• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• v.26 no.3 s.43
• /
• pp.457-468
• /
• 1993

This study was conducted to investigate the repeat test rate for diagnosis at a tertiary hospital for the outpatients who were referred themselves to the hospital by the clinics and other medical facilities. The study population consisted of 498 patients who visited outpatient department of internal medicine, general surgery, orthopedic surgery and neurosurgery in the hospital between March 16 and April 11, 1992. This study was surveyed by the questionnaire about the tests for diagnosis at first level medical facilities, and then, was investigated by the medical record about the tests for diagnosis at a tertiary hospital. The proportion of test among the patients who utilized the first level medical facilities was 20.9% for the X-ray test, 10.6% for the urinalysis, 9.0% for the electrocardiogram, 3.4% for the computer tomogram and 6.4% for the ultrasonogram. At the tertiary hospital, the X-ray test was 45.2%, the liver function test was 24.1%, the urinalysis was 19.1%, and the electrocardiogram was 15.7%. The proportion of patients who possessed results of test for diagnosis at the first level medical facilities was 76.5% for the computer tomogram, and 31.3% for the ultrasonogram. As the repeat test rate between the first level medical facilities and the tertiary hospital, the thyroid function test was the first rank as 71.4%, the second rank was the routine CBC as 67.9%, and the third rank was the X-ray test as 64.4%. But among the patients that brought the result for tests at the first level medical facilities, the repeat test rate was as follow : the routine CBC was 75.0%, the liver function test was 72.1%, and the computer tomogram was 15.4%.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• v.35 no.3
• /
• pp.245-254
• /
• 2002

Objective : To test if the intake of $H_2$ receptor antagonists ($H_2$-RAs) increases the risk of gastric cancer in the elderly. Methods : The source population for this study was drawn from the responders to a questionnaire survey administered to the Korea Elderly Pharmacoepidemiological Cohort (KEPEC), who were beneficiaries of the Korean Medical Insurance Corporation, were at least 65 years old, and residing in Busan in 1999. The information on $H_2$-RAs exposure was obtained from a drug prescription database compiled between inn. 1993 and Dec. 1994. The cases consisted of 76 gastric cancer patients, as confirmed from the KMIC claims data, the National Cancer Registry and the Busan Cancer Registry. The follow-up period was from Jan. 1993 to Dec. 1998. Cancer free controls were randomly selected by 1:4 individual matching, which took in to consideration the year of birth and gender. Information on confounders was collected by a mail questionnaire survey. The odds ratios, and their 95% confidence intervals, were calculated using a conditional logistic regression model. Results : After adjusting for a history of gastric ulcer symptoms, medication history, and body mass index, the adjusted OR (aOR) was 4.6 (95% CI=1.72-12.49). The odds ratio of long term use (more than 7 days) was 2.3 (95% CI=1.07-4.82). The odds ratio of short term use was 4.6 (95% CI=1.26-16.50). The odds ratio of parenteral use was 4.4 195% CI=1.16-17.05) and combination use between the oral and parenteral routes (aOR, 16.8; 95% CI=1.21-233.24) had the high risk of gastric cancer. The aOR of cimetidine was 1.7 (95% CI=1.04-2.95). The aOR of ranitidine was 2.0 (95% CI=1.21-3.40). The aOR of famotidine was 1.7 (95% CI=0.98-2.80). Conclusion : The intake of $H_2$-RAs might increase the risk of gastric cancer through achlorhydria in the elderly.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.33-42
• /
• 2004

