• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.87-108
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• 2014

Recent examples of abuse by black consumers (including air travellers) against emotional laborers have become a serious social issue in Korea in that they are likely to violate human rights of those laborers. Emotional labor is a form of emotion regulation that creates a publicly visible facial and bodily display, and also emotional management within the workforce that creates a situation in which the emotion management by workers can be exchanged in the marketplace. Example professions that require emotional labor are: nurses, doctors, waiting staff, and television actors. However, as the economy moves from a manufacturing to a service-based economy, many more workers in a variety of occupational fields are expected to manage their emotions according to employer demands when compared to the past. One of symptoms deriving from emotional labor is smile mask syndrome abbreviated SMS, which is a psychological disorder proposed by professor Makoto Natsume where subjects develop depression and physical illness as a result of prolonged, unnatural smiling. And higher degree of using emotion regulation on the job is related to higher levels of employees' emotional exhaustion, and lower levels of employees' job satisfaction. In most part, emotional laborers are more abused and hurt by so called black consumers who are raising complaints relating to products and services purchased against service providers for the purpose of maliciously getting compensation. Against this background, the Korean Government abolished "the Consumer Protection Act" and instead promulgated "the Basic Consumer Act" in September 2006 which stipulates that consumers are expected to have protection as well as responsibility and duty. The Aviation Security Act cites the examples of prohibited behaviors (unruly passengers) while they are travelling. In addition, human rights of emotional laborers could be more protected by the enhancement of etiquettes and cavalry and improvement of culture and working environment.

• Proceedings of the KAIS Fall Conference
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• 2012.05a
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• pp.406-410
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• 2012

최근 기업들의 고객만족은 단발성 고객 유치를 넘어 고객의 기업 충성도를 높이기 위한 '고객 감동 서비스'를 강조하고 있다. 이러한 모토 하에서 많은 기업들은 직원들의 친절 매뉴얼을 만들어 CS(Consumer Service) 근로자들의 서비스 교육을 강화하고 있다. 고객센터에 근무하는 근로자 및 텔레마케터 등으로 대표되는 서비스직 종사자들은 무조건적인 고객을 향한 친절은 물론이고 고객만족을 이끌어 내고 고객을 유치하기 위해 기업들은 근로자들에게 강제적 감정 표현을 강요하기에 이르렀다. 예를 들어 근로자가 실제 느끼는 감정과는 별도로 그 어떤 '진상 고객'을 만나더라도 웃음을 잃지 않고 화를 내지 않기를 교육받는 것이다. 이를 통한 감정노동과 감정지능에 대한 연구가 최근 들어 활발해 지고 있다. 사실 감정노동이라는 것 자체는 서비스산업이 발달하면서 나타나는 불가피한 현상이기는 하다. 서비스산업 노동 자체가 고객과의 대면 상황을 전제로 하기 때문이다. 그러나 자연스러운 수준에서 일어나는 감정 관리, 다분히 인간적인 수준에서의 표정 관리 이상을 서비스산업 노동자들이 강요받고 있다는 것이다. 또한 최근에는 조직구성원의 감성이 조직생활에 영향을 미침을 인식하게 되면서 조직 내의 감성에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있으며 사람, 돈, 정보 등의 물리적 자원 등과 같은 조직을 구성하는 핵심요소와 함께 지식과 감성과 같은 비가시적인 자원 또한 조직을 구성하는 중요한 요소라는 주장이 제기되었다. 본 연구에서는 서비스 산업의 주된 감정노동과 조직 내에서 중요한 요소로 자리를 잡아가고 있는 감성지능에 대한 개념과 정의를 제시하고 감정노동과 감성지능에 대한 차이점 및 직무스트레스에 주는 영향에 대하여 연구하고자 한다.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.15 no.12
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• pp.387-406
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• 2015

