• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.563-585
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• 2008

This paper presents how to improve the efficiency and accuracy in the pricing and sensitivity evaluation for derivatives, since the need for the evaluation of complicated derivatives is increased. The Monte Carlo(MC) simulation using the quasi random number instead of pseudo random number can improve the elapsed time and accuracy for the valuation of European-type derivatives. However, the quasi MC simulation method has its limit for applying it in the multi-dimensional case such as American-type and path-dependent options due to the increased correlation between dimensions as the dimension of random numbers is increased. In order to complement this problem, we develop a modified method in which correlation values are controlled to be below a pre-specified value. Thus, this method is applicable for the pricing of either derivatives ill which underlying assets or risk factors are several or derivatives having path-dependent or early redemption property. Furthermore, we illustrate that it is important to take an appropriate grid interval for the use of finite difference method(FDM) by applying the FDM to one example of non-symmetrical butterfly spreads.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.151-159
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• 2020

The secondary health status of the disabled is more vulnerable due to the aging of the disabled, the nature of primary disabilities, and social and environmental disability suppression and stress. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the experiences of secondary disabilities of the disabled and how they responded when secondary disorders occurred. A total of 13 people with severe disabilities with secondary disabilities were interviewed in a focus group and analyzed by applying phenomenological research methods. As a result of the analysis, people with disabilities were experiencing secondary disorders due to variations in the experiences of aging and primary disorders, management problems and life accidents in the primary disorder, misunderstanding of the labor market for disorders and health, misunderstanding of risks of secondary disorders and lack of prevention. In response, people with disabilities live alternatively between body and work, body and academic, try to prevent worsening of secondary disabilities at the individual level, continue to enter the hospital, or choose a life that puts health first. While experiencing secondary disabilities, people with disabilities experienced the threat of life, recognized life as having to endure and fought to the end, acknowledged the difference between the disabled and non-disabled people, and standed aloof from their ongoing secondary disability. It also requested institutional support. Based on the results of this study, medical-level measures, institutional support measures in the labor market, and social welfare practices were discussed.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.919-929
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• 2014

Recently, organizational efforts to adopt ISMS(Information Security Management System) have been increasingly mandated and demanded due to the rising threat and the heavier cost of security failure. However there is a serious gap between awareness and investment of information security in a company, hence it is very important for the company to control effectively a variety of information security threats within a tight budget. To phase the ISMS, this study suggests the priorities based on evaluating the Importance of 13 areas for the ISMS by the information security experts and then we attempt to see the difference between importance and investment through the assessment of the actual investment in each area. The research findings show that intrusion incident handling is most important and IT disaster recovery is the area that is invested the most. Then, information security areas with the considerable difference between priorities of importance and investment are cryptography control, information security policies, education and training on information security and personnel security. The study results are expected to be used in making a decision for the effective investment of information security when companies with a limited budget are considering to introduce ISMS or operating it.

• Proceedings of the KSCN Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.1081-1082
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• 2003

