• The Monthly Diabetes
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• s.254
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• pp.38-39
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• 2011

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.39-53
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• 2020

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to examine the snack meal management for infants and toddlers and the demand for snack products according to mothers' sustainable dietary style in the Jeonbuk area. Methods: The participants were 359 mothers in the Jeonbuk area. The data was analyzed using factor analysis, cluster analysis, analysis of variance, and χ²-tests with SPSS v. 25.0. According to the sustainable dietary style, the situation of providing snacks at home, the purchasing behavior for snack products, and the satisfaction and, demand for snack products were investigated. Results: Using the K-clustering method, the sustainable dietary style of the subjects was categorized into 3 clusters. Cluster 1 was the family health-seeking group, cluster 2 was the sustainable dietary trend group, and cluster 3 was the sustainability-interested group. The frequency of snack intakes according to the cluster groups showed a significant difference (p < 0.001). Fruits were the snack item most frequently consumed by all the cluster groups. Approximately 92.8% of mothers had purchased snack products, and 95.2% of the subjects were satisfied with them (p < 0.05). The main reason for satisfaction with the snack products in all the cluster groups was the various kinds of products with considering the growth stage of children. Clusters 2 and 3 required the development of snack products using organic food materials, while cluster 1 required the snack products to be supplemented with various nutrients. Conclusion: It is necessary to develop various snack products according to the sustainable dietary style and the needs of mothers so that these snacks can increase the satisfaction of mothers with the snack products and lead them to better snack purchasing behavior.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.361-365
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• 2011

This study aims to find out the correlation between the number of snack intake frequency by the young Korean and the experience of dental caries by nationwide level, using data of Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2007. participants whose age among 12 to 18 years-old were analyzed for this study. Of 373 total participants in this analysis, 200 were male and 173 were female. The Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis was used to estimate the association between food intake between meals and experience of dental caries. Data were weight-adjusted. The results were evidently found that those who eat between meals more frequently are likely to be linked more closely to the dental caries, in terms of the correlation between property of demography and the experience of disease (OR:2.1, CI:1.1-4.0). Thus, It is to raise the awareness of effect on dental health, regarding a kind of food consumed, an appropriate nutritional education or dietary consultation is required regularly at school.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.135-145
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• 2009

This study was performed to investigate added sugar intakes from processed food-snacks and participation behaviors of special event days sharing sweet foods among adolescents in Korea. Questionnaire survey (n = 959), dietary survey (n = 71) by food record method for 3 days, and snack survey (n = 230) for 3 days were carried out, and subjects were overlapped among three surveys. As a result, middle school students (MS) preferred milks and fermented milks while high school students (HS) preferred breads and fast foods as a snack (p < 0.01). MS and HS took snacks three to six times a week, and HS took snacks more frequently than MS (p < 0.05). Most subjects participated in special event days sharing sweet foods such as friend's birthday (68.4%), Peppro's day (61.5%) and Valentine's day (42.6%). As for merits of these events, MS said ‘they could get along with their friends' and ‘relieve stress', while HS said ‘they could enjoy their own events' and ‘confess their affection to whom they like' (p < 0.01). A group of cookies, biscuits, breads and, cakes was major source of added sugars followed by beverages, sweet jellies of red bean, chocolates and candies for subjects. For MS and HS, daily total added sugar intakes from whole processed food-snacks were $30.5{\pm}23.5g/d$ (3.0-137.9 g/d) and $31.7{\pm}23.2g/d$ (1.2-126.1 g/d), and ratios of daily total energy taken from added sugars of whole processed food-snacks in proportion to daily total energy taken from diet (energy percent of added sugars from snacks) were $6.3{\pm}4.7%$ (0.6-26.1%) and $6.3{\pm}4.4%$ (0.3-23.9%), respectively. These results showed that subjects frequently participated in special event days sharing sweet foods. In addition, energy percent of added sugars from snacks was more than the UL suggested by WHO/FAO for some subjects. Therefore, it is highly critical to monitor adolescents' sugar intakes on a long-term basis and to take nutritional management on their high sugar intakes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.212-222
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• 2013

