• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.39 no.1
• /
• pp.31-41
• /
• 2000

Community analysis of oribatid mites was conducted in Namsan and Kwangreung coniferous forests which have been received by different degrees of environmental pressures through urbanization processes. Oribatid mites were sampled in the litter and soil layer of study sites from May 1993 to October 1994. Although two sites have been under similar weather condition, seasonal changes in oribatid mites density did not show a synchronized pattern. Density in spring and summer showed stable pattern with low fluctuations, but unstable pattern in autumn between 1993 and 1994. And these patterns were highly correlated with precipitation. The density and species number were higher in the litter layer than in the soil layer and showed no typical seasonal changes. The dominant species were Scheloribates latipes (1 l.78%), Pergalumna altera (8.92%), Eohypochthonius crassisetiger (7.58%), Scheloribates sp. (6.89%) and Suctobelbella yezoensis (5.04%) in Namsan, and Ceratozetes japonicus (25.72%), Punctoribates punctum (14.15%), Trichogalumna nipponica (10.96%) and Ramusella sengbuschi (5.08%) in Kwangreung. The number of species with high constany were 10 and 18 in Namsan and Kwangreung, respectively. Namsan showed the feature of urban forests. In analysis of species diversity, species richness was significantly higher in Kwangreung than in Namsan, while shannon (H') and evenness index (J') were higher in Namsan than in Kwangreung. The values of shannon index (H') in Namsan and Kwangreugn were 2.83 and 2.62, respectively and evenness index (J') were 0.78 and 0.67, respectively. The value of similarity index between two sites was 0.68.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Geothermal and Hydrothermal Energy
• /
• v.10 no.2
• /
• pp.7-12
• /
• 2014

Government has recently restricted heating and cooling set temperatures for the commercial and public buildings due to increasing national energy consumption. The goal of this paper is to visualize a future two way indoor set temperature control impact on building energy consumption by using TRNSYS simulation modeling. The building was modelled based on the twin test cell with the same dimension. Air source ground coupled heat pump performance data has been used for modeling by TRNSYS 17. Daejeon weather data has been used from Korea Solar Energy Society. The heating set temperature in the reference room is $24^{\circ}C$ as well as the target room set temperature are $23^{\circ}C$, $22^{\circ}C$, $21^{\circ}C$ and $20^{\circ}C$. The cooling set temperature of the reference room is also $24^{\circ}C$ as well as the target room set temperature of $25^{\circ}C$, $26^{\circ}C$, $27^{\circ}C$ and $28^{\circ}C$. For the air source heat pump system, heating season energy consumption is $35.52kWh/m^2y$ in the reference room. But the heating energy consumption in the target room is reduced to 7.5% whenever the set temperature decreased every $1^{\circ}C$. The cooling energy consumption in the reference room is $4.57kWh/m^2y$. On the other hand, the energy consumption in the target room is reduced to 22% whenever the set temperature increased every $1^{\circ}C$ by two way controller. For the geothermal heat pump system, heating energy consumption in the reference room is reduced to 20.7%. The target room heating energy consumption is reduced to 32.6% when the set temperature is $22^{\circ}C$. The energy consumption in the target room is reduced to 59.5% when the set temperature is $26^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.40 no.1
• /
• pp.14-30
• /
• 2007

The purpose of this study was to evaluate trophic conditions of various Korean reservoirs using Trophic State Index (TSI) and predict the reservoir conditions by empirical models. The water quality dataset (2000, 2001) used here were obtained from the Ministry of Environment, Korea. The water quality, based on multi-parameters of dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), suspended solid (SS), Secchi depth (SD), chlorophyll-${\alpha}$ (CHL), and conductivity largely varied depending on the sampling watersheds and seasons. In general, trophic conditions declined along the longitudinal axis of headwater-to-the dam and the largest seasonal variations occurred during the summer monsoon of July-August. Major inputs of TP occurred during the monsoon (r=0.656, p=0.002) and this pattern was similar to solid dynamics of SS (r=0.678, p<0.001). Trophic parameters including CHL, TP, SD, and TN were employed to evaluate how the water systems varies with season. Trophic State Index (TSI, Carlson, 1977), based on TSI (CHL), TSI (TP), and TSI (SD), ranged from mesotrophic to eutrophic. However, the trophic state, based on TSI (TN), indicated eutrophic-hypereutrophic conditions in the entire reservoirs, regardless of the seasons, indicating a N-rich system. Overall, nutrient data showed that phosphorus was a primary factor regulating the trophic state. The relationships between CHL (eutrophication index) vs. trophic parameters (TN, TP, and SD) were analysed to develop empirical models which can predict the trophic status. Regression analyses of log-transformed seasonal CHL against TP showed that the value of $R^2$ was 0.31 (p=0.017) in the premonsoon but was 0.69 (p<0.001) during the postmonsoon, indicating a greater algal response to the phosphorus during the postmonsoon. In contrast, SD had reverse relation with TP, CHL during all season. TN had weak relations with CHL during all seasons. Overall, data suggest that TP seems to be a good predictor for algal biomass, estimated by CHL, as shown in the empirical models.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.84-98
• /
• 2000