교육인적자원부에서는 학교급식의 안전성 확보를 위하여 1999년에 특별정책 연구를 실시하여 학교급식 HACCP 일반모델을 개발 보급하고 2001년부터는 규모가 큰 학교에서 조리실이 설치된 모든 급식학교로 점진적으로 적용을 확대하였다. 그럼에도 불구하고 학교급식에서 식중독 사고는 증가 추세에 있으므로 학교급식에서의 HACCP 시스템을 재진단하고 수행도가 낮은 중점관리점의 문제점을 짚어내는 것이 필요하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 대전지역의 초, 중, 고등학교 영양사 153명을 대상으로 위생관리 직무 수행도와 HACCP의 일부 CCP (중점관리점)수행도, HACCP에 대한 인지도, 급식시설현황 등에 대하여 조사하고 변인간의 관련성을 분석하였다. 조사 대상자는 초등학교 영양사 56.5%, 중학교 영양사 25.5%, 고등학교 영양사 17.6%이었으며 4년제 대학 졸업자가 51.0%로 가장 많았고 연령은 30-34세가 36.6%, 35-40세가 21.6%로 30대가 대부분이었다. 근무경력은 평균 5.8년이었으며 영양사 1인당 담당하는 평균 학생수는 1,163명, 조리종사원 1인당 배식 아동수는 평균 124명이었다. 배식방법은 교실배식이 56.2%, 식당배식 34.6%, 교실과 식당의 혼합형태가 9.2%로 교실배식이 차지하는 비율이 많았고 직영급식이 90.2%로 대부분을 차지하였다. 위생관리 영역의 수행도는 개인위생관리 부문이 가장 높았고 기기설비 위생관리, 저장관리, 교차오염관리, 시간관리, 온도관리 순으로 나타났으며, 특히 온도관리 수행도는 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 식당배식을 실시하는 학교의 온도관리 수행도가 다른 그룹에 비해 높았고 직영급식의 시간관리수행도가 위탁급식 보다 높았다. 영양사의 연령과 근무경력이 증가할수록 모든 위생관리영역에서 수행도가 높아지는 경향을 보였다. CCP별 수행정도 평가에서는 ‘운반 및 배식과정(CCP7)’이 가장 높은 수행도를 나타냈고 그 다음으로는 ‘검수’, ‘식품취급 및 조리과정’, ‘식품접촉 표면 세척 및 소독과정’, ‘식단의 구성’, ‘생채소 및 과일의 소독’, ‘잠재적으로 위험한 식단의 관리’ 순으로 나타났다. ‘운반 및 배식과정의 수행도’는 식당배식이 유의적으로 높은 점수를 보였고 CCP8(식품접촉표면의 세척 및 소독)를 제외한 모든 영역에서 직영급식이 위탁급식에 비해 높은 유의성을 나타내었다. 또한 근무경력과 연령이 많을수록 모든 CCP영역에서 높은 수행도를 보였다. CCP1과 CCP2의 수행도가 낮은 주된 이유로 ‘CCP1과 CCP2의 관리기준이 이해하기 어렵다’이었다. 학교 급식관리 영양사의 HACCP시스템에 대한 지식 및 이해 정도를 조사한 결과 HACCP 인지도 점수의 평균은 총 100점 만점에 전체 평균 점수는 74.9점이었다 CCP별 점수분포는 CCP7의 인지도 점수가 가장 높았고 CCP6, CCP1, CCP5, CCP3, CCP8, CCP2의 순으로 절차 낮아졌다. 정규직의 HACCP인지도 점수가 위탁직 보다 높았으며 근무경력에서도 경력이 3년 미만인 경우가 가장 낮고 8년 이상인 경우가 가장 높은 점수를 보였다. 급식시설면은 보온보냉시설을 갖춘 학교가 온도관리 부문에서 갖추지 않은 학교보다 높은 수행도를 나타냈고, 전처리실과 손 소독기가 있는 학교는 교차오염관리 부문에서 높은 수행도를 보였다.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.87-117
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• 2010

'Entrepreneurship' which means spirit or activity seeking new value by challenging boldly the uncertainty is one of the most important concept in 21st century business environment. Franchise Industry taking a relationship with distribution industry also needs entrepreneurship. As franchise industry consists of small and medium enterprises, the entrepreneurship of franchisor's CEO is important for the franchisor's growth. The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors influencing on the entrepreneurship of franchisor's CEO, and the effect of the CEO's entrepreneurship on franchisor's performance. For this purpose, this study set CEO's psychological characteristics, market characteristics, and social-institutional characteristics as independent variables, CEO's entrepreneurship as parameter variables, and franchisor's performance as dependent variables. And to analyze this study model, this study collected questionnaires from 152 franchisors' CEOs, and uses SEM(Structural Equation Modeling). As the result, 'CEO's Entrepreneurship' influenced on both 'Franchisor's Financial Performance' and 'Franchisor's Non Financial Performance'. The results of this study provide some guides for franchisor's CEO and government policies.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.56
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• pp.145-163
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• 2018

Recently, security behavior of members of organizations has been recognized as a critical part of information security at the corporate level. Leakage of customers' information brings more attention to information security behavior of organizations and the importance of a task force. Research on information breach and information security is actively conducted of personal behavior toward security threats or members of organizations who use security technology. This study aims to identify factors of influence on information security behavior of members of organizations and to empirically find out how these factors affect information security behavior through behavior toward attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavior control. On the basis of the research, this study will present effective and efficient ways to foster information security activities of members of organizations. To this end, the study presented a research model that applied significant variables based on integration of Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and Theory of Protection Motivation (TPM). To empirically verify this research model, the study conducted a survey of members of organizations who had security-related work experience at companies. So, it is critical for members of organizations to encourage positive word of mouth (WOM) about information security behavior. Results show that based on the integration of TPM and TPB, perceived vulnerability, perceived severity, perceived efficiency and perceived barriers of information security behavior of members of organizations had significant influences on mediating variables such as behavior toward attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavior control and intention. They also had significant influences on organization information security behavior which is a dependent variable. This study indicates companies should introduce various security solutions so that members of the organizations can prevent and respond to potential internal and external security risks. In addition, they will have to take actions to inspect vulnerability of information system and to meet security requirements such as security patches.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.1-21
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• 2019