We studied the eating habits and sleeping patterns of 682 middle and high school students in their third year in Gwangju. According to the body mass index (BMI) of the subjects, obesity (over weight) was significantly higher in the third graders of high school students ($20.8{\pm}4.0$, 32.9%) than middle school students ($19.4{\pm}3.8$, 14.2%) (p<0.001). In addition, 71.1% of high school students experienced a lack of sleep compared to 48.8% of middle school students (p<0.001). There was a difference between good and bad sleepers in the number of times they ate snacks and the quantity of their snacks. Good sleepers had more fruit and dairy products (e.g. fruit juice 2~4 times (p<0.05), milk 2~4 times (p<0.001), apples 2~4 times, strawberries 2~4 times (p<0.01), and bananas 2~4 times a week), while bad sleepers consumed more beverages, frozen desserts, flour-based foods, fast food, bread, and rice cake. Bad sleepers clearly consumed snacks more frequently. From analyzing the correlations between sleep quality and snack intake, eating fruits 2~4 times a week (30 g~200 g/once) and drinking dairy products 2~4 times a week (120 mL~400 mL/once) appears to promote better sleeping habits.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.41 no.8
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• pp.797-808
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• 2008

This study has been carried out to obtain information related to food habits and snacking behaviors including health related behaviors. The subjects were 300 middle school students (144 boys and 156 girls). The results were as follows: Average height and weight of boys were 162.3 cm and 54.1 kg respectively. Those of girls were 159.8 cm and 49.0 kg respectively. 59.0% of the subjects of the subjects had 10,000-30,000 won as monthly allowances and their subjective health condition was good (55.7%). In the regularity of meal, 47.0% of the subjects had twice a day, the main reason for skipping meal was insufficient time to eat due to oversleep (54.3%). Most of the subjects (75.0%) had a prejudice in food selection because of a bad taste. 62.0% of the subjects ate snack between meals more than three times a week, because they were hungry, good taste and habitual. The criteria of choosing snack were taste, nutrition and quality of food. Food as snacks they frequently had fruits, milk and milk products, cookies, chocolate in order. Boys had more french fries than girls, girls had more fruits, cookies and chocolate than boys. Average food habit score of boys (49.27 ${\pm}$ 7.53) was higher than that of girls (48.54 ${\pm}$ 7.81). The group who had a higher food habit score, they had more fruits and less soft drink as snacks, lower BMI, and also less monthly allowance than the group who had a lower food habit score. This study may provide basic information on eating habits of middle school students, suggests that nutrition education or counseling can improve food habits and develop positive behaviors toward healthy diets.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.12
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• pp.1732-1739
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to analyze factors that influence consumption pattern of snacks of middle school students. The subjects of study were 607 middle school students (male: 316, female: 291) in Ilsan area. The subjects were surveyed by a self-administered questionnaire about anthropometrics, mother's employed status, parents' education level, and snack consumption pattern. Male students showed higher consumption in 'milk and milk products' (p<0.05), 'instant noodles' (p<0.01), and 'cereal' (p<0.05). In the other hand, female students showed higher consumption in 'biscuits, cookies' (p<0.01) and 'candy and chocolates' (p<0.01). Subjects in underweight group showed higher frequency in the consumption of 'biscuits, cookies' (p<0.05) and 'candy and chocolates' (p<0.001) compared with normal weight or overweight subjects. The subjects with mother not having a job showed higher consumption of snacks under controlling parents (p<0.001), and higher consumption in 'fruit and fruit juice' (p<0.05) and 'milk and milk products' (p<0.01) compared to the subjects with mother having a job. The subjects with parents having higher education level showed higher of consumption in 'fast food'. These results suggest that general characteristics of the subjects and characteristics of family environment may affect consