• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.60 no.4
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• pp.31-53
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• 2008

This study intends to verify the poverty characteristics of the rural elderly households so as to provide more specific data for the intervention of social welfare in the improvement of quality of life of the rural elderly. According to my study of the absolute poverty ratio, the poverty gap, the relative poverty ratio, the subjective poverty ratio, the subjective economic level and the life satisfaction level of the rural elderly households in comparison with those of the other groups, the conclusion is as follows: First, the total living cost of the rural elderly households is rather low with the food cost taking about 30% of the total living cost. Second, in terms of the poverty ratio based on socio-demographic characteristics, higher poverty ratio show among women, older people and households of fewer members. Third, 82.2% of the rural elderly households living with an income below the minimum living cost is found around the poverty line. Fourth, the rural elderly households show a comparatively higher poverty ratio than the other groups in the absolute and relative poverty, but lower economic strain than other groups in the subjective poverty ratio and life satisfaction level. In short, the rural elderly households' poverty level is generally high and therefore need ways of active economic supports, while a political approach to the subjective needs of the regional and intergenerational groups is also required.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.65-87
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• 1993

본고(本稿)는 빈곤문제(貧困問題)를 둘러싼 새로운 시각(視角)을 설명하고 빈곤대책(貧困對策)의 방향전환을 촉구하기 위해서 집필되었다. 복지차원(福祉次元)의 부조(扶助)에 의존하기보다는 스스로의 노동(勞動)에 의해 자립(自立)할 수 있도록 도와주는 것이 최선(最善)의 빈곤대책(貧困對策)이라고 보는 시각(視角)인 것이다. 세계은행(世界銀行) 둥이 빈곤대책(貧困對策)을 보더라도 가능한 한 자신의 노력(努力)과 노동(勞動)에 의해 자립(自立)할 수 있어야 하며 또한 그러한 기회가 최대한 보장되어야 한다는 점이 부각되고 있다. 사회부조(社會扶助)의 대상자들인 빈민(貧民)들이 개인적(個人的)으로나 자발적(自發的)인 조직화에 의해 시장경제(市場經濟)에 참여하여 적극적인 삶의 추구를 도모할 때 이는 취업증가를 통한 소득증가(所得增加), 나아가서 지역개발(地域開發) 및 국가경제성장(國家經濟成長)에도 기여하게 될 것이다. 더불어 사회적(社會的) 안정(安定) 및 정치적(政治的) 기반형성(基盤形成) 등 바람직한 외부효과(外部效果)를 창출할 가능성이 높게 된다. 본고(本稿)는 태동되기 시작한 빈민들의 생산협동조합운동(生産協同組合運動)에 초점을 맞추어 지역사회에 근거를 둔 경제공동체사업(經濟共同體事業)의 활성화를 강조하고 있다. 이로써 취업기회(就業機會)가 확충되고 지역개발(地域開發)이 촉진되며 그들의 소득증가(所得增加)를 통하여 탈빈곤(脫貧困)에도 도움을 줄 수 있을 것이므로 빈곤대책(貧困對策)의 우선순위(優先順位)가 여기에 두어져야 할 것이라고 제안하고 있다. 조금이라도 일할 수 있는 능력(能力)이 있다면 빈민(貧民)들은 협동조합(協同組合)을 결성하여 자립(自立)할 수 있도록 스스로 노력해 나가야 할 것인바, 이에 대하여 정부는 새마을금고(金庫) 등을 통한 금융지원(金融支援)과 조세감면(租稅減免)을 통하여 조직화를 지원하는 방향으로 인센티브를 제공해야 할 것이다.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.53
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• pp.7-29
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• 2003

This study estimates the effect of economic loss including parental job loss and income loss on adolescents' educational attainment before and after family income and poverty are controlled for. Results from this study show that both parental job loss and income loss are negatively associated with the number of schooling years completed by adolescents and the probability that adolescents would enter a college. The negative relationship between economic loss and adolescents' educational attainment persists after income levels are controlled for. Income levels also have a statistically significant effect on adolescents' educational attainment. Among the various measures of income levels, poverty has an especially larger effect. Although the results are not consistent across estimated models, the effects of parental job loss and income loss are as large as that of poverty. Results for the models separately estimated by the sex of adolescents show that female adolescents are more negatively affected by both economic toss and income levels. There is little evidence that male adolescents are negatively affected by economic loss. Yet, male adolescents are negatively affected by income levels including poverty. Findings from this study suggest that societal support for families experiencing economic loss should be improved to avoid the harmful effect of the loss on adolescents' educational attainment. More targeted efforts should be made to financially support families facing both economic loss and poverty.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.62 no.4
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• pp.129-148
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• 2010

This study analyzed the effect of poverty on children's health, using data from wave 1-5(2004-2008) lf the Seoul Panel Study of Children surveys(SPSC). The analysis results indicated that poverty has a negative effect on child health over time when controlling for potential variables that mediate the family income-child health association. There was also a strong cumulative effect of poverty that explains much of the strengthening association between the length of poverty and child health. The negative effect of poverty on child health could be enhanced through poor mother-child relationship and marital conflict. This finding suggests that programs to improve child health, by implication, will require family level interventions such as increasing income support and improving care-giving and family interaction.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.41-70
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• 2005