Daejeon-sa basalt in the Mt. Juwang area composed of 12 basalt flows alternate with 9 peperites and each basalt and peperite has the variety of thickness. Peperites yielded in Daejeon-sa basalt are mixed of basalt with reddish shale, of which textural type is globular peperite. Basalts yielded in Daejeon-sa basalt are massive basalt without vesicule, although sometimes vesicules are founded in upper within a flow unit. The basalt has mainly pseudomorph of olivine as phenocryst, and also plagioclase and clinopyroxene phenocryst. Matrix is mainly subophitic texture. The plotting result on the TAS diagram shows these basalts belong to the sub-alkaline, and it can be subdivided into calc-alkaline series on the basis of the diagram of Si02 vs. K20 and of alkali index vs. A1203 diagram. According to plots of wt.% oxides vs. wt.% MgO, abundances of A1203 and CaO increase with decreasing MgO while F ~ dOecre~ase . With decreasing MgO compatible elements decrease while incompatible elements increase. In spider diagram of MORB-normalized trace element patterns, HFS elements are nearly similiar with MORB, but LIL elements are enriched. Especially, contents of Ce, F: and Sm are enriched but Nb is depleted. In the chondrite-normalized REE patterns light REEs are enriched than heavy REEs. Tectomagmatic discrimination diagrams shows basalts in the study area are formed in the tectonomagmatic environment of subduction zone under continental margin. This result accord with characters of chemical composition mentioned above. Cr vs. Y diagram and CeM, vs. Ce diagram show that the primary magma of the basalts may formed by the about 15% partial melting of garnet-peridotite in the mantle wedge. After then, Daejeon-sa basalts may formed from evolved magma undergone mainly olivine fractional crystallization and contarnination of crustal materials before eruption.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.100-110
• /
• 2003

This study was conducted to evaluate influence of chemical properties in the riparian on the species diversity and to get plant information for enhancement of natural purification in Mankyeong River. The concentration of total nitrogen was high in Jeonju and Sam stream, while that of total nitrogen showed the highest peak in Winter. Concentrations of $NH_4-N$ was $0.01{\sim}0.06\;mg/L$ in Gosan and Soyang stream. The water quality of upstream along with Mankyeong River was suitable for the irrigation source. The riparian vegetation was investigated by Zurich-Montpellier school's method from June, 2001 to September, 2002. The number of riparian plants were 59 families, 129 genera, 165 species, 20 varieties in Gosancheon, on the while 53 families, 111 genera, 141 species, 19 varieties in Soyangcheon. The number of riparian plants in Bari basin was higher than that of other sites namely, 73 families, 134 genera, 218 species, 33 varieties. Riparian vegetation was consisted of 12 plant communities. The contents of organic matter, total nitrogen and electrical conductivity had negative relationship with species diversity (Species richness index, Heterogeneity index, Species evenness index Species number). On the while, species diversity had positive relationship with soil pH. Species diversify of the plant communities were affected by topography and disturbance.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
• /
• v.19 no.4
• /
• pp.274-285
• /
• 2016

In order to elucidate the spatiotemporal variations of marine environmental parameters, we collected seawater samples in the middle east coast of Korea in 2013-2014. A high temperature and low salinity were distinctively observed in the summer and a low temperature and high salinity pattern in the winter. The temperature of the bottom water was in the range of $2^{\circ}C$ to $7^{\circ}C$, with the temperature being relatively high in the winter, while the salinity was measured to be around 34, with no large differences across the seasons. The dissolved oxygen concentrations were in the range of $7mg\;L^{-1}$ to $12mg\;L^{-1}$, and it was relatively high in May compared to other seasons. The seawater temperature and dissolved oxygen concentration at the surface layer showed a significant negative correlation in the autumn and winter seasons, based on which it is seemed that water temperature is the main factor controlling the amount of dissolved oxygen in the autumn and winter seasons. The dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and silicate (DSi) increased 11- and 7-fold, respectively, in the winter compared to the summer. The DIN to DIP (dissolved inorganic phosphorus) ratio for the surface seawater was approximately 16, but it was relatively low in the spring season. On the other hand, the DIN to DIP ratio was relatively high in the summer. Based on this, it is seemed that nitrogen and phosphorus were the growth-limiting nutrients for phytoplankton in the spring and summer, respectively. Water quality was I (excellent) ~III (medium) level at the most stations except for some stations (level IV) during the autumn season, having low dissolved oxygen saturations.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
• /
• v.13 no.4
• /
• pp.279-287
• /
• 2010

