• Title/Summary/Keyword: 개설비용

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Green Supply Chain Network Model: Genetic Algorithm Approach (그린 공급망 네트워크 모델: 유전알고리즘 접근법)

  • Yun, Young Su;Chuluunsukh, Anudari
    • Journal of Korea Society of Industrial Information Systems
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    • v.24 no.3
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    • pp.31-38
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    • 2019
  • In this paper, we design a green supply chain (gSC) network model. For constructing the gSC network model, environmental and economic factors are taken into consideration in it. Environmental factor is to minimize the $CO_2$ emission amount emitted when transporting products or materials between each stage. For economic factor, the total cost which is composed of total transportation cost, total handling cost and total fixed cost is minimized. To minimize the environmental and economic factors simultaneously, a mathematical formulation is proposed and it is implemented in a genetic algorithm (GA) approach. In numerical experiment, some scales of the gSC network model is presented and its performance is analyzed using the GA approach. Finally, the efficiencies of the gSC network model and the GA approach are proved.

국내 주가지수선물시장에서의 차익거래기회

  • Kim, Cheol-Gyo;Lee, Hyeon
    • The Korean Journal of Financial Management
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    • v.15 no.1
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    • pp.95-116
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    • 1998
  • 선물시장이 개설된 이후 최근까지 약 2년동안 거래된 주가지수선물 8개의 최근월물에 대한 실제가격과 이론가격과의 괴리율을 분석한 결과 한개의 결제월물을 제외한 1개의 최근월물의 선물가격이 평균적으로 이론가보다 낮게 형성되어 주가지수선물시장이 개설된 이후 대부분의 기간동안 선물가격의 저평가상태가 지속되고 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 선물시장이 양적으로 성장한 97년 10월부터 괴리율의 편차가 더 심화되는 경향도 발견되었다. 가격괴리현상을 이용한 차익거래로 실제 수익을 올릴 수 있었는가에 대한 점증에서는 거래비용에서 유리한 위치에 있는 증권회사의 경우 분석대상 총거래일수 544일중에서 차익거래가 가능했던 거래일은 301일이었고, 거래비용측면에서 상대적으로 불리한 일반투자자의 경우에도 총 190일이나 차익거래가 가능했던 것으로 분석되었다. 이처럼 거래비용을 고려하고도 차익거래로 이익을 실현할 수 있는 기회가 즉시에 소멸되지 않고 상당기간동안 지속되는 것으로 나타났으며, 이는 기관투자가의 선물에 대한 인식 부족과 증권회사의 공매도 제약 둥과 같은 제도적 요인, 그리고 차익거래 수익의 불확실성 등에 따라 차익거래가 활발하게 이루어지지 못한데서 기인한 것으로 보인다. 가격괴리현상과 선물만기일까지의 잔존기간과의 관계는 유의적이어서, 선물만기일까지 잔존기간이 길수록 괴리율이 더 크고 만기일에 접근함에 따라 괴리율은 감소하였다.

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Economical Optimum Forest Road Density with five Cost Variable (5가지 비용변수를 이용한 경제적 측면에서의 적정임도밀도 산정)

  • Park, Soo-Kyoo;Kang, Gun-Uh
    • Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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    • v.99 no.1
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    • pp.1-8
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    • 2010
  • The optimum forest road density was calculated with the method which is used in Europe on the investigation site in Korea. The economical optimum forest road density at the minimum total transport cost was 10.51 m/ha. The total transport cost was calculated 235,354 won/ha per year. The forest road construction cost amounted to 99,693 won/ha per year in case of the depreciation period of 30 years and the interest rate of 3%, the forest road maintenance cost amounted to 14,502 won/ha per year, the logging cost amounted to 99,564 won/ha per year, the cost of footpaths amounted to 18,142 won/ha per year, the cost by the loss of the production area amounted to 3,454 won/ha per year.

Evaluating Reverse Logistics Networks with Centralized Centers : Hybrid Genetic Algorithm Approach (집중형센터를 가진 역물류네트워크 평가 : 혼합형 유전알고리즘 접근법)

