• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.356-362
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• 2010

When pine (Pinus densiflora) needles were fractionated into cold water (PD-CW), hot water (PD-HW) and methanol extract (PD-M), PD-M showed potent simulating activity (1.19-fold of the saline control) for proliferation of bone marrow cells mediated by Peyer's patch cells in vitro. MeOH extracts were prepared by homogenization, stirring or reflux to identify the method of methanol extraction, and MeOH extract by reflux method showed significantly highest intestinal immune system modulating activity (1.30-fold) in vitro. The intestinal immune system modulating effect of orally administered PD-M fractionated from pine needles also were studied in mice. Analyzing intestinal immune system modulating activity mediated Peyer's patch cells from C3H/He mice which had been fed with PD-M at different doses for 7 days, 1.0 g/kg of BW/day indicated that the bone marrow cells had proliferated (3.65-fold of 3% EtOH administered group). In addition, the amounts of IL-6 in the culture supernatant of Peyer's patch cells at 1.0 g/kg of BW/day were increased (1.13-fold) whereas the production of GM-CSF was not dose dependent. These results indicate that oral administration of PD-M enhances the secretion of hematopoietic growth factors such as GM-CSF and IL-6 from Peyer's patch cells, and these cytokines also act on modulator of bone marrow cell proliferation.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.536-539
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• 2013

In this study, mixed plant extracts including Phellodendro namurense and Eucommia ulmides Oliv were tested for antimicrobial activity and safety. Antimicrobial activity was measured by disc diffusion method using normal skin flora and opportunistic microbes such as Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. As safety test, single dose oral toxicity test, single dose inhalation toxicity test and repeat dose inhalation toxicity test were done. From antimicrobial test, plant extracts showed significant antimicrobial activity Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, however, did not indicate any antibacterial effect on Escherichia coli. From 3 kinds of safety tests, toxicity of mixed plant extracts was not observed. From experimental results, mixed plant extracts including Phellodendro namurense and Eucommia ulmides Oliv showed good potential for natural antimicrobial agent.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2005

Objective : The present study was carried out to investigate the preventive effect of Several Herb-combind Prescription(SHP) on Streptozotocin (STZ) -induced Diabetes mellitus. Methods : SHP was given to rats with the combination of oral administration and herbal-acupuncture stimulation. The experimental animals were divided into 3 groups : normal group of rats, control group of STZ-induced diabetic rats, sample group with SHP treatment. In vitro test of SHP showed ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibition, DPPH radical scavenging activity and inhibition of lipid peroxidation. Experimental diabetes was induced by the injection of STZ(60mg/kg) to the rat via the peritoneum. The effect of SHP on STZ-induced diabetes was observed by measuring the seum level of insulin, glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol and lipid peroxides. Hepatic activities of catalase and reduced glutathione were examined and insulin granule was observed by immunohistochemical examination. Result : STZ caused hyperglycemia and hypoinsulinemia by a selectively destroying pancreatic ${\beta}$-cell. SHP treatment protected them from the hyperglycemia and hypoinsulinemia. STZ induced increase of serum triglyceride lowered by SHP treatment. And by SHP treatment, pancrease showed a big area with positive immuno-reactivity for presence of insulin with many insulin granules distributed in the ${\beta}$-cells in the islets of Langerhans. Contusions : The SHP treatment showed protective effect on diabetic rat model, and action mechanism of the effect was thought to be concerned with anti-oxidative stress.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.263-269
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• 1975

한국산(韓國産) aflatoxin $G_1$의 독성(毒性)을 비교구명(比較究明)하기 위하여, 한국산(韓國産) aflatoxin $G_1$과 표준(標準) Aflatoxin $G_1$을 各各 1포(圃)씩 오리병아리에 경구투여(經口投與)해서 얻은 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. Aflatoxin $G_1$의 독성(毒性)에 의(依)하여 유발(誘發)되서 간장(肝臟)에 나타난 병리조직학적(病理組織學的) 병변(病變)은 출혈(出血), 지방변성(脂肪變性) 및 경(輕)한 담관세포(膽管細胞)의 증식등(增殖等)이었다. 2. 출혈(出血)은 $75{\mu}g$의 한국산(韓國産) aflatoxin $G_1$의 투여(投與)로 폐사한 오리에서 가장 현저하였다. 담관세포(擔管細胞)의 증식(增殖)은 $75{\mu}g$과 $50{\mu}g$의 aflatoxin $G_1$을 투여(投與)한 경우에 경(輕)하게 나타났다. 3. 독량(毒量)이 같은 경우에도 Aflatoxin $B_1$에 비(比)해 Aflatoxin $G_1$의 병변(病變)이 훨씬 가볍게 나타났다. 4. 한국산(韓國産) aflatoxin $G_1$을 투여해서 발생(發生)된 병변(病變)은 표준(標準) aflatoxin $G_1$을 투여해서 발생(發生)된 병변(病變)과 유사(類似)하였으며, 그 정도(程度)도 비슷하였다.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.121-126
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• 2013