The object of the study is to examine the change of social-economic structure and poverty-shape to escape poverty. In Korea, the working poor have been increased by flexibility and division of labor market since the economic crisis in 1997, and are faced with hard conditions due to the vulnerable welfare system. Especially the workers who engage in irregular jobs were increased by restructure of labor market. Besides they are in unstable employment terms such as low payment, low-skill and exclusion from welfare-benefit. Many small independent businessmen are also in danger of poverty for enterprises trend to move abroad by globalization. Poverty policy in our country was focused on the absolute poor class that has relation with old age, unemployment, disable, disease etc, so they were the object of welfare policy. The poverties, however, are increasing rapidly after the economic crisis, and they work so hard but are still poor, that is, participation in labor market doesn't become an element to escape poverty. Thus the emergence of new poverties whose core consists of the working poor becomes to need new poverty policy. The study is to survey change of their economic conditions, their welfare conditions, their experiences and responses of social dangers after the economic crisis, then to explore the policy to escape poverty. As the result of the study, it shows that the working poor experienced many kinds of social dangers like unemployment, decrease of income etc. In their welfare conditions as their responses to the social dangers, the benefit of social insurance, enterprise welfare like legal retirement pay and paid leave and private welfare such as private pension and insurance are low. The working poor are faced with social dangers, moreover, they don't have skill or education for adapting themselves to information society. The study says that it needs variable policies for the working poor to escape poverty, and suggests payment & tax policies as stable income policy, occupational discipline and skill-education for promoting the quality of employment, moreover, social insurance as expansion of social welfare policy and housing & education policies whose objects are the working poor.

• Economic Analysis
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.37-66
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• 2021

This paper examines the potential impacts of COVID-19 on poverty in ASEAN countries. The first estimate, adopted from Summer et al. (2020) and Nonvide (2020), configures three scenarios of contractions in per capita household income or consumption; the impact of each scenario on poverty is calculated using poverty lines at different thresholds. In the second estimate, poverty impacts in 2020 and 2021 were projected using regression models controlling for unobserved country effects, unbalanced data, and endogeneity. COVID-19 has been shown to have negative impacts on poverty reduction in the ASEAN Member States. To reduce poverty, concerted efforts are needed to implement policies for reducing income inequality and promoting economic growth. Such efforts will not only speed up the countries' return to pre-pandemic poverty levels but also contribute to further accelerating poverty reduction.

• Journal of the Korean Regional Science Association
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.15-27
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• 2021

This study investigates the difference in income trajectories of the working poor and the non-working poor and explains the effects of socio-demographic (marriage, education) and regional (living in large cities) factors on intergroup differences. We use Seoul Survey data collected between 2009-2018 and the latent growth modeling approach. It was found that the trajectory difference between groups was statistically significant. Since 2016, the income gap widened as the income of the working poor stagnated. The three variables included in this model better explained the income trajectory of the working poor compared to the working non-poor. In particular, the change in income growth rate was positively related to whether they live in large cities. This suggests the possibility that living in a large city would act as an economic premium for the working poor. It is necessary to conduct follow-up studies on urban premiums for the working poor.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.119-142
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to explore and describe of the reality of working poor in Korea. In spite of the increasing attention to the working poor, usual definitions of the working poor have some measurement questions. The definition of the working poor should focus on the key dimensions of work and poverty. This study defines working poor as all "persons who have devoted prior 6 months to working or looking for work and who lived in families with incomes below the poverty threshold". This study also defines poverty threshold based on the both concept of absolute and relative poverty. According to this definition, the working poor are almost equally divided between men and women and the majority of them are of prime working age. These characteristics of working poor are seems to be quite different from common sense. Also, serious deficiencies of human capital contribute to the employment problems of the working poor. Their education levels are much less than those of the working non-poor. The distributions of the employment status, occupation, and industry show also that the working poor are highly concentrated in a few low-wage jobs.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.736-751
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• 2009

China is in the process of carrying out socialist planned economic system and capitalist market economic system along with its reforms and opening. In the process, the problem of poverty is surfacing along with the commercialization of housing. In this study, we've analyzed China's social security system through literature at home and abroad based on the concept of place poverty, and have pointed out the characteristics and problems of Chinese urban housing reform centered around what we've identified. Furthermore, we've divided up China into 8 zones, and have examine the characteristic of each area by population & social index, economic index, and housing index. As a result of analysis, the process of urban housing reform had an effect on housing poverty, and appeared to have different characteristics by zone. In this study, since China's situation by area is very diverse, it presents a point that we must approach with not a monistic method but a pluralistic method regarding housing policy.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.365-388
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• 2011

By analyzing 1998~2008 Korean Labor and Income Panel Study(KLIPS), this study examines socio-economic characteristics of people who become poor. The study also explores the reason why they are in the state of poverty. To find determinants affecting poverty entrance, discrete-time hazard models are applied. Major findings are as follows. The socio-economic characteristics driving people into poverty are in the middle way of the long-term poor and the non-poor, combining the characteristics of both groups. This implies that many cases of the newly poor tend to enter and exit from poverty repeatedly. Poverty entry rate was at a high level right after the economic crises, then was a downturn and remained fairly stable since 2000. However, the young, the high-educated, and even the professional are on the rise as a new poverty group. The major reason people become poor is temporary job loss. This factor is confirmed again by multi-variate analyses. In building anti-poverty policies, it is important to distinguish the long-term poor from the short-term poor. For the long-term poor, virtually the only affective policy will be income support. On the other hand, a labor-market strategy for jos security will be more effective for the short-term poor. The characteristics and determinants of poverty entry may affect poverty duration and exit in the future. Future research will be needed to investigate the relationship among these factors.