  • Yun, YoungSu
    • Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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    • v.19 no.4
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    • pp.55-79
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    • 2013
  • In this paper, we propose a hybrid genetic algorithm (HGA) approach to effectively solve the reverse logistics network with centralized centers (RLNCC). For the proposed HGA approach, genetic algorithm (GA) is used as a main algorithm. For implementing GA, a new bit-string representation scheme using 0 and 1 values is suggested, which can easily make initial population of GA. As genetic operators, the elitist strategy in enlarged sampling space developed by Gen and Chang (1997), a new two-point crossover operator, and a new random mutation operator are used for selection, crossover and mutation, respectively. For hybrid concept of GA, an iterative hill climbing method (IHCM) developed by Michalewicz (1994) is inserted into HGA search loop. The IHCM is one of local search techniques and precisely explores the space converged by GA search. The RLNCC is composed of collection centers, remanufacturing centers, redistribution centers, and secondary markets in reverse logistics networks. Of the centers and secondary markets, only one collection center, remanufacturing center, redistribution center, and secondary market should be opened in reverse logistics networks. Some assumptions are considered for effectively implementing the RLNCC The RLNCC is represented by a mixed integer programming (MIP) model using indexes, parameters and decision variables. The objective function of the MIP model is to minimize the total cost which is consisted of transportation cost, fixed cost, and handling cost. The transportation cost is obtained by transporting the returned products between each centers and secondary markets. The fixed cost is calculated by opening or closing decision at each center and secondary markets. That is, if there are three collection centers (the opening costs of collection center 1 2, and 3 are 10.5, 12.1, 8.9, respectively), and the collection center 1 is opened and the remainders are all closed, then the fixed cost is 10.5. The handling cost means the cost of treating the products returned from customers at each center and secondary markets which are opened at each RLNCC stage. The RLNCC is solved by the proposed HGA approach. In numerical experiment, the proposed HGA and a conventional competing approach is compared with each other using various measures of performance. For the conventional competing approach, the GA approach by Yun (2013) is used. The GA approach has not any local search technique such as the IHCM proposed the HGA approach. As measures of performance, CPU time, optimal solution, and optimal setting are used. Two types of the RLNCC with different numbers of customers, collection centers, remanufacturing centers, redistribution centers and secondary markets are presented for comparing the performances of the HGA and GA approaches. The MIP models using the two types of the RLNCC are programmed by Visual Basic Version 6.0, and the computer implementing environment is the IBM compatible PC with 3.06Ghz CPU speed and 1GB RAM on Windows XP. The parameters used in the HGA and GA approaches are that the total number of generations is 10,000, population size 20, crossover rate 0.5, mutation rate 0.1, and the search range for the IHCM is 2.0. Total 20 iterations are made for eliminating the randomness of the searches of the HGA and GA approaches. With performance comparisons, network representations by opening/closing decision, and convergence processes using two types of the RLNCCs, the experimental result shows that the HGA has significantly better performance in terms of the optimal solution than the GA, though the GA is slightly quicker than the HGA in terms of the CPU time. Finally, it has been proved that the proposed HGA approach is more efficient than conventional GA approach in two types of the RLNCC since the former has a GA search process as well as a local search process for additional search scheme, while the latter has a GA search process alone. For a future study, much more large-sized RLNCCs will be tested for robustness of our approach.

An Analysis of the Operational Cost in the Whole-tree and Cut-to-Length Logging Operation System (전목 및 단목 집재작업시스템에서 작업비용 분석)

  • Kim, Min-Kyu;Park, Sang-Jun
    • Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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    • v.102 no.2
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    • pp.229-238
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    • 2013
  • This study was conducted to analyze on the operational cost of logging operations in the whole-tree logging operation system by tower-yarder and swing-yarder, and in the cut-to-length logging operation system by excavator with grapple in order to spread efficient logging operation technique and to establish the logging operation system. In the results of the analysis of operation cost, in case of the whole-tree logging operation system, the operation cost was 2,099 won/$m^3$ in felling by chain saw, 28,286 won/$m^3$ in yarding by tower-yarder, 18,265 won/$m^3$ in yarding by swing-yarder, 18,939 won/$m^3$ in bucking by excavator with grapple and chain saw, 20,484 won/$m^3$ in forwarding and accumulation by wheel type mini-forwarder, 12,701 won/$m^3$ in forwarding and accumulation by excavator with grapple and small forwarding vehicle. In case of the cut-to-length logging operation system, the operation cost was 10,160 won/$m^3$ in felling and bucking by chain saw, 7,567 won/$m^3$ in cut-to-length extraction by excavator with grapple, 6,982 won/$m^3$ in branches and leaves extraction by excavator with grapple, 3,040 won/$m^3$ in the operation road construction by excavator with grapple, 20,484 won/$m^3$ in forwarding and accumulation by wheel type mini-forwarder, 12,701 won/$m^3$ in forwarding and accumulation by excavator with grapple and small forwarding vehicle.

Analysis of Generation Cost Reduction in ESI after Introduction of Wholesale Competition in 2001 (우리나라 전력산업 경쟁도입의 발전비용 절감효과 분석)

  • Kim, Doo-Jung;Jang, Chan-Ju;Moon, Young-Kwon;Kim, Sang-Min
    • Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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    • 2008.07a
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    • pp.536-537
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    • 2008
  • 2001년 4월 우리나라에 개설된 도매전력시장의 경쟁도입 효과를 분석하기 위한 여러 방법론 가운데 수치비교분석방법을 통해 경쟁도입으로 인한 발전비용 절감효과를 분석했다.