Recently emotional labor is an essential situation for hospital employees in relation to surface and deep acting as the core of emotional labor strategies. This study empirically examines the relation between hospital employees' emotional intelligence and emotional labor strategies in the context of emotional labor. For empirical experiments, we conducted a questionnaire survey targeting hospital employees, and we employed the method of Partial Least Squares (PLS) for data analysis. Major findings are as follows. Hospital employees' emotional intelligence including self emotion appraisal, others' emotion appraisal, regulation of emotion, and use of emotion, have a significantly positive effect on hospital employees' deep acting. And hospital employees' deep acting has a significantly positive effect on hospital employees' organizational attachment, knowledge sharing intentions, and innovative activities.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.130-143
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• 2017

This study examines the theoretical framework of "B" local union, which conducts "class-oriented" labor movements in contemporary Japan. "Class-oriented" labor movements are active, while they have been residual on the margins of Japanese society and the country's labor movement situation. This research examines a theoretical framework for "class-oriented" labor movements and investigates Williams' "structure of feeling." First, the "structure of feeling" concept is examined. Second, the study compares several theories on the working class of Marxism and alternative subjects of "linguistic turn." Third, this study redefines the "structure of feeling" in terms of the case of "B" local union. The results show that "collective workers-individualize workers" and "workers-non-workers" of "B" local union establish their own labor movements on the material or immaterial space and consider their "structure of feeling" as the "negotiation and contradiction on the class-orientation." Consequently, this study offers a model of their "structure of feeling."

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.177-188
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• 2019

Emotional labor is the process of regulating feelings or emotions and expressing them in the way that fulfill job requirement. There have been many studies about characteristics or related variables of service workers' emotional labor, but are few studies comparing emotional labor between service workers and non-service workers. Therefore we are to examine the differences of emotional labor among the different types of workers. And as depression and lowered quality of life are well known negative consequences of emotional labor, we also intend to study the relationship between depression, quality of life, and emotional labor. Data were collected from 125 sales workers, and 186 cyber university full time students. And as to assure the student participants to be non-service workers, we limited the participant job as administrator, soldier or housewife. To compare differences of groups, one-way ANOVA was performed with Fisher's LSD as post hoc comparison. On overload in customer reception, service workers showed significantly higher scores, and on demand of emotional regulation/emotional dissonance/depression, both service workers and housewives showed significantly higher scores. Also analysis of multiple regression was performed, and the result showed that, emotional dissonance increased depression but decreased quality of life, while support/care increased quality of life, but decreased depression. With the result, implications and limitations of this study were discussed.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.431-438
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• 2010

This study was designed to identify the relationship between emotional labor and reaction factor(job satisfaction, fatigue), buffer factor(social support) among dental hygienist. The number of respondents was 50 who work in dental clinic and period of investigation was march 2010 through April 2010. A structured questionnaire was employed to evaluate the level of participants' sociodemographics, job-related factors, health-related behaviors, emotional labor and self-perceived fatigue, job satisfaction, social support. While the mean values of emotional labor were higher than thosewho work in hospital and lower than those who work in service employees. These results suggest that emotional labor was related to an increase in fatigue and strong correlation between involuntary emotional expression, self-perceived fatigue, job satisfaction, social support in dental hygienist. Multiple regression analysis has found that social support and no. of personnel were main factors that influence to the level of emotional labor in dental hygienist. The results of this study suggest that emotional labor was a determinant predictor of self perceived fatigue. Thus, a management program for emotional labor is strongly recommended for promotion of quality of life in dental hygienist and to improve dental service and competitiveness.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.154-164
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• 2016

This study analyzed the determinants of the turnover intention of emotion workers and recent social issues. In particular, this study examined whether the factors that determine the turnover intention affect the quality of service. The job characteristics of emotion workers were set up as an independent variable, and the job environment, organizational culture, such as emotional labor and how it affects the workers' behavior were investigated. How the independent variables influence the turnover of workers was investigated to mediate the emotional job satisfaction. The subjects were primarily targeted by the emotions of the workers engaged in large service accommodation, Kangwon. Among the environmental factors, the job characteristics and job duties are diverse factors and internal and external factors that can affect the compensation turnover intentions. Organizational culture as a factor was the human resources culture, open culture systems, and the hierarchical cultural factors affecting turnover intention. Among the emotional labor practices that also affects the surface of conduct, sincere acts influence the turnover intention. In addition, a one hypothesis testing job satisfaction was mediated by several factors with an impact, such as job diversity. Future empirical research should examined whether temporary full-time is an independent variable factor that can achieve a more fruitful conclusion.

