• Proceedings of the KSEEG Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.273-275
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• 2003

지난 수 백년 또는 수 천년 동안 많은 곳에서 인간의 활동에 의한 영향으로 하천과 계곡의 형태가 많은 영향을 받았다(Hickin, 1983; Gregory, 1987). 인간이 일으킨 간섭은 자연 상태에서의 과정과 경향을 가속화하거나 변화시킴으로써 하천변화에 영향을 미치고, 그 결과 하천적응의 시간을 단축하게 한다. 섬진강 순창-곡성구간은 만은 곳에서 인간의 활동에 의한 영향을 받은 곳이다. (중략)

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.20-32
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• 2008

Runoff characteristics of the Oedocheon in Jeju island were investigated using the long-term stream stage monitoring data. At the Cheonah valley in the upstream area and Oedocheon downstream, annual runoff occurred 21 and 12 times, respectively, and their average runoff periods were 21 days and 12 days, respectively. Stream stage response time to rainfall was 4 hours, and storm-water transfer from the upstream, Cheonah valley, to the Oedocheon downstream took about 2 hours. The stream discharge measurements had been carried out from Feb. 2004 to Jul. 2005, and showed that normal discharge of the Oedocheon was 0.39 $m^3$/sec in average. Stage-discharge curves were developed to estimate base flow (normal discharge) and (direct) surface runoff. The base flow separations by a numerical filtering technique illustrated that annual surface runoff and base flow accounted respectively for 31.8${\sim}$36.5%, 63.5${\sim}$68.2% of the total stream discharge.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.695-707
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• 2019

This study was intended to suggest the appropriate vegetation management methodology by analyzing phytosociology for ecotourism resources. We carried out the classification and interpretation of the vegetation structure and the analysis of the relationship between communities and environmental conditions in Pocheon valley, Mt. Gaya. The vegetation in Pocheon valley was composed of 5 communities: Pinus densiflora-Quercus mongolica community, Quercus serrata-Quercus variabilis community, Larix kaempferi-Quercus serrata community, Pinus densiflora-Castanea crenata community, and Salix gracilistyla-Phragmites japonica community. The Quercus serrata-Quercus variabilis community was further segmented into two types according to the differences of composition species and location of habitats. The methodologies that satisfy both the use of nature for ecotourism resources and the sustentation of natural vegetation are as follows: - maintenance the present vegetation (dominance species) by strictly avoiding artificial management in the tree layer; - maintenance of the existing vegetation structure through the artificial management of the usual vigorous tree species when the species in the shrub layer grow up to the subtree layer; and - continued artificial management to maintain high balanced diversity and evenness of various species in shrub and herb layers.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.183-190
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• 2014

Since Scenic Sites, heritages to protect the value of landscapes, include valleys and mountains, the cultural heritage protection zones and historical and cultural environments preservation districts are designated extensively. So the landscape protection effects of the designation of scenic sites should be examined. Accordingly, the purpose of this research is to present the methods of efficient institution of district for landscape protection of scenic sites. As the research subject, Cheongamjeong Pavilion and Seokcheongyegok Valley in Bonghwa (Scenic Site No. 60), which has the highest designation rate, was selected. The results of this research using the cumulative visibility technique of GIS are as follows. First, the method of selecting the viewpoint by preparing the reverse cumulative visibility from important landscape resources of the valley was presented. The reverse cumulative visibility can be utilized for rational selection of the viewpoint with regard to scenic sites. Second, the landscape analysis method in consideration of human viewing angle and the visibility of the background of landscape resources was developed. Third, the hierarchical landscape protection method of scenic sites utilizing cumulative visibility was presented. Fourth, it was established through on-site inspections that the method of institution of district is the practical method.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.79 no.2
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• pp.162-172
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• 1990