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A Study on the Characteristics of Skin Beauty Franchise System -Focusing on the comparison of cases between Korea and the United States- (피부미용 프랜차이즈 시스템의 특성 분석 연구 -한국과 미국의 사례 비교를 중심으로-)

  • Kim, Hyeon-Suk
    • Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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    • v.22 no.3
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    • pp.688-696
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    • 2021
  • This study compared the current status, opening costs, and service of skin beauty franchises in Korea and the U.S. with the aim of providing data for skin beauty franchises. The main items in both countries include facial and body care, with 54 mean value in Korea, which is smaller than 361 mean value in the U.S. The U.S. franchise fee is about 1.5 times higher than that in Korea, and franchisees pay royalties of 20-60(ten thousand KRW) per month in Korea and 5-6 percent of annual sales in the U.S., as well as submit a net worth requirement and cash requirement. There are many spa services in the U.S. which creates differences in cost from Korea. and for the education, the cost was set in Korea while the time in the U.S. Every franchise offered facial and body care services. In addition, most Korean franchises run bridal care services, while in the U.S., waxing, men's treatment, hot stone, and spa services are offered. These differences are the result of differences in climate and race between the two countries, as well as differences in perception regarding the socio-cultural atmosphere, skin beauty, and openness.

A Legal Study on the Legal Regulations and the Attitudes of Cases in the Hospital Owned by Non-medical Personnel (사무장병원에 대한 법적 규제와 판례의 태도에 관한 고찰)

  • Baek, Kyounghee;Chang, Yeonhwa
    • The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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    • v.21 no.1
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    • pp.33-67
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    • 2020
  • The hospitals that are owned by non-medical personnel result when non-medical personnel with resources conspire with newly graduated medical doctors who cannot afford the enormous amount of capital required at the beginning of the establishment of a medical institution. Such hospitals, though they may have met the external requirements as medical institutions, disrupt the medical market as it should be centered by medical personnels, In addition, such hospitals are causing a huge social problem as it is illegally receiving and reducing various benefits such as medical care benefits and subsidies from the government, resulting in a significant financial leak in the national health insurance. The illegality of the opening of a non-medical personnel hospital is so high that it nullifies the contractual arrangement for the establishment, imposes criminal penalties on all persons involved in the establishment under the Korean Medical Law, and imposes administrative sanctions on medical personnel. In case the hospital was aware of the illegality of its opening, but had applied to receive medical care benefits from the National Health Insurance Act and the Medical Care Act, such actions will result in the return of the benefits under the National Health Insurance Act and the Medical Care Assistance Act, subject to the penalty for the crime of fraud, and aggravated punishment for specific economic crimes based on the amount of gain, as well as civil liability for torts. In this study, we will examine the current status of the regulations on the non-medical personnel hospital and present the basis for future legislative directions by looking at the legal regulations and the attitude of the precedents.

개발도상국의 관개용수 가격의 합리화

  • Gole, C.V.;Amble, V.N;Choptra, M.M.L.
    • Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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    • v.20 no.4
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    • pp.4784-4794
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    • 1978
  • 주정부가 대규모의 관개용수공급의 책임을 지고 있는 인도와 같은 개발도상국에서는 관개용수의 가격을 결정하는 문제는 특별한 중요성을 갖고 있다. 한편으로는 전체 주민중 일부 몽리민에게 돌아가는 관개 혜택중에서 관개사업 비용과 앞으로의 용수원 개발을 위한 자금을 회수해야 하며 또 다른 한편으로는 경작자로 하여금 관개수 사용을 통해서 더 많은 생산을 유도케 하는 인센티브를 주어야 한다. 본보고문은 인도의 각주 및 세계 각국의 현행 관개수가격 제도를 일별하고 함리적인 가격 구조를 위한 원칙을 논의코져 한다. 연간비용의 구성 대체 수원비용의 원측, 수익의 개념 및 이의 평가등을 다루었다. 관개수의 가격 구조를 함수화 하기 위해 고려 되어야 할 중요 내용을 총망라하고 필요한 자료를 제시하였다. 가격의 산정방법, 지역, 작물 및 계절이 달라지는데 따라 균등 또는 비균등 가격을 적용할 것인지를 결정하는데 고려되어야 할 사항, 장려가격 및 차등가격의 문제점, 몽리구역내의 모든 경작자에게 부과할 관개세의 문제점도 포함하였다. 결론적으로 가격의 주기적인 조정의 필요성과 전반적인 문제점을 가장 합리적으로 다룰 수 있는 전담 기구의 필요성을 다루었다. 합리적인 가격 결정을 위해 수집되는 자료는 개설 관개사업의 경제적 평가를 위해서도 이용 될 수 있을 것임을 부기해둔다.

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