• Proceedings of the KAIS Fall Conference
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• 2012.05a
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• pp.401-405
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• 2012

우리나라의 서비스 직업에 대한 고용비중이 점차 높아지고 있는 동시에 여성의 경제활동도 함께 증가하는 추세를 보여주고 있다. 또한 현재 경영의 환경에 있어서의 소비자들은 기업과의 직접적인 대면과 함께 우량의 서비스 품질을 요구하는 경영환경의 시대에 있다. 각 기업은 차별화 전략으로서 최상의 서비스 제공을 통한 고객 만족 극대화에 초점을 맞추고 있으며 특히, 서비스 기업에서 추구하는 고객만족 또는 서비스 만족도가 기업의 경쟁우의를 결정짓고 기업의 이미지를 표현하는 중요한 요인으로 여겨지고 있다. 이러한 고객만족을 중시하는 기업과 조직의 목표에 의해 대부분의 고객센터의 여성 근로자들은 조직이 요구하는 감정표현의 규범에 의해 자신의 감정이나 느낌을 고객에게 연출하도록 강요받고 있다. 근로자의 기분과 감정과는 관계없이 고객에게 미소와 친절을 보내야 하는 고객센터 근로자들은 감정노동을 하고 있는 것이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 서비스 산업 중에서도 여성인력에 대한 의존도가 높은 고객만족센터(텔레마케터 or 전화상담원)에 근무하는 여성근로자를 중심으로 감정적 부조화에 따른 감정노동이 직무스트레스에 미치는 영향에 대하여 알아보고 연구 결과를 통해 고객센터의 여성근로자들의 인적자원관리 차원에서 감정노동에 대한 인지와 직무스트레스 조절을 통한 관리에 시사점을 제안하고자 한다.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.197-210
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• 2008

In this paper, I show the factors which have an effect on the emotional exhaustion and turnover intention in call center workers who perform emotional labor using telephone without direct confronting with clients. I empirically show that emotional exhaustion decreases job satisfaction and increases turnover intention. Therefore the emotional exhaustion is the important managing factor for efficient management of call center. To weaken emotional exhaustion, it is necessary to decrease time pressure in call center work. To weaken turnover intention, it is important to strengthen superior support. This study makes a contribution in providing the fact that emotional exhaustion is an important managing factor in administration of call center worker.

• Proceedings of the Korea Contents Association Conference
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• 2018.05a
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• pp.373-374
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• 2018

본 연구는 신규간호사의 감정노동, 회복탄력성이 직무소진에 영향을 미치는 요인을 규명하는 서술적 조사연구이다. 연구대상자는 98명의 신규간호사이었고, 구조화된 자가 보고식 설문지를 이용하여 자료를 수집하였으며, 자료 분석은 IBM SPSS 22 프로그램을 사용하였다. 연구결과, 연구대상자의 감정노동이 직무소진과 유의한 양(+)의 상관관계가 있었고, 감정노동이 회복탄력성, 회복탄력성과 소진과는 모두 유의한 음(-)의 상관관계가 있었다. 회귀분석을 실시한 결과, 감정노동, 회복탄력성은 직무소진에 영향을 미치는 유의한 요인으로 나타났으며, 총 설명력은 35.2% ($R^2=.352$)이었다(F=38.05, p<.001). 결론적으로, 신규간호사의 직무소진을 감소하고 임상적응능력 증진을 위한 중재 프로그램을 개발하여 적용할 필요가 있다.