• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.92-98
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• 2012

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different abutment materials on abutment screw loosening and settling-down effect in conical connection type implant system. Materials and methods: Three types of abutment, cementation, gold UCLA, and metal UCLA abutment were used. Two UCLA groups were fabricated in a similar pattern to cementation abutment. Type III gold alloy and Nickel-Chromium alloy was used for casting gold UCLA abutment and metal UCLA abutment, respectively. Fixture and abutment were tightened to 30 Ncm by using digital torque controller and re-tightening was conducted with same force after 10 minutes. Digital torque gauge was used to measure loosening torque and fixture/abutment length was measured by digital micrometer. Dynamic loads between 25 N and 250 N were applied with $0^{\circ}$ angle to the abutment axis. After loading, fixture/abutment length was re-measured and amount of settlement was calculated. Loosening torque value was also measured for comparison Results: All three groups showed significant differences of length when comparing before and after loading, but there was no significant difference of settling amount in all groups. Loosening torque values were significantly decreased when comparing before and after loading in all groups($P$<.05). However, there was no significant difference in loss of loosening torque values when compared to groups. Conclusion: In internal conical connection type implants, dynamic load affected on settlement and loosening torque of implant, but there was no differences between abutments materials. Likewise gold UCLA abutment, metal UCLA abutment might be able to withstand functional load.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.91-98
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• 2007

The aim of this study was to examine the difference of the depth of sedation using the Bispectral index assessment with and without the added submucosal Midazolam to oral Chloral hydrate and Hydroxyzine for pediatric patients. Twenty seven sedation cases were performed in this study Selection criteria included good health(ASA I), 2 to 6 years of age, the need for sedation to receive dental treatment including anesthesia, and restorative procedure over at least two teeth. Patients were randomly classified into one group taking oral Chloral hydrate(60 mg/kg) and Hydroxyzine(1 mg/kg) and the other group recieving Chloral hydrate(60 mg/kg), Hydroxyzine(1 mg/kg) and submucosal Midazolam(0.1 mg/kg). Nitrous Oxide(50%) was used for both group during sedation. Patients were monitored using a pulse oximeter and a Bispectral monitor. A behavior scale was rated as quiet(Q), crying(C), movement(M), or struggling(S) every 2 minutes watching a recorded videotape. Analysis showed a significant difference in mean Bispectral index and SD during sedation across two groups(P<0.001). The group of patients injected with submucosal Midazolam in addition to oral Chloral hydrate and Hydroxyzine showed a lower mean Bispectral index and a narrower SD. PR and SpO2 for both groups remained within the normal values. Submucosal Midazolam improved the sedation quality by deepening sedation depth without compromising safety and enabled the sedation pattern to be kept more stable.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.85-93
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• 2013

Purpose: The study purposes were to describe the process of developing the Korean versions of the Six Dimension Scale of Nursing Performance (Six-D) and Student Nurse Stress Index (SNSI) and psychometric evaluation of the two measurements. Methods: This was a methodology study using a descriptive cross-sectional design with 51 nursing students in 4th year of university. Internal consistency reliability was assessed using Cronbach alphas. Construct validity was determined by exploring correlations among Six-D, SNSI, objective structured clinical examination (OSCE), self-efficacy and grade point average (GPA). Results: Internal consistency reliability of Six-D and SNSI was acceptable with Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ of .95 and .82. Correlation analysis to determine construct validity revealed that Six-D presented positive correlations with OSCE (r=.109~.272) and self-efficacy (r=.005~.161) and negative correlation with GPA (r=-.246~-.394), although all were not statistically significant. SNSI presented all negative correlations with OSCE (r= -.007~-.238), self-efficacy (r=-.246~-.394), and GPA (r=-.092~-.426) and were mostly statistically significant except OSCE. Conclusion: Six-D needs more evidence to confirm validity to predict observed clinical competency and theoretical relationships with self-efficacy and GPA. However, SNSI presented trends of expected relationships with relevant variables. Therefore, further research is recommended in testing validity of Six-D with other student populations.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.542-547
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• 1999