Purpose : Children with nephrotic syndrome(NS) are under high risk for metabolic bone disease(MBD) as a complication of long-term glucocorticoid therapy. We prospectively evaluated the effect of oral bisphosphonate(alendronate) therapy in children with NS, which has proven efficacy in adult patients with glucocorticoid induced MBD. Methods : Among 58 children with NS, aged 5 to 8 years and haying a disease duration of more than 2 years, 30(51.7%) were enrolled to meet the selection criteria, less than -1.0 Z-scores of lumbar spine bone mineral density(BMD) by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). These 30 children were divided into three groups and each were assigned to receive alendronate, calcitriol, and no-medication, respectively for one year. Lumbar spine BMD was followed up every 6 months and the biochemical indexes were measured before and 1 year after the treatment. There were no significant difference among groups with respect to the average age, the initial BMD, and the cumulative steroid doses. Analysis of the treatment efficacy was done by the % change of BMD and by the changes in Z-scores of lumbar spine BMD. Results : Mean age and disease duration of patients at the initial lumbar spine BMD evaluation was $7.4{\pm}1.7$ years and $2.2{\pm}1.2$ years, respectively. Twenty-three of 30 children(76%) had osteopenia, and seven(23%) had osteoporosis. There was no difference in the biochemical values among the groups, before and 1 year after the treatment(P<0.05). Twenty two children(73.3%) with frequent relapsing or steroid dependant NS had more frequent MBD, compared to the 8 children(26.6%) with infrequent relapsing NS. The one year % changes of BMD were 8.56 in alendronate group, 5.79 in calcitriol group, and 1.9 in no-medication group. The changes in Z-score of lumbar spine BMD increased in the alendronate group and the calcitriol group, but not in the no-medication group. One year % changes of BMD were different among groups(P=0.0002). Significant differences were found between the alendronate and the no-medication group, and between the calcitriol and the no-medication group(P<0.05). There was no difference between the alendronate and the calcitriol group. No serious adverse effect was observed in the alendronate group. Conclusion : Children with NS receiving high dose steroids are under the high risk of BMD and should undergo regular BMD evaluation. Z-score of lumbar spine BMD was a useful parameter in diagnosing low bone mass in children. Alendronate weekly oral therapy was effective and relatively safe in increasing the lumbar spine BMD in children with NS having steroid induced MBD.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• v.30 no.11
• /
• pp.1062-1068
• /
• 1997

From August 1989 to January 1996, a total of 105 cases of bidirectional Glean operations have been done as the interim stage for the patien s with some risk of univentricular correction at Sejong General Hospital. From December 1992, we started the conversion to Fontal operations for them, and 42 cases underwent Fontal-stage operation till February 1996. Their diagnoses were univentricular heart in 19(right ventricular type : 14), tricuspid atresia 11, double outlet of right ventricle 9, and others in 3 cases. The median age of bidirectional Glerln-stage operation was 12.5 months(range 2 months to 8 years) and Fontan-stage operation was at 59.6 months of median age(range 1 year 5 months to ,9 year 7 months). The mean waiting interval between the two operations was 33.88 $\pm$ 17.85 months with a range of 10 months to 6 years 3 months. During the waiting periods, 18 patients developed significant systemic-pulmonary collaterals andfor systemic verso-veno collateral channels. There were 5 hospital deaths after operations due to low cardiac output in 4 and sepsis in one. Most of the Fontal-stage operations were done by the late al tunneling with Core-Tex tube graft patch and fenestrated with the size of 2.5 ~6 mm. All the patients were followed-up(7 months to 4 years 2 months, mean 21.97$\pm$10.82 months) and there were 5 late deaths(postoperatively 6 months to 2 years) due to thromboembolism in 1, after heart transplantation 1, plastic bronchitis 1, protein loosing enteropathy 1, and pneumonia in 1. Dividing the patients by the waiting interval of 2 years, the early correction to Fontal group (N=16) showed the better results(hospital mortality 1116, late mortality 1116, significant collateral development 2/16) compared to the other group(N=26) (4/26, 4/26, 16/26). In conclusion, after the bidirectional Glean-stage operation successfully got rid of the previous risk factors, we recommand to do the Fontan-stage operation no later than 2 years of interval.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
• /
• v.28 no.1
• /
• pp.62-68
• /
• 1994

