• Title/Summary/Keyword: 공간결함

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Infrared Imaging and a New Interpretation on the Reverse Contrast Images in GaAs Wafer (GaAs 웨이퍼의 적외선 영상기법 및 콘트라스트 반전 영상에 대한 새로운 해석)

  • Kang, Seong-jun
    • Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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    • v.20 no.11
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    • pp.2085-2092
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    • 2016
  • One of the most important properties of the IC substrate is that it should be uniform over large areas. Among the various physical approaches of wafer defect characterization, special attention is to be payed to the infrared techniques of inspection. In particular, a high spatial resolution, near infrared absorption method has been adopted to directly observe defects in semi-insulating GaAs. This technique, which relies on the mapping of infrared transmission, is both rapid and non-destructive. This method demonstrates in a direct way that the infrared images of GaAs crystals arise from defect absorption process. A new interpretation is presented for the observed reversal of contrast in the infrared absorption of nonuniformly distributed deep centers, related to EL2, in semi-insulating GaAs. The low temperature photoquenching experiment has demonstrated in a direct way that the contrast inverse images of GaAs wafers arise from both absorption and scattering mechanisms rather than charge re-distribution or local variation of bandgap.

Effects of PD-induced Degradation on the accumulation of Space Charges in the Polymer Insulation (고분자 절연 재료에서 부분방전에 의한 열화가 공간전하 축적에 미치는 현상)

  • Shin, Doo-Sung;HwangBo, Seung;Kang, Ji-Hoon;Han, Min-Koo
    • Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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    • 1997.07d
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    • pp.1612-1614
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    • 1997
  • 고분자 절연재료의 결함에 의하여 발생하는 부분방전은 고분자 재료의 화학적, 전기적 열화를 가져오며 때로는 전기 트리로 성장하여 재료의 절연파괴에 이르게 하기도 한다. 따라서 부분 방전 현상의 메카니즘 뿐만 아니라 측정법에 대한 많은 연구들이 있었으나 부분방전 열화가 고분자 재료에 미치는 열화과정에 대하여서는 명확한 메카니즘이 보고되지 않았다. 본 논문에서는 부분방전에 의한 고분자 절연재료 내의 공간전하 축적 현상에 대하여 연구하였다. 고분자 재료로는 현재 전력용 케이블에 주로 사용되고 있는 가교 폴리에틸렌(XLPE)를 사용하였으며, 1kHz의 주파수로6kV, 8kV, 10kv 및 11kV로 수시간 부분방전을 발생시킨 후 펄스정전응력법(PEA)으로 공간전하를 측정하였다. 실험결과 부분방전에 의하여 고분자 재료 내에 이종공간전하의 주입이 확인되었으며 따라서 부분방전에 의하여 고분자 재료가 열화되며 이러한 열화에 의한 전자의 방출율의 변화와 같은 고분자 표면의 상태 변화에 의하여 부분방전의 패턴에 지배적인 영향을 미친다. 이러한 공간전하의 축적에 의하여 부분방전 현상에 미치는 영향은 추후 보고할 예정이다.

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A study on the Change of Uniaxial Compressive Strength and Young's Modulus According to the Specimen Size of Intact Material (무결함 재료의 크기에 따른 강도와 탄성계수의 변화에 관한 연구)

  • Lee, Seung-Woo;Song, Jae-Joon
    • Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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    • v.8 no.3
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    • pp.205-217
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    • 2006
  • Rock and discontinuities are main factors consisting of a rock mass and the physical properties of each factor have direct effects on the mechanical stability of artificial structures in the rock mass. Because physical properties of the rock and discontinuities change a lot according to the size of test materials, a close attention is needed when the physical properties, obtained from laboratory tests, are used for the design of field structures. In this study, change of physical properties of intact materials due to the change of their size are studied. Six kinds of artificial materials including crystal, instead of an intact rock, are adopted for the study to guarantee the homogeneity of specimen materials even with relatively large size. Uniaxial strength and Young's modulus of each artificial material are checked out for a size effect and compared with the predicted values by Buckingham's theorem - dimensional analysis. A numerical analysis using PFC (Particle Flow Code) is also applied and primary factors influencing on the size effect are investigated.