To identify characteristics of the water quality at Goseong bay, we analyzed long term monitoring data collected at surface and bottom water which was accumulated during the period of 1987~2009. The result showed that the waters of Goseong bay represented mesotrophic level that is based on chlorophyll-a, DIP and DIN and seasonal average of COD that indicates level by the COD criteria. This analysis can be translated that the waters is comparatively clean even though the waters is in the closed bay that slowly diffuses influx mass. We also did the time series analysis, correlation analysis and regression analysis on the moving average of the water parameter at Goseong bay. According to the results, DIP showed a increasing trend as time passed while DIN was on a decreasing trend under the same condition. In the waters of Goseong bay, the phyto-plankton growth was shown to be limited by DIN concentration. The chlrophyll-a was at the peak in August, at $4.60{\mu}g/L$. As the seasonal average and index were the highest in November, it was understood that the balance of nutrient at Goseong bay was dependent more on inner factors, ie, mass farming of aquatic species and release of bottom sediment rather than on inflow of fresh water. Accordingly, it is needed to consider the balance of nutrient like DIP and DIN to manage the water quality or estuaries at Goseong bay.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
• /
• v.32 no.4
• /
• pp.373-387
• /
• 2011

In this study, four types of sensitivity experiments (EG, EE, NG, NE; E: ERA-Interim, N: NCEP/DOE2, G: Grell scheme, E: Emanuel scheme) were performed to evaluate the simulation skills of RegCM4 released in July 2010 over the CORDEX (COordinated Regional Downscaling EXperiment) East Asia domain based on the combinations of boundary conditions (BC: ERA-Interim, NCEP/DOE2) and the cumulus parameterization schemes (CPS: Grell, Emanuel) for the 1989. The surface air temperature and precipitation data observed by the Korea Meteorological Adminstration were used to validate the simulation results over South Korea. The RegCM4 well simulates the seasonal and spatial variations of temperature but it fails to capture the seasonal and spatial variations of precipitation without consideration of the BC and CPS. Especially the simulated summer precipitation amount is significantly less in EG, NG, and NE experiments. But the seasonal variation of precipitation including summer precipitation is relatively well simulated in the EE experiment. The EE experiment shows a better skill in the seasonal march of East Asia summer monsoon, distribution of precipitation intensity and frequency than other experiments. In general, the skills of RegCM4 for temperature and precipitation are better during winter than summer, and in Emanuel than Grell schemes. The simulation results are more impacted by cumulus parameterization schemes than boundary conditions.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.79-90
• /
• 1991

This study was conducted to investigate seasonal avifauna and to suggest a proper way how to manage and protect wild birds in Chirisan National Park. The survey was carried over 3 main trail districts by line transect method to figure out influence factor of inhabitation of wild birds from February to November in 1991. The study results are as follows : The observed birds were belong to 6 orders 24 families 49 species and 981 individuals and Falco tinnunculus(Natural monument No. 323). These birds also classified into 24 species for residents, 12 species for summer visitor. 9 species for winter visitor, 4 species for passage migrant, respectively. The observed average frequeney of birds was 2.09e.a./ha, and main dominant species were Parus varius, Parus major, Emberiza elegans, Garrolus glandarius, Sitta europaea, Hypsipetes amaurotis, Parus palustris in order. Cheoneun-sa trail route showed relatively decreasing trend of wild birds during spring and fall season because of the highest trail use of visitors. Maximum frequency of species and individuals appeared at Hwaum-sa route in spring and at Piagol route in fall. respectively. Those regions well explained the advantageous inhabitation area of birds in both regions. The diversity index of birds in winter showed little difference of similarity index due to balanced use of trails. Seasonal low similarity index in those 3 main trail district indicate a dissimilarity of environmental factors. Trail use restriction as a provision of proper management and protection of wild birds have to be made at Hwaum-sa route where propagation of birds actively occurred in spring and at Piagol route where birds wintering were observed will contribute to enhance species diversity in the future.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
• /
• v.25 no.2
• /
• pp.13-19
• /
• 2017

This paper analyzed MODIS data from 2006 to 2013 to determine relationship between meteorological changes and vegetation index. The experimental area was divided into the northern, central and southern regions according to the regional characteristics, and the smoothed MODIS LAI and NDVI were obtained using Timesat. In the case of precipitation, MODIS NDVI had correlation coefficients of 0.66, 0.44 and 0.35 in the northern, central and southern regions and the correlation was the highest in the northern region. In the case of temperature, MODIS LAI had correlation coefficients of 0.66, 0.64 and 0.68, and MODIS NDVI had 0.89, 0.89 and 0.80. The correlation of MODIS NDVI was higher and showed similar positive correlation regardless of region. In addition, The accuracy between Timesat plant seasonal start and actual plant seasonal start in MODIS NDVI was higher than MODIS LAI. The average error in MODIS LAI was 19 days in the central region and 20 days in the southern region. And the average error in MODIS NDVI was 6 days in the central region and 8 days in the southern region.