• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.729-738
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to analyze the impact accuracy and kinematic parameters of skill level and eye-tracking type during putting strokes. For comparison, five elite golfers and five novice golfers participated in this study. Three-dimensional kinematic data were collected for each subject while 10 putting trials were performed for each skill level and eye-tracking type. The APAS system was used to compute the impact accuracy and kinematic parameters of putter heads. The putting stroke was divided into three phases: back swing, downswing, and follow-through. The findings indicated that significant differences were found in skill level as it affected the rate of success. For impact accuracy and the displacement of putter heads, a significant difference was found for the skill level, particularly in backs-wing and follow-through. In addition, the displacement of the putter head had a greater influence on stroke accuracy than on velocity.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.279-293
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• 2002

In the study the subjects who 10 university golfers act, and the kinetic factors were analyzed by the ground reaction system. the conclusion are as follows. 1) In the golf putting swing, the ground reaction factors of sagital plane in aspect are showen that the left and right foot sufficient difference, in the level of p <.05. 2) In the golf putting swing, the ground reaction factors of frontal plane in aspect is showen that the left foot has no significant difference in AD BS in the level of p < .05. In success, IP, FS. It can show significant difference. In addition, the right foot is shown the success, There is significant difference. 3) In the golf putting swing, the ground reaction factors of the vertical plane in aspect are shown that the left foot has no significant difference in BS, FS in the level p < .05. In success, AD, IP. It can show significant difference. In addition, the right foot is shown the success, There is significant difference. 4) In the golf putting swing, the ground reaction factors of torque in aspect are shown that the left foot had no significant difference in BS in the level p < .05. In success, AD, IP, FS. It can show significant difference. In addition, the right foot has no significant difference in IP in the level p < .05. AD, BS, FS. There is significant difference. The summarized conclusions are as follows. The first that the power of sagital plane needs the motion which can get the good power change in the stabilized pose. The second is that the small motion can make good putting in stabilized pose. The third is that the body weight move to the direction of the ball. The fourth is that the putting which looks perfect oscillation is good motion.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.19-26
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• 2017

Objectives : The aim of this meta-analysis study was to examine the relationship between cognitive anxiety and performance in closed loop skill sports. Methods : A comprehensive literature search was conducted using databases including Korean Information Service System, DBpia, Research Information Sharing Service, and National Assembly Library from 1980 to 2015. Search terms included 'Golf', 'Shooting', 'Archery', 'Anxiety', and 'Performance'. Standardized mean difference and 95% CI(confidence intervals) were calculated, and the heterogeneity of the studies was estimated using Q statistic. Results : Ten studies have satisfied the inclusion criteria. The main findings indicate that cognitive anxiety was significantly reverse correlated with performance in closed loop skill sports(r=-.198). The mean effect size for men(r=-.31) was significantly greater than that for women(r=-.05). Conclusions : Our results suggest that cognitive anxiety in closed loop skill sports is correlated with performance of athletes. Future study related to psychological aspects on athletes in sports is required in order to understand the specific evidence of relationship between anxiety and performance.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.532-542
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to investigate the body's strategy through kinematic variables of the lower extremities and ground reaction forces to maintain the club-head speed and ball accuracy despite the three stances during the golf swing. Ten male golfers who official handicap two were participate in the experiment. All subjects performed swing after maintaining the address posture according to stance conditions(square; SS, open: OS, closed: CS). Using a 3D motion analysis system and force plateform, the results were calculated with the 7-iron full swing each stance. In result, there was no difference in center of displacement, and left and right hip and knee joint angle displacement. Left ankle joint was largely plantar-flexed in OS, and right ankle joint was largely performed in CS from the address to the downswing. From address to take-back, right foot had a large left direction and the left foot had a right direction were greater in OS than in CS. Therefore, despite various stances, maintaining the same posture at impact is thought to have a positive effect on club head speed and ball direction.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.259-278
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• 2002