Integrity evaluation of rock bolt grouting using ultrasonic transmission technique (초음파 투과법을 이용한 록볼트 그라우팅의 건전도 평가)

  • Han, Shin-In;Lee, Jong-Sub;Lee, Yong-Jun;Nam, Seok-Woo;Lee, In-Mo
    • Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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    • v.9 no.1
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    • pp.75-82
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    • 2007
  • As one of the main support systems, rock bolts play a crucial role in the reinforcement of tunnels. Numerical and experimental studies using a transmission method of ultrasonic guided waves are performed to evaluate the integrity of rock bolts encapsulated by grouting paste. Numerical simulations using "DISPERSE" are carried out for the selection of the optimal experimental setup, i.e. non-destructive testing (NDT) system of the rock bolt. Based on results of the numerical simulation, the calculated frequency range for NDT testing is between 20kHz and 70kHz with the first longitudinal L(1) mode. Laboratory transmission tests are performed by attaching the piezo electric sensor at the tip of the rock bolt before embedding. Both of analytical and experimental results show that the amplitude of signals as well as the wave velocity increases with increase in the defect ratio of grouting paste. The defect in grouting paste means that the space around the rock bolt is not fully filled with the grouting paste. Experimental results also show that the increase of the wave velocity is more sensitive to the defect ratio increase than that of the amplitude. This study demonstrates that the transmission technique of ultrasonic guided waves may be a valuable tool in the evaluation of the rock bolt integrity.

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Guidedwave-induced rockbolt integrity using Fourier and wavelet transforms (유도파에 대한 푸리에 및 웨이브렛 변환을 이용한 록볼트의 건전도 평가)

  • Lee, In-Mo;Kim, Hyun-Jin;Han, Shin-In;Lee, Jong-Sub
    • Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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    • v.9 no.4
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    • pp.403-413
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    • 2007
  • As rock bolts become one of the main support systems in tunnels and underground structures, the integrity of the rock bolts affects the safety of these types of structures. The purpose of this study is the evaluation of rock bolt integrity using Fourier and wavelet transforms of the guided ultrasonic waves. After five rock bolt specimens with various defect ratios are embedded into a large scale concrete block, guided waves are generated by a PZT (lead zirconate titanate) element and measured by an acoustic emission (AE) sensor. The captured signals are analyzed in the frequency domain using the Fourier transform, and in the time-frequency domain using the wavelet transform based on a Gabor wavelet. The spectrum obtained from the Fourier transform shows that a portion of high frequency contents increases with increase in the defect ratio. Peak values in the time-frequency domain represent the interval of travel time of each echo. The energy velocities of the guided waves increase with the defect ratio. This study shows that the spectrum ratio and the energy velocity may be indicators fur the evaluation of rock bolt integrity.

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A Case Study of Variability in Public Green Spaces for Environmental Adaptability (환경적응력을 위한 공공녹지공간의 가변성 사례 분석)

  • Chuan, He;Ai Ran, Lee
    • Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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    • v.9 no.4
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    • pp.207-217
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    • 2022
  • The purpose of this study was to understand and develop various environmental designs to play a key roles in urban design, so that public green spaces remain vital with future changes. Variability in space, ecology, and society were analyzed based on research of variable environmental spaces in 11 selected studies conducted locally and abroad since the 2010s. Moreover, landscape characteristics, design methods, and design strategies were analyzed accordingly for each case. The results of the study showed that variability in landscapes provided various possibilities for spatial change and satisfied people's functional needs for spatial use. In addition, variable environmental design greatly compensated for the defects by solving the issues associated with fixed landscapes by increasing the flexibility of use and adaptability to the environment. This study showed that variable design is applicable to public green spaces; environmental stress; and variability in architecture, the environment, and landscaping, and it contributes to enhancing the sustainability and resilience of the environment.

STM(Scanning Tunneling Microscope)의 제작 시 고려사항과 응용사례

  • 구자용
    • Proceedings of the Korea Crystallographic Association Conference
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    • 2002.11a
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    • pp.7-7
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    • 2002
  • 실공간 (real space)에서 원자분해능을 보여주는 STM의 작동원리를 핵심사항을 중심으로 설명하며 또한 실제 제작 시 고려해야 하는 사항들을 구체적으로 검토한다. 반도체의 경우 전자들이 원자부근에서 국소화가 잘 되므로 STM으로 표면의 원자상을 얻기가 비교적 쉽다. 특히 실리콘은 그 물질의 중요성과 결부되어 STM으로 많이 연구되어 왔으며 다른 방법으로는 알 수 없는 독특한 결과들을 보여주었다. STM의 응용사례로써 오랫동안 수수께끼였던 Si(001) 표면에서 생기는 점결함(point defect)과 계단 (step)부근의 원자구조 및 최근의 몇 가지 연구결과에 대한 기본적인 결과들을 소개한다.

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A Extension Technique of Parallel VOD server using Striping Policy (스트라이핑 정책을 이용한 병렬 VOD 서버의 확장기법)

  • 한주희;최숙영;유관종
    • Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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    • 2000.10c
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    • pp.668-670
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    • 2000
  • 병렬 VOD서버를 구성하기 위해서는 서버의 확장성과 서버 결함의 복구문제 등이 충분히 고려되어야 한다. 본 논문에서는 서버의 확장성을 고려한 병렬 VOD서버를 설계한다. 또 기존의 병렬 VOD서버에 새로운 서버가 추가될 경우 부하 불균형 문제를 방지하기 위한 데이터 분배 방법을 고려한다. 이 문제를 해결하기 위해서 로드밸런스를 유지하면서, 서버에 저장되어 있는 최소한의 데이터만을 이동시킴으로써 각 서버의 사용 가능한 디스크 공간을 조정하는 스트라이핑 방법을 제시한다. 그리고 제시한 스트라이핑 방법을 모의 실험을 통해 분석한다.