Habit type classification based on the polyclimax and discontinuum concept applied to Mt. Kasan forest. The results obtained were summirized as follows. 1. PIDE/RHSC H.T. : Pizzas densiflora is a topographic climax which is distributed in a ridge and a upper slope. Rhododeudron schlippenbachii is well represented in the undergrowth (average coverage 21%). 2. CALA/CAAR H.T. : Carpinus laxiflora is distributed in a low slope and adjoined to Pinzrs densiflora of a upper slope and a ridge. Calamaglotis aruredinacea is well represented in the undergrowth (average coverage 10%). 3. QUMO/CAHU H.T. : Quercus mongolica is a topographic climax which is distributed in a upper slope and a midslope of the Kasan fort outside and ranged from 600m to 700m, Carex humilis is well represented in the undergrowth (average coverage 21%). 4. QUMO/CAAR H.T. : Qreercus moragolica is distributed in the basin of Mt. Kasan fort inside and ranged from 700m to 870m, Cdlamagrotis arundinacea is abundant in the undergrowth(average coverage 43%). 5. FRRH/IMTE H.T. : Fraxinus rhynchophilla is distributed in a valley. Impatiens textori is well represented in the undergrowth(average coveraged 10%). 6. COCO/VISA H.T. : Cornus controversa is distributed in a valley and aranged from 780m to 830m Viburunum sargentii is well represented in the undergrowth(average coverage 12%).

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.77-88
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• 1998

한반도의 제4기 지층을 암층서 및 단구층서를 기준으로 전기, 증기 및 후기 플라이 스토신 지층(Ear-ly Middle late Pleistocene Deposits)으로구분할 수 있다. 제 3기와 제4기 의 경계는 고지자기층서 해석에 의하여 한반도에서는 Gauss와 Matuyama chron 경계인 약 2.6Ma를 기준으로 설정할수 있다. 전기 플라이스토신 지층(Early Pleistocene Deposits)은 지형고도상 조구조 운동이 배제된 지역에서는 80m 이하에서의 계곡 사이에서 나타난다. 증 기 플라이스토신 지층(Middle Pleistocene Deposits)은 약0.8Ma부터 약 125ka까지이다. 중기 플라이스토신은 제4기 초깁터 발달하기 시작하였던 주요 계곡들이 현재와 비슷한 형태로 넓 고 깊어지기 시작했던 시기이다. 하천과 해안에는 일련의 단구지형을 잘발달시키지 시작했 고 단구이 형성은 현재보다 해수면이 더 높았던 마지막간빙기까지 계속되었다. 후기 플라이 스토신 지층(late Pleistocene Deposits)은 약 125Ka부터 10Ka까지이며 마지막 간빙기(Last Inter-glacial)와 마지막빙하기(Last Glacial)가 포함된다, 마지막간빙기 동안에는 제 2 하안 및 제 2 해안단구역층이 잘 발달하여 있다 마지막 빙하기 동안에는 해수면의 하강이 극심했 으며 특히 산사면에서 지형경사면을 따라 하부이동된 사면붕적층이 한반도의 전역에 널리 발달했던 시기였다.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.217-237
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• 2001

본 연구는 계룡산국립공원 갑사 계곡에 위치하는 낙엽활엽노거수군집의 식생군집구조를 부석하기 위하여 18개의 Belt-transect를 설정하여 조사하였다. 노거수군집 전체면적은 $46.442\m^2$이었고, 이 중 노거수가 차지하는 면적은 $35.246\m^2$이었으며, 대표적인 현존식생은 느티나무군집, 팽나무군집, 회화나무군집, 소나무군집, 말채나무군집이었다. 노고수의 규 은 흉고직경이 50~120cm, 수고가 18~22m 이었으며, 흉고직경 70cm이상되는 수종은 소나무(1주), 느티나무(9주), 갈참나무(8주), 졸참나무(1주), 회화나무(2주), 말채나무(1주)이었고, 본 조사 대상지의 평균수령은 150년생 내외이었다. 18개 조사구에 대하여 DCA의 ordination 분석결과 소나무군집, 느타나무-낙엽활엽수군집, 검팽나무-낙엽활엽수군집, 회화나무군집, 말채나무군집, 팽나무군집으로 분리되었다. 교모측의 우점종감의 평균거리는 8~12m이었고, Shannon의 종다양도는 0.7~0.9(단위면적:$200\m^2$_이었다.X>_이었다.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.103-115
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• 2016