Background: Decision in mediastinal lymph node involvement of lung cancer by CT scan is very important and valuable for the treatment planning and prognosis prediction. In general, long diameter of mediastinal lymph node more than 15mm is used as criterion of lung cancer involvement. Adenocarci-noma has a tendency of early distant metastasis and micrometastasis, so adenocarcinoma may involve lymph node earlier and cannot be detected before lymph nodes are enlarged enough. The authors tried to determine the difference between two size criteria(15mm, 10mm) in adenocarcinoma for the detection of cancer involvement. Methods: Numbers of sample are 60 cases(male 46, female 14, median age: 61.5 years). According to pathology, squamous cancer 41, large cell cancer 2, adenocarcinoma 17. According to TNM stage, I 23, III 24, IIIA 13. Results : Mean long diameter of lymph node involvement is 16.0($\pm8.0$) mm in non-adenocarcinoma group, and that of adenocarcinoma group is 12.0($\pm3.2$) mm(p<0.05). If long diameter of lymph node larger than 15mm as involvement criterion is applied, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive index, negative predictive index, accuracy of nonadenocarcinoma group are 54%, 100%, 100%, 83%, 86%, and those of adenocarcinoma group are 43%, 90%, 75%, 69%, 71%. If long diameter of lymph node larger than 10mm as involvement criterion is applied, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive index. negative predictive index. accuracy of nonadenocarcinoma group are 65%, 77%, 61%, 92%, 79%, and those of adenocarcinoma group are 100%, 80%, 78%, 100%, 88%. Conclusion: Long diameter of lymph node larger than 10mm is more valuable criterion as lymph node involvement in adenocarcinoma of lungs.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.720-727
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• 1996

Objectives: $^{201}TI$ - chloride, $^{99m}Tc$ - MIBI, $^{99m}Tc$(V) - DMSA SPECT has been used in distinguishing lung cancer from benign lesion. To compare the diagnostic efficacy of SPECT with these tumor - seeking agents, we perfonned three consecutive SPECT using $^{201}TI$, $^{99m}Tc$ - MIBI, $^{99m}Tc$(V) - DMSA in same subjects with a solitary pulmonary lesion. Methods: SPECT was carried out at 10min and 3hr for $^{201}TI$ after injection of 20mCi, and 2hr for $^{99m}Tc$ - MIBI and $^{99m}Tc$(V) - DMSA after injection of 20mCi, respectively, in 37 patients with a solitary pulmonary lesion(27 lung cancer and 10 benign diseases). In patients showing visual uptake on lesion site, we obtained the lesion - to - background(target lesion/contralateral normal lung) uptake ratio from transverse slice for each radionuclide and also calculated the retention index for $^{201}TI$. Results: The diagnostic sensitivity of $^{201}TI$, $^{99m}Tc$ - MIBI and $^{99m}Tc$(V) - DMSA SPECT to lung cancer was 100%, 96% and 73%, and the specificity was 40%, 70% and 70%, respectively. The low specificities for these agents were mainly due to high positive uptake in patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis. There were no significant differences in uptake ratios and retention index between malignant and benign lesions, and among the histologic types of lung cancer. Conclusion : $^{201}TI$ and $^{99m}Tc$ - MIBI showed higher sensitivity than $^{99m}Tc$(V) - DMSA for detecting lung cancer, but was of limited usefulness in distinguishing lung cancer from benign lesion due to low specificity, especially in area with a high prevalence of active pulmonary tuberculosis.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 2005