This study focuses on (1) the relationship between the network intensity of top managers and the R&D investment of Korean firms, and (2) the moderating effects of the type (related-division vs. unrelated-division) and system (physical division vs. spin-offs) of corporate division on this relationship. The sample of this study was all type and/or system of corporate division implemented by Korean firms during 18-years (1999-2016) study periods. The results of multiple regression analyses as follow. First, as was expected in hypothesis 1 the network intensity of top managers has a strong positive linear relation with the R&D investment of Korean firms. Second, regarding the moderating effect of division type the results show that related-divisions significantly intensify the positive relationship of the network intensity of top managers with the R&D of Korean firms although unrelated-divisions did not. Third, in the analysis of moderating effect of corporate division system the results present the stronger positive moderating effect of spin-offs rather than physical divisions. The findings of the study implies that strong network intensity of top managers can be beneficial to long-term decision such as R&D investment of Korean firms. They accords to network theory that emphasize the importance of strong network effect among top managers based on their trust. The findings also implies that researchers and practitioners should consider organizational-level factors such as organizational structure, culture, corporate governance, etc as well as individual-level factors such as the characteristics and relationships of organizational members when making the decision for firm.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.21 no.11
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• pp.257-267
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• 2021

This study warns of the dangers of pre-marketing that is too preoccupied with raising market expectations before release at the film market level, and provides practical implications that the lower the level of mismatch of market expectations, the more ideal performance can be achieved. The level of expectation before release and satisfaction after release were measured by each movie rating, and the difference was calculated as the inconsistency of expectations. In raising expectations before the release, the expert rating among the star power, director power, expert rating, and number of screens has a significant influence. It was confirmed that the level of expectation before the release had a positive effect on the rating after the release, but had a negative effect on the level of discordance. In addition, the hypothesis that the higher the expectation level before the release, the greater the inconsistency, and the hypothesis that the higher the expectation inconsistency has a negative effect on the box office level is supported. This provides various implications for marketing carried out before or after the release of a movie to film-related practitioners for products with low involvement or emotional content such as movies.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.3-28
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• 2016

While product liability has been settled as a technical term in civil law, criminal law does not commonly accept technical term for it. Not like civil law, product liability in criminal law point outs individual responsibility and disability of normative order. Meaning that causation between individual's action of violation of duty and the result of danger of legal interest or infringement of legal interest must be proved. In criminal law excluding "non-result-constituted crimes (Unternehmensdelikt)", charge of injuring, accidental infliction of injury, homicide or involuntary manslaughter is problematic in product liability. Of course, it is necessary to distinguish whether the action related to the outcome is act or ommission. Also the causal relationship between the action and the result must be proved, and the intention or negligence should be recognized. In this paper, it analyzes cases that were problematic in Korea, Germany, Spain, etc. Mainly focusing on the problems revealed in the determination of causal relationship, especially recognizing criminal liability related to products. Furthermore it is followed by the view of reviewing the cause-and-effect relationship by 2 steps, dividing natural scientific causation and the normative causal relationship. In this process, to acknowledge criminal product liability in accordance with recognizing cause-and-effect relationship, there should be general risk of specific substance causing the outcome. This only premise can be meaningful to examine the casual relationship from specific cases. As it shows in some cases and theories, it is not contradicting general law of cause and effect by determining specific causal relationship by free evaluation of evidence if a general causal relationship does not exist. Also since judge's testimony does not hold a dominant position from rule of thumb, it is possible to recognize specific causal relationship. However this paper takes position that if there is no objective and reasonably undeniable cause and effect law. If there is no objective and reasonably undeniable causal law, which is the premise for recognizing concrete causal relations, judge should sentence guilty according to "in dubio pro reo" principle. In addition, it is not allowed for the defendant to burden unproven fact by free evaluation of evidence which has an effect of shift of burden of proof.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.178-190
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• 2006

Objectives : We investigated the relationship of the alcohol withdrawal symptoms with genetic polymorphism among alcohol dependence patients. Method : The measuring instruments used in this study were the Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol(CIWA-Ar). We analyzed DRD2 TaqI A polymorphism, dopamine transporter(DAT 1) polymorphism, and catechol-O-methyltransferase(COMT) polymorphism in 108 male alcoholics and 76 healthy controls. Results : The major findings was as follows. No significant differences for genotype distribution or allele frequency were revealed comparing controls and alcoholic patients. DRD2 Taq I : The subscale score of auditory hallucination among CIWA-Ar scale in homozygote was significantly higher than in heterozygote(OR=1.34). The total score of CIWA-Ar scale in heterozygote was significantly higher than in homozygote. DAT1 : In the subject without DAT-9 gene allele, it was significantly higher of the subscale score of sweating, anxiety among CIWA-Ar scale than in the subject with DAT-9 gene allele. And The total score of CIWA-Ar scale in the subject without DAT-9 gene allele was significantly higher than in the subject with DAT-9 gene allele. COMT : The total score of CIWA-Ar scale in heterozygote was significantly higher than in homozygote. Conclusion : Our results suggest the relationship between specific genetic factors and the withdrawal symptoms of alcohol dependent patients. As the candidate gene of the severity of alcohol withdrawal syndrome, DRD2 Taq1 gene was recommended.