This study was aimed to compare the density of the functional microcirculation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with normal liver and to investigate the effect of hepatic-arterial oily chemoembolization (HAE) by radionuclide examination. Methods : Eight patients with HCC proven by biopsy in five, and clinically and radiologically in three were included. The mixture of 2 cc normal saline with three to four mCi of $^{99m}Tc$-MAA was infused through a hepatic-arterial catheter for a minute. Dynamic images were obtained at a rate of 4 sec per frame for a minute, and static images and SPECT were followed. Results : In three patients who underwent hepatic arterial angiography (HAA) alone, radioactivity was markedly increased in tumors compared to the adjacent liver immediately after infusion of $^{99m}Tc$-MAA. The ratios of tumoral and extratumoral up-take (T/E ratio) were above 6.5 (range; $6.5{\sim}l9$, mean; 12.5). In four of the five patients who under-went superselective HAE, T/E ratio were remark-ably decreased ($0.5{\sim}1.3$). The areas of embolization were better delineated in radionuclide study than in postembolization HAA. In the other one who was considered to be embolized completely on HAA, strong radiouptake in the tumor was disclosed (T/E ratio; 7.0). Conclusions : Therefore hepatic-arterial flow study with radionuclide imaging using $^{99m}Tc$-MAA can be a valuable method to assess the accurate embolization effect in HCC.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
• /
• v.12 no.3
• /
• pp.214-221
• /
• 2008

Purpose: We make a qualitative analysis of whether Fusion SPECT/CT can find lesion's anatomical sites better than existing SPECT or not, and we want to show the usefulness of SPECT/CT through finding out effects of CT attenuation correction on SPECT images. Materials and Method: 1. The evaluation of fusion images: This study comprised patients who was tested $^{131}I$-MIBG, Bone, $^{111}In$-Octreotide, Meckel's diverticulum, Parathyroid MIBI with Precedence 16 or Symbia T2 from 2008 Jan to Aug. We compared SPECT/CT image with non fusion image and make a qualitative analysis. 2. The evaluation of attenuation correction: We classified 38 patients who was tested 201Tl myocardial exam with Symbia T2 into 5 sections by using Cedars Sinai' QPS program - Ant, Inf, Lat, Septum, Apex. And we showed each section's perfusion states by percentage. We compared the each section's perfusion-states differences between CT AC and Non AC by average${\pm}$standard deviation. Results: 1. The evaluation of fusion images : In high energy $^{131}I$ cases, it was hard to grasp exact anatomical lesions due to difference between regions and surrounding lesions' uptake level. After combining with CT, we could grabs anatomical lesion more exactly. And in meckel's diverticulum case or to find lesions around bowels or organs with $^{111}In$ cases, it demonstrates its superiority. Bone SPECT/CT images help to distinguish between disk spaces certainly and give correct results. 2. The evaluation of attenuation correction: There is no significant difference statistically in Ant and Lat (p>0.05), but there is a meaningful difference in Inferior, Apex and Septum (p<0.05). AC perfusion at inferior wall in the 5 sections of myocardium: The perfusion difference between Non AC perfusion image ($68.58{\pm}7.55$) and CT corrected perfusion image ($76.84{\pm}6.52$) was the largest by $8.26{\pm}4.95$ (p<0.01, t=10.29). Conclusion: Nuclear medicine physicians can identify not only molecular image which shows functional activity of lesions but also anatomical location information of lesions with more accuracy using the combination of SPECT and CT systems. Of course this combination helps nuclear medicine physician find out the abnormal parts. Moreover combined data sets help separate between normal group and abnormal group in complicated body part. So clinicians can carry out diagnosis and treatment planning at the same time with a single test image. In addition, when we examine a myocardium in thorax where attenuation can occur easily, we can trust perfusion more in a certain region in SPECT test because CT provides the capability for accurate attenuation correction. In these reasons, we think we can prove the justice after treatment fusion image.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
• /
• v.25 no.2
• /
• pp.357-371
• /
• 2017