Purpose : To prospectively evaluate the use of positron emission tomography with the glucose analog fluoro-deoxyglucose (FDG-PET) to deoxyglucose (FDG-PET) to predict disease-free survival (DFS) after concurrent chemo-radiotherapy (CCRT) in patients with non-disseminated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Materials and Methods : We studied 41 patients with non-disseminated NPC scheduled to undergo platinum-based CCRT were eligible for this study. Patients were studied by FDG-PET prior to the CCRT. FDG uptake of tumors were measured with the maximal standardized uptake value (SUV). Results : Complete response rate was $100\%$. In ten patients who presented with any component of treatment failure, the median $SUV_{max}$ was 8.55 (range: $2.49\~14.81$) in any component of failure and the median $SUV_{max}$ was 5.48 (range: $2.31\~26.07$) In the remaining patients without any such failure. Patients having tumors with high FDG uptake had a significantly lower 3-year DFS ($51\%\;{\nu}91\%$, p=0.0070) compared with patients having low uptake tumors. Conclusion : FDG uptake, as measured by the SUV, has potential value in predicting DFS in NPC treated by CCRT, High FDG uptake may be a useful parameter for Identifying patients requiring more aggressive treatment approaches.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.192-200
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• 2006

[ $\underline{Purpose}$ ]: To evaluate the movement of surgical clips implanted in breast tumor bed during normal breathing. $\underline{Materials\;and\;Methods}$: Seven patients receiving breast post-operative radiotherapy were selected for this study. Each patient was simulated in a common treatment position. Fluoroscopic images were recorded every 0.033 s, 30 frames per 1 second, for 10 seconds in anterior to posterior (AP), lateral, and tangential direction except one patient's images which were recorded as a rate of 15 frames per second. The movement of surgical clips was recorded and measured, thereby calculated maximal displacement of each clip in AP, lateral, tangential, and superior to inferior (SI) direction. For the comparison, we also measured the movement of diaphragm in SI direction. $\underline{Results}$: From AP direction's images, average movement of surgical clips in lateral and SI direction was $0.8{\pm}0.5\;mm$ and $0.9{\pm}0.2\;mm$ and maximal movement was 1.9 mm and 1.2 mm. Surgical clips in lateral direction's images were averagely moved $1.3{\pm}0.7\;mm$ and $1.3{\pm}0.5\;mm$ in AP and SI direction with 2.6 mm and 2.6 mm maximal movement in each direction. In tangential direction's images, average movement of surgical clips and maximal movement was $1.2{\pm}0.5\;mm$ and 2.4 mm in tangential direction and $0.9{\pm}0.4\;mm$ and 1.7 mm in SI direction. Diaphragm was averagely moved $14.0{\pm}2.4\;mm$ and 18.8 mm maximally in SI direction. $\underline{Conclusion}$: The movement of clips caused by breathing was not as significant as the movement of diaphragm. And all surgical clip movements were within 3 mm in all directions. These results suggest that for breast radiotherapy, it may not necessary to use breath-holding technique or devices to control breath.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.190-201
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• 1980

This experiment was designed to optimize the process of manufacturing the soybean cheeses and to elucidate the chemical changes during ripening when the chemical changes during ripening when the milk components and enzyme preparations were added to the raw materials. Conditions for extracting soybean protein such as temperature, duration and amount of water added were determined; various coagulaters were compared by checking the curd texture and yield; starters from S. thermophilus, S. lactis MLB and S. cremoris EB-9 were tested as single- or multi-stain combinations; and the effects of skim milk and/or rennins-both microbial and calf origin-addition upon the process of manufacturing and ripening were studied. The results obtained were as follows. 1. optimal conditions for soybean extraction were found to be: temperature $100^{\circ}C$, duration 10 minutes, and amount of water added 9-fold, as considered the extraction rate of solids and proteins, and curd yield. 2. Sodium gluconate was the most effective among the coagulators tested, and 5% of single-strain starter from S. thermophilus was appered to be adequate inoculum for curd formation. 3. The effects of skim milk and/or rennins addition on the process of manufacturing and ripening of soybean cheeses were: 1) The addition of rennins resulted in fast formation of curd, especially with skim milk it was so. And Hansen rennet extracts brought better results in curd formation than Meito rennet extracts did. 2) No significant effect was observed on the changes in moisture content during ripening, however the levels of moisture contents in the products were higher in case of using Meito rennet extracts. 3) Effect on pH changes during ripening was also not significant in general, while levels of pH were decrease markedly during manufacturing and the initial stage of ripening. 4) The levels of bacterial counts were much higher in case of skim milk addition throughtout the ripening period. In general the numbers were reached to approximately $10^8cells/g$ during manufacturing, then decreased gradually to below $10^2cells/g$ in 8 weeks of ripening. 5) The addition of skim milk and/or rennin resulted in higher ripening index, and skim milk plus Meito rennet extracts was appeared to be best combination for the ripening index.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.229-233
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• 2016