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디지털 고장포용 시스템의 개념 및 특성 - 컴퓨터 기술

  • 이대현;윤재영;김학배
    • 전기의세계
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    • v.46 no.9
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    • pp.15-22
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    • 1997
  • 본 논문은 고장포용 시스템에서 고려되는 결함, 오류 및 고장의 개념과 특성을 살펴보고, 고장에 대한 강인성을 부가하기 위한 공간 여분(spatial redundancy) 및 시간 여분(time redundandy)을 바탕으로 다양한 고장포용의 설계 기법을 설명하며, 또한 고장포용 시스템의 성능을 평가하기 위한 다양한 기준중 확률적 접근방식에 바탕을 둔 신뢰도(reliability)와 가용성(availability), 그리고 유지성(maintainability)에 대해 설명한다. 또한, 고장포용기법의 연구용 목적으로 개발되어 일부는 실제 활용되고 있는 대표적인 고장포용 시스템들인 FTMP[3], STAR[4], SIEF[5], C.vmp[6] 등에 대해서 간단히 살펴보도록 하겠다.

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Steel Plate Faults Diagnosis with S-MTS (S-MTS를 이용한 강판의 표면 결함 진단)

  • Kim, Joon-Young;Cha, Jae-Min;Shin, Junguk;Yeom, Choongsub
    • Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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    • v.23 no.1
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    • pp.47-67
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    • 2017
  • Steel plate faults is one of important factors to affect the quality and price of the steel plates. So far many steelmakers generally have used visual inspection method that could be based on an inspector's intuition or experience. Specifically, the inspector checks the steel plate faults by looking the surface of the steel plates. However, the accuracy of this method is critically low that it can cause errors above 30% in judgment. Therefore, accurate steel plate faults diagnosis system has been continuously required in the industry. In order to meet the needs, this study proposed a new steel plate faults diagnosis system using Simultaneous MTS (S-MTS), which is an advanced Mahalanobis Taguchi System (MTS) algorithm, to classify various surface defects of the steel plates. MTS has generally been used to solve binary classification problems in various fields, but MTS was not used for multiclass classification due to its low accuracy. The reason is that only one mahalanobis space is established in the MTS. In contrast, S-MTS is suitable for multi-class classification. That is, S-MTS establishes individual mahalanobis space for each class. 'Simultaneous' implies comparing mahalanobis distances at the same time. The proposed steel plate faults diagnosis system was developed in four main stages. In the first stage, after various reference groups and related variables are defined, data of the steel plate faults is collected and used to establish the individual mahalanobis space per the reference groups and construct the full measurement scale. In the second stage, the mahalanobis distances of test groups is calculated based on the established mahalanobis spaces of the reference groups. Then, appropriateness of the spaces is verified by examining the separability of the mahalanobis diatances. In the third stage, orthogonal arrays and Signal-to-Noise (SN) ratio of dynamic type are applied for variable optimization. Also, Overall SN ratio gain is derived from the SN ratio and SN ratio gain. If the derived overall SN ratio gain is negative, it means that the variable should be removed. However, the variable with the positive gain may be considered as worth keeping. Finally, in the fourth stage, the measurement scale that is composed of selected useful variables is reconstructed. Next, an experimental test should be implemented to verify the ability of multi-class classification and thus the accuracy of the classification is acquired. If the accuracy is acceptable, this diagnosis system can be used for future applications. Also, this study compared the accuracy of the proposed steel plate faults diagnosis system with that of other popular classification algorithms including Decision Tree, Multi Perception Neural Network (MLPNN), Logistic Regression (LR), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Tree Bagger Random Forest, Grid Search (GS), Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The steel plates faults dataset used in the study is taken from the University of California at Irvine (UCI) machine learning repository. As a result, the proposed steel plate faults diagnosis system based on S-MTS shows 90.79% of classification accuracy. The accuracy of the proposed diagnosis system is 6-27% higher than MLPNN, LR, GS, GA and PSO. Based on the fact that the accuracy of commercial systems is only about 75-80%, it means that the proposed system has enough classification performance to be applied in the industry. In addition, the proposed system can reduce the number of measurement sensors that are installed in the fields because of variable optimization process. These results show that the proposed system not only can have a good ability on the steel plate faults diagnosis but also reduce operation and maintenance cost. For our future work, it will be applied in the fields to validate actual effectiveness of the proposed system and plan to improve the accuracy based on the results.