The present study was carried out to investigate the in vivo single-dose acute toxicity of Leuconostoc citreum GR1 (Leuc. citreum GR1), a lactic acid bacteria isolated from kimchi, in ICR male and female mice. The test article was orally administered once to both sexes of mice. The mortalities, clinical findings, autopsy findings, and body weight changes were monitored daily for two weeks. The male and female mice were gavaged with Leuc. kimchi GR1 of four doses (625, 1,250. 2,500 and 5,000 mg/kg). The oral $LD_{50}$ of Leuc. citreum GR1 was considered higher than 5,000 mg/kg. No significant changes in the general conditions, body weights, clinical signs and presence of gross lesions were observed in both sexes of mice to whom Leuc. citreum GR1 was administered orally. The results indicated that the 5,000 mg/kg dose of Leuc. citreum GR1 showed no adverse effect.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1994.04a
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• pp.236-236
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• 1994

Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA)와 고려홍삼의 항산화 성분인 maltol을 축합하여 신물질 aspalatone을 합성하고, 흰쥐에서의 지혈시간 연장 효과, 항혈소판 응집 억제 (in Vitro, ex ViVO) 효과 및 생쥐의 혈전 모델을 이용한 항혈전 (in vivo) 효과를 연구하였다. SD계 웅성 흰쥐에 15 mg/kg의 낮은 용량으로 경구투여 할 경우, aspalatone과 ASA는 각각 최소한 8일 연속투여후 지혈시간을 유의적으로 연장시켰으며 같은 용량으로 10일 간 경구투여. 하였을 때, aspalatone 투여군은 대조군에 비하여 지혈시간이 57% (p<0.005) 연장된 반면, ASA 투여군은 44% 연장되었다. 반면, aspalatone의 아세칠 기를 갖지 않는 salicylic acid maltnl ester는 같은 용량에서 지혈시간을 유의적으로 연장시키지 않았다. Aspalatone은 in vitro에서 collagen에 의해 유도된 흰쥐 혈소판 응집을 강력하게 억제하였으나 (IS$_{50}$ = 0.18 mM), ASA와 마찬가지로 ADP에 의한 응집은 억제하지 않았다. Aspalatnne과 다른 대조약물들의 ex vivo에서의 혈소판 응집 억제능은 ASA>dipyridamdle(equation omitted)aspalatone>ticlopidine의 순이었다. 1회 경구투여로 aspalatone은 생쥐의 collagen에 의한 혈전에 기인하는 치사율을 억제하였다 (ED$_{50}$ = 32mg/kg). Aspalatone을 10일 간 투여하면 유효용량이 현저히 감소하여 20 mg/kg에서 치사율을 90% (p<0.001) 억제하였으며, 이러한 항혈전 효과는 투여중단 4일 후에도 지속되었다. 또한, 경구투여시 위궤양을 유발하는 ASA (ulcer index : 29 mm 200 mg/kg p.o.)와는 다르게 aspalatone은 위궤양을 유발하지 않는다는 장점을 갖는다 (0.71 mm, 800 mg/kg p.o.). In vitro에서 malondialdehyde 생성 억제를 지표로 한 aspalatone의 항산화 활성 ($IC_{50}$/ = 0.11 mM)은 maltol ($IC_{50}$/ = 0.084 mM)과 유산하다. 이러한 실험결과를 토대로 하여 aspalatone을 위궤양을 유발하지 않는 항혈전 신약으로 개발하기 위한 연구가 진행 중이다.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.315-321
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• 2012

The $in$ $vivo$ single-dose acute toxicity of $Lactobacillus$ $plantarum$ AF1, a lactic acid bacterium isolated from kimchi, in ICR male and female mice was investigated. The test article was intraperitoneally or orally administered once to both sexes of mice. The motalites, clinical findings, autopsy findings, and body weight changes were monitored daily for 14 days. In the oral acute toxicity test, the male and female mice were gavaged with four doses (5.0, 2.5, 1.25 and 0.625 g/kg) of $Lb.$ $plantarum$ AF1. The oral $LD_{50}$ of the $Lb.$ $plantarum$ AF1 was considered higher than 5.0 g/kg. In the intraperitoneal acute toxicity test, mice were injected intraperitoneally with dosages of 0.7, 0.9, 1.1, 1.3, 1.5, 1.7, 1.9, 2.1, 2.3 and 2.5 g/kg. The intraperitoneal 50% lethal dose ($LD_{50}$) of the $Lb.$ $plantarum$ AF1 was >2.5 g/kg in the male and female mice. No significant changes in the general conditions, body weights, clinical signs, and gross lesions were observed in both sexes of mice to which $Lb.$ $plantarum$ AF1 was administered intraperitoneally or orally. The results suggest that the no-adverse-effect level of $Lb.$ $plantarum$ AF1 is estimated to be more than 5.0 g/kg in the oral route and 2.5 g/kg in the intraperitoneal route.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.223-230
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• 2008

