCL은 CUDA 엔진이 특정 하드웨어에서 구동이 되는 한계를 극복하고자 하드웨어에 비의존적인 라이브러리를 제공하는 것이 다르며 클러스터링 기술과 연계를 통해 낮은 하드웨어 성능으로 인한 단점을 극복하고자 하였다. 본 연구에서는 CUDA 8.0(https://developer.nvidia.com/cuda-downloads)버전과 Pascal Titan X(NVIDIA, CA, USA)를 사용한 방법과 OpenCL 1.2(https://www.khronos.org/opencl/)버전과 Samsung Exynos5422 칩을 장착한 ODROID-XU4(Hardkernel, AnYang, Korea)를 사용한 방법을 비교 분석하였다. 50 cm의 공간 분해능에 대응하기 위한 4차원 행렬($100{\times}200{\times}5{\times}4$)에 대하여 정수 지수화를 위한 Quantization을 거쳐 CUDA 엔진과 OpenCL 엔진을 적용한 비교한 결과, CUDA 엔진은 1초 내외, OpenCL 엔진의 경우 5초 내외의 연산 속도를 보였다. CUDA 엔진의 경우 비용측면에서 약 10배, 전력 소모 측면에서 20배 이상 소요되었다. 따라서 우선적으로 OpenCL 엔진 기반 하드웨어 가속 기술 최적화 연구를 통해 스마트 시설환경 실시간 시뮬레이션 기술 도입을 위한 기술적 과제를 풀어갈 것이다.

• Journal of Cadastre & Land InformatiX
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.141-150
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• 2021

Fine dust is a substance that greatly affects human health, and various studies have been conducted in this regard. Due to the human influence of particulate matter, various studies are being conducted to predict particulate matter grade using past data measured in the monitoring network of Seoul city. In this paper, predictive model have focused on particulate matter concentration in May, 2019, Seoul. The air pollutant variables were used to training such as SO₂, CO, NO₂, O₃. The predictive model based on Adaboost, and training model was dividing PM₁₀ and PM_2.5. As a result of the prediction performance comparison through confusion matrix, the Adaboost model was more conformable for predicting the particulate matter concentration grade. Although air pollutant variables have a higher correlation with PM2.5, training model need to train a lot of data and to use additional variables such as traffic volume to predict more effective PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 distribution grade.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Floral Art and Design
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• no.40
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• pp.97-123
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to analyze the spatial characteristics of the unit of garden and to classify and symbolize it, to provide the basis for analyzing the works based on the characteristics of the space and to provide the data that can become the logical foundation for garden design. The research method first analyzed the behavioral scene analysis and the grounded theory methodology as the theory about the space type. It controls the subjectivity of the researcher and derives the characteristics of the space for the garden image based on the experiential knowledge of the expert, It is a qualitative analysis method that aims to increase credibility. The actual case target was the author garden which was exhibited at the 2017 Seoul Garden Expo. Through this process, we have simplified the characteristics of the space and the positives and negatives accordingly. We have grasped the relationship between spatial space, sculptural space, architectural space, and environmental space.. Research on qualitative topics such as the characteristics of space can not completely exclude the subjectivity of the researcher in terms of its characteristics, but such research can provide a rationale for interpreting and evaluating the gardens that depend on the individual's taste.. It can also contribute to the development of the field by providing reference materials for garden designs that rely on designer intuition, or by providing a logical basis for design.