This study was conducted to compare three commercially available egg testing devices for measuring egg quality. The devices used were a Laser-type (automatic), a Ultrasonic-type (automatic), and a Probe-type (manual). Fresh eggs weighing 60~68 grams were obtained from a commercial hen farm. Three trials were conducted. In Trial 1, a total of 50 eggs were successively analyzed by the three egg testing devices. In Trial 2, fresh eggs were successively analyzed by a combination of two egg testing devices. In Trial 3, a total of 600 eggs (weighing 60~68 grams) laid by same flock were selected, further divided into three sub-groups with a total of 200 eggs, and analyzed by an egg testing device. In Trials 1 and 2, no apparent difference was observed in egg weight between egg testing devices. However, albumin height was scored highest in the Ultrasonic-type egg tester followed by the Probe-type and Laser-type (Trials 1 and 2). Consequently, the Haugh unit was similarly altered. Yolk color was highest in the Laser-type egg tester followed by the Ultrasonic-type and Probe-type (Trials 1 and 2). When fresh eggs laid by a single flock were independently analyzed by three devices, egg weight did not differ, but albumin height and Haugh unit were higher (p<0.05) in the Ultrasonic-type egg tester than in the Probe-type or Laser-type testers. However, Laser-type testers produced higher (p<0.05) yolk color values than the Ultrasonic-type or Probe-type egg testers. In conclusion, the commercially available egg testing devices exhibited performance differences in measuring egg qualities, which warrants further consideration as to whether the magnitude of bias and precision between the devices could be acceptable in the egg grading system, especially when assessing eggs stored for certain durations.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.403-409
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• 2000

The formation and dissociation rates of $Zn^{2+}$ Complexes with l,4,7,10-tetraaza-13,16-diox-acyclooctadecane-N,N',N",N'"-tetraacetic acid (1), 1,4,7,10-tetraaza-13,16- dioxacyclooctadecane-N,N',N",N'"-tetramethylacetic acid (2), and 1,4,7,10-tetraaza-13,16- dioxacyclooctadecane-N,N',N",N'"-tetrapropionic acid(3) have been measured by stopped-flow and conventional spectrophotometry. Observations were made at 25.0$\pm$0.1 $^{\circ}C$ and at an ionic strength of 0.10 M NaClO$_4$. The formation reactions of $Zn^{2+}$ ion with 1 and 2 took place by the rapid formation of an intermediate complex (ZnH$_3L^+$) in which the $Zn^{2+}$ ion is incompletely coor-dinated. This might then lead to be a final product in the rate-determining step.ln the pH range 4.76-5.76, the diprotonated (H2L2-) form is the kinetically active species despite of its low concentration. The stability con-stants (log$K_{(ZnH$_3$3$L^+$)}$) and specific water-assisted rate constants (koH) of intermediate complexes have been deter-mined from the kinetic data. The dissociation reactions of $Zn^{2+}$ complexes of 1,2, and 3 were investigated with $Cu^{2+}$ ions as a scavenger in acetate buffer. All complexes exhibit acid-independent and acid-catalyzed con-tributions. The effect of buffer and $Cu^{2+}$ concentration on the dissociation rate has also been investigated. The ligand effect on t dissociation rate of $Zn^{2+}$ complexes is discussed in terms of the side-pendant armsand the chelate ring sizes of the ligands.