This study aims to analyze the properties of cold air production and its flow of Nakdong-Jeongmaek(mountain ranges), and to suggest management strategies for Nakdong-Jeongmaek in order to enhance the green air conditioning functions of Jeongmaek. For this purpose, three study sites including Gudeoksan Mountain and the vicinity in Busan, Goheonsan Mountain and the vicinity in Ulsan, and Unjusan Mountain and the vicinity in Pohang were selected. The results found that cold air flow and its height of the three study sites were analyzed based on topographic properties and land use. Management strategies for preserving and enhancing their temperature reduction functions were suggested. The cold air produced in the vicinity of Gudeoksan was not fully developed and spread because of the high-density development at the border of Jeongmaek. Since high pressures of development are expected at the border, high conservation policies are required. In the vicinity of Goheonsan, where the agricultural complex and industrial park are located, cold air flows well throughout the entire study site thanks to fully developed cold air in the wide, flat valley. Hence, plans to maintain the current cold air flow are required, and conservation plans to mitigate future developments are also needed in the flat valley. The cold air in Unjusan and the vicinity with its complex and narrow mountain valleys gradually develops into valley bottoms. In order to take advantage of the terrain, the valley near the cold air production areas are preserved. In particular, special plans are required to prevent damage to the cold air layer near Youngcheonho Lake, where the highest height of cold air was recorded due to the closed and lower terrain feature. This study could support the establishment of systematic management plans of Nakdong-Jeongmaek to preserve and enhance its green air conditioning functions.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.320-324
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• 2015

This study was executed to know the effect of three differently controlled temperature conditions on Huanren brown frog (Rana huanrensis )'s growth in 2013. We've collected nine Huanren brown frog egg's sacs on Mt. Surak ($37^{\circ}40^{\prime}55.86^{{\prime}{\prime}}N$, $127^{\circ}05^{\prime}19.99^{{\prime}{\prime}}E$) in Seoul. We put those nine egg sacs in the controlled growth chambers under low temperature (LT, $5{\pm}2^{\circ}C$), medium temperature (MT, $10{\pm}2^{\circ}C$), and high temperature (HT, $13{\pm}2^{\circ}C$) conditions with three egg sacs, respectively. We measured the eggs' hatching rate, their hatching periods, and the size of the hatched individuals. The hatching rate was higher in MT (95.6%) and the rates of the other treatments were relatively lower but very similar such as LT (82.2%) and HT (82.6%). The three hatching periods were 10 days at HT, 14 days at MT and 23 days at LT. The body sizes of the hatched individuals were biggest at MT ($7.62{\pm}0.11mm$), smallest at LT ($6.82{\pm}0.10mm$) and medium at HT ($7.19{\pm}0.15mm$) (P-value ${\leq}0.0001$). From our results, we found that the various water temperatures could be very effective to Huanren brown frog eggs' hatch and growth including their body sizes. We suggest if we study more about the growth of Huanren brown adult frogs under similar temperature conditions for a long term period, it must be very helpful for conservation study about metamorphosis rate and size of adult frog as well as we could understand about the amphibians who are adapting to the climate change.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.94 no.1 s.158
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• pp.26-33
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• 2005

The study was carried out to provide information about growth and ecological characteristics by site types of natural deciduous forest in Pyeongchang, Gangwon Province. The data were collected from four aspects(the East, the West, the South, and the North) with three elevation(higher than 1.000 m, 700~1,000 m, lower than 700 m) and three topographical conditions(ridge, hill, and valley). Growth parameters by site types were evaluated based on the growth performances of dbh for the last 5 to 10 years; which were also estimated based on both Pressler and Schneider formulae. In addition, ecological characteristics such as Shannon-Wiener's diversity index, evenness index and richness index were analyzed by site types. The management methods by site types were suggested by considering stand density, growth patterns, and ecological characteristics. It was found that the stands on the South and the East are necessary the tending practices to improve growth and ecological characteristics. On the other hand, the West and the North needed the tending practices focusing on stand density management to increase growth rate rather than ecological management. It was also found that the area lower than 700 m in elevation showed Higher growth rate than other areas. As a management standard considered in terms of growth rate, it was suggested that tending practices should be applied to the stands of which growth rate for the last 5 to 10 years were lower than 2%. Considering topographical conditions, valley area showed better ecological characteristics than both ridge and hilly areas. Consequently, it was revealed that the valley areas were suitable for the ecological management.