This study divided straight success, pade success and failure with 7male golfers who have experiences more than 3 years, analyzed kinematic factors of golf swing to suggest scientifically. The conclusions were follows. 1) The wrist angle has significant difference in straight success, pade success and failure when swing of every pattern. There is no significant difference in pade success and failure. 2) The body twist angle has no significant difference in straight success, pade success and failure when swing of every pattern. There is no significant difference in pade success and failure. 3) The shoulder joint rotation angle has no significant difference in success, pade success and failure when swing of every pattern. There is no significant difference in pade success and failure. 4) The left hip joint vertical angle has no significant difference in straight success, pade success and failure when swing of every pattern. There is no significant difference in pade success and failure. 5) The hip joint rotation angle has no significant difference in straight success, pade success and failure when swing of every pattern. There is no significant difference in pade success and failure. 6) The trunk angle has no significant difference in straight success, pade success and failure when swing of every pattern. There is no significant difference in pade success and failure. 7 )The left knee joint angle has no significant difference in straight success, pade success and failure when swing of every pattern. There is no significant difference in pade success and failure. This study divided golf swing motion of pattern change in straight success, pade success and failure and analyzed the kinematic factors by 3-dimension cinematography to improve performance. In the future, many researchers have to study kinematic analysis to improve performance in every events.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.151-162
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate the frequency of sports injury among Korean junior elite golf players. The survey was made through the questionnaire which consist of eight categories and 280 valid answers were used to perform frequency analysis. The results indicated that 197 out of 280 participants experienced golf injuries (30%: during a game, 70%: during a practice) and 70% of them also experienced injuries within a year. The frequency analysis for the site of injury has shown that back was the most vulnerable area for all players(33%), followed by the right wrist, left shoulder and elbow for male players. Among female players, left wrist was the second weak site of injury, followed by the right wrist, right thoracic spine, and left shoulder. A few of them also have shown abnormal symptoms of ruptured lumbar disk, scoliosis, and lordosis and these injuries might be caused by the lack of flexibility and the fatigue due to over-practice. High frequency of wrist injury also demonstrated that excessive chopping or punching shot and poor environmental course conditions may cause this injury to be common. Overall, lack of warm up time, lack of strength and flexibility, and excessive amount of practice were the major reasons of injury for the junior elite golfers in Korea. The study also proved that these young Korean golfers actually had more chances to be faced with the injury than average. Thus, it is necessary to develop systematic and scientific methods of training, and prevention, treatment of these injuries with medical professionals.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.85-94
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to provide basic materials for amateur golf players or golf maniacs to learn desirable iron swing motions. This study compared and analyzed the swing motions of iron clubs(3, 6, 9) by using 3-D in three elite golf players. 1. There was no a great difference in the total of swing time by club and the time by phase was nearly similar. 2. There was no a difference in the change in a head location at address and impact by club. 3. The angle change in a right knee joint was similar by club except the difference according to the length of the club. 4. There was a subtle difference in hip rotation angle by club. 5. In each club, the same rotation angle of shoulder joint at address and impact motions contributed to accurate swing, and the maintenance of more than $90^{\circ}$ of shoulder rotation angle in top swing increased swing rotation. 6. Although subtle, the forward angle of upper body was increased with a shorter club. $30-36^{\circ}$ of forward angle of upper body was maintained at address, top swing, and impact motions.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.117-124
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• 2005

We investigated the effects of prolonged exposure in hot environmental condition and ingestion of fluid on various physiological variables including plasma glucose, lactate, the rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and heart rate as well as golf putting performance. Six male professional golfers were voluntarily participated in three different putting trials which were separated by seven days of time interval period. Three different putting trials were conducted at either 20℃ or 32℃, or 32℃ + Fluid ingestion. Performing 32℃ + Fluid ingestion trial, all subject ingested sport drink as much as their body mass was decreased. For each experiment, all subjects were undertaken total 48 putting, which separated by four x 12 putting in four different time points (i.e., Rest, 1 hr, 2 hr, and 3 hr). Plasma glucose concentration was significantly decreased with hot ambient condition but it was almost fully recovered by fluid ingestion. Plasma lactate concentration was significantly higher when subjects were exposed in hot environmental condition, and it did not change with fluid ingestion. There was a no different in putting performance and psychological fatigue level (performed by GRID test) at any environmental conditions. The RPE, commonly used for evaluating of physical fatigue level, was significantly dropped by fluid ingestion which indicates lower physical fatigue level. In addition to this, heart rate (HR) was also significantly decreased after fluid ingestion. Based on these results, it was concluded that the ingestion of fluid during prolonged exposure in hot ambient condition decrease the degree of physical fatigue levels and heart rate, which will possibly improve the golf performance when exposed in extreme weather condition in summer. (Korean J Nutrition 38(2): 117～124, 2005)

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.273-286
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• 2009

The objective of this research is to evaluate both quantitative analysis and qualitative analysis by comparing vital variable factors of the golf swing successes and the failures. At the moment of swing, each body segment and the movement of the club as well as kinematical parameters were produced by utilizing the 3-D swing analysis for the high school female golfers. As kinematical parameters, it analyzes the 3-D analysis and ground reaction force about the location change, velocity and angle. The 3-D swing analysis and ground reaction force location change, velocity and angle are analyzed for Kinematical parameters. As a result, the stable swing is maintained by club head showing very few front-back movement (X) when the address and the top swing. Also, the center of mass velocity contributes to the momentum increase by showing very rapid velocity when successful comparing with when failed at the time of top swing of left-right(Y) and it is thought that by lessening the cocking angle when successful from the top swing to the impact, it influences the linear velocity increase and has a good effect on a non-distance increase. It shows that Ground reaction force (GRF) is examined by showing the stable approval rating in a front-back(X) direction and left-right(Y) and connected to a successful swing.