In this study we evaluated the availability of hairy vetch in citrus (Citrus unshiu Marc.) orchards of volcanic ash soils. The responses to increasing seeding rates and various growing conditions such as altitude, accumulated temperature, and soil chemical properties etc, were analyzed by means of the seedling establishment rate, weed occurrence ratio, and shoot biomass yield of hairy vetch. Field experiments were conducted at five citrus orchards by altitude from Sep. 2015 to Apr. 2016 in Jeju Island, Republic of Korea. Hairy vetch used in the study was 'Cheongpyungbora', developed by National Institute of Crop Science. Seeding rates of hairy vetch consisted of 30, 60 and $90kg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$. Results showed that the seedling establishment rates of hairy vetch were quite similar regardless of seeding rates in all fields and weed occurrence ratio at 30, 60 and $90kg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ of seeding rates were 11.8, 3.8, and 5.1% (dry wt.), respectively. Both 60 and $90kg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ of seeding rates, the weed occurrences were decreased by 96.2% and 94.9%. The nitrogen production of hairy vetch at 30, 60 and $90kg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ of seeding rates were 254, 316, and $315kg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$, respectively. Both 60 and $90kg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ of seeding rates, The nitrogen production were increased by 24%, compared to $30kg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ of seeding rate. In these results we were considered that the cost-efficient seeding rate of vetch was $60kg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ in citrus orchards. Also, this study showed that the shoot biomass of hairy vetch and various cultivative factors were related and The nitrogen production of hairy vetch had a little bit of positive correlation (R=0.2714) with accumulated temperature and considerable correlations with some items (EC ($R=0.4520^{**}$) and exchangeable K ($R=0.4078^{**}$)) of soil chemical properties. Therefore, we were considered that hairy vetch can be used as a leguminous cover crop in citrus orchards, the calculation formula (Y=4.4097X + 33.594 (R=0.9547)) can be suggested for nitrogen yield of hairy vetch by using the shoot fresh weight (X).

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
• /
• 2006.10d
• /
• pp.268-273
• /
• 2006

차세대 무선 네트워크 (4G)는 새로운 무선 접속 기술의 개발과 함께 많은 연구가 필요한 분야이다. 그 중에서 특히 단말의 끊김없는 이동성을 제공해 주기 위한 핸드오버 기술이 가장 중요하다고 할 수 있다. 차세대 무선 네트워크는 새로운 무선 접속 기술과 함께 기존의 무선랜이나 이동통신망 등과 같이 사용될 것으로 예상되며, 네트워크 계층에서의 이동성 지원을 위하여 Mobile IPv6를 사용할 것으로 예상되는 네트워크이다. 이러한 네트워크에서 끊김없는 이동성을 제공해 주기 위해서는 현재까지 연구된 핸드오버 기능 및 구조에 대한 연구와 함께 보다 다양해진 네트워크 환경과 QoS 등을 고려한 종합적인 핸드오버 기능에 대한 연구가 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 차세대 무선 네트워크에서 단말의 끊김없는 핸드오버를 제공해 주기 위하여 필요한 기능들을 도출하고, 이들간의 유기적인 연관관계를 정의하여 다양한 네트워크 환경과 사용자의 우선순위, 어플리케이션의 QoS 요구 조건 등을 고려한 종합적인 핸드오버 기능 구조를 제안하고자 한다. 제안하는 핸드오버 구조는 Monitoring, Triggering, Handover의 세 가지 module로 나뉘어져 있으며, 각각은 필요에 따라 sub-module로 다시 세분화된다. 제안하는 핸드오버 구조의 가장 큰 특징은 핸드오버를 유발시킬 수 있는 여러 가지 요소를 종합적으로 고려하며 이들간의 수평적인 비교가 아닌 다단계 비교를 수행하여 보다 정확한 triggering이 가능하도록 한다. 또한 단말의 QoS 요구 사항을 보장하고 네트워크의 혼잡도(congestion) 및 부하 조절 (load balancing)을 위한 기능을 핸드오버 기능에 추가하여 효율적인 네트워크의 자원 사용이 가능하도록 설계하였다.서버로 분산처리하게 함으로써 성능에 대한 신뢰성을 향상 시킬 수 있는 Load Balancing System을 제안한다.할 때 가장 효과적인 라우팅 프로토콜이라고 할 수 있다.iRNA 상의 의존관계를 분석할 수 있었다.수안보 등 지역에서 나타난다 이러한 이상대 주변에는 대개 온천이 발달되어 있었거나 새로 개발되어 있는 곳이다. 온천에 이용하고 있는 시추공의 자료는 배제하였으나 온천이응으로 직접적으로 영향을 받지 않은 시추공의 자료는 사용하였다 이러한 온천 주변 지역이라 하더라도 실제는 온천의 pumping 으로 인한 대류현상으로 주변 일대의 온도를 올려놓았기 때문에 비교적 높은 지열류량 값을 보인다. 한편 한반도 남동부 일대는 이번 추가된 자료에 의해 새로운 지열류량 분포 변화가 나타났다 강원 북부 오색온천지역 부근에서 높은 지열류량 분포를 보이며 또한 우리나라 대단층 중의 하나인 양산단층과 같은 방향으로 발달한 밀양단층, 모량단층, 동래단층 등 주변부로 NNE-SSW 방향의 지열류량 이상대가 발달한다. 이것으로 볼 때 지열류량은 지질구조와 무관하지 않음을 파악할 수 있다. 특히 이러한 단층대 주변은 지열수의 순환이 깊은 심도까지 가능하므로 이러한 대류현상으로 지표부근까지 높은 지온 전달이 되어 나타나는 것으로 판단된다.의 안정된 방사성표지효율을 보였다. $^{99m}Tc$-transferrin을 이용한 감염영상을 성공적으로 얻을 수 있었으며, $^{67}Ga$-citrate 영상과 비교하여 더 빠른 시간 안에 우수한 영상을 얻을 수 있었다. 그러므로 $^{99m}Tc$-transierrin이 감염 병소의 영상진단에 사용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.리를 정량화 하였다. 특히 선