소합향원 (蘇合香元) 가감방(加減方) 정유향기의 진통효과가 투여방법에 따라 어떤 차이가 있는지를 비교, 검토함으로서 본 약재의 새로운 적용방법을 탐색해 보고자 한다. 방법 : 가감소합향원에서 추출한 정유향기를 실험동물을 대상으로 7일간 경구 (50mg/kg, 100mg/kg), 흡입 (매일 3시간씩 1일 2회), 또는 피부도찰 (10mg) 방법으로 투여하여 페닐퀴논-유도 writhing test, 아세트산-유도 writhing test 및 hot-plate test를 실시하였다. 결과 : 가감소합향원 정유향기는 페닐퀴논-유도 writhing test에서는 피부도찰이 가장 효과적 이었으며 그 효과는 양성 대조약물인 아세트아미노펜 보다 약간 더 우수하였다 (p<0.05). 아세트산-유도 writhing test에서도 피부도찰법이 가장 좋은 효과를 나타내었으며 양성대조 약물인 아미노피린보다는 좀 더 좋은 효과를 보여주었다 (p<0.05). 그러나 hot-plate test에서는 경구투여가 가장 좋은 진통효과를 나타내었는데 고용량 (100mg/kg)에서는 양성 대조약물인 아세트아미노펜보다 유의적으로 더 효과적이었으나 저용량 (50mg/kg )에서는 이보다 다소 약하였다. 이상의 연구결과, 가감소합향원의 정유향기는 피부도찰시에는 비특이적 화학자극제인 페닐퀴논이나 아세트산에 의한 통증의 완화에 보다 효과적이며, 경구투여시에는 중추신경계에 영향을 미치는 hot plate에 의한 열자극성 통증에 더 유효함을 의미한다. 결론 : 가감소합향원의 정유향기액은 향기흡입보다는 피부흡수나 경구투여방법으로 진통의 목적으로 응용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.527-533
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• 2007

The present study was carried out to investigate the potential toxicity of highly-developed rice varieties, Oryza sativa cvs. Jukjinjubyeo, Heuginjubyeo and Heughyangbyeo by a single oral dose in ICR mice. The test article was orally administered once by gavage at dose levels of 0, 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 g/kg body weight (n=10 for male and female mice for each dose). We examined the number of deaths, general clinical signs, body weights and biochemical analysis for sexes and doses of mice between control and experimental groups. As a result all of the groups were alive during experimental periods and none of the significant clinical symptom and body weight changes were shown in all of the groups. Plasma glucose levels were valued for both control and experimental groups and there were no significant differences between the groups. The activities of aminotransferase were not increased in all experimental groups compared to control groups. The results suggest that the toxicity of the aleurone layer of Oryza sativa cvs. Jukjinjubyeo, Heugjinjubyeo and Heughyangbyeo are low and its $LD_{50}$ is over 10.0 g/kg body weight in both male and female mice.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.417-428
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• 2008

An experiment was conducted with 80 male rats for 4 weeks to investigate the effect of water soluble extracts(WSE) from different sections of farmed Elk(Cervus elaphus) antler on lipid metabolism and hematology. Antlers were divided into four sections of tip, upper, middle and base. Water soluble extract(35g/60ml) was prepared from each section of antler, and was administered orally to male Sprague- Dawley rats(10ml/kg body weight) once a day. Administration of WSE from upper, middle and base sections of antler decreased(P<0.0027) AST values at 3 weeks of feeding, however AST value was decreased(P< 0.0136) in the WSE of base section compared to that of control at 4 weeks of feeding. Administration of antler WSE for 4 weeks decreased total cholesterol in visceral fat(P<0.0035) and liver(P<0.0003) at 4 weeks of feeding compared to those of control. Feeding antler WSE for 4 weeks increased the compositions of C14:0(P<0.0037), C16:1(P<0.0061), C18:1(P<0.0066), C18:2(P< 0.0069) and C18:3(P<0.0035) in the visceral fat compared with that of control.