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.26 no.1
• /
• pp.101-108
• /
• 2016

The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationships between the expression of Heat shock protein70 (HSP70), Raf-1 and Bcl-2-associated athanogene-1 (BAG1) protein in diffuse type gastric carcinoma and examine association of HSP70, Raf-1 and BAG1 expression with various clinic-pathological factors and survival. Heat shock protein70 is induced in the cells in response to various stress conditions, including carcinogens. Overexpression of heat shock protein 70 has been observed in many types of cancer. The proto-oncoprotein Raf is pivotal for mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, and its aberrant activation has been implicated in multiple human cancers. Overexpression of BAG1 protein has been documented in some type of human cancer. BAG1 has been reported to interact with protein involved with a variety of signal pathway, and regulation of cell differentiation, survival and apoptosis. These interaction partners include HSP70 and Raf-1. The percentage of tumors exhibiting HSP70 positivity was significantly in cases of positive lymph node metastasis (64.9%) compared to cases without lymph node metastasis (35.1%, p=0.007). HS70 expression was correlated with pathological N-stage (p=0.006). Expression of BAG1 was detected in the majority of diffuse type gastric carcinoma tissues (71.7%), especially in younger patients (80% vs 52.6%, p=0.035). Furthermore BAG1 expression was correlated with tumor size (p=0.020). Raf-1 expression was found to be significantly associated with tumor size (p=0.005). The result indicate that HSP70 was significantly correlated the progression of diffuse type gastric cancer. Expression of BAG1 and Raf-1 may be used as diagnostic markers for gastric carcinoma.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.102 no.1
• /
• pp.90-96
• /
• 2013

This study was conducted to investigate a stability trend within 6 above average and 4 blow average erosion control dams, which were selected by The Korean Association of Soil and Water Conservation and were built in 1990s in Gyeonggi and Gangwon Province. The study was aimed to measure rebound hardness of upstream face, flood way and downstream face from those dams selected by using 'Concrete Test Hammer'. The main purposes of the study are selection of compression strength prediction equation and scope of wavelength, which successfully demonstrate non-destructive test results for erosion control dams. There is an opportunity to increase disaster prevention ability when stability vulnerability of concrete erosion control dam is detected in a timely manner. Results of the compression strength investigation express that there is a consistency with visual inspection of stability that has been processed by The Korean Association of Soil and Water Conservation. We concluded that a prediction equation, which was developed by Architectural Institute of Japan (AIJ), shows highest suitability in Korean erosion control dams when stability investigation is performed. The detailed criteria for the test result are 'stable', 'detail inspection required' and 'poor' for over 300 $kgf/cm^2$, 250~300 $kgf/cm^2$ and below 250 $kgf/cm^2$ respectively. Standards for stability of Korean erosion control dam and a compression strength prediction equation (that corresponds to the standards of the stability) should be established on the basis of chronological data of erosion control dam compression strength. Systematical approach for stability inspection that carries out remodeling or repair when problem on erosion control structures are detected through visual inspection and simple stability test, is necessary for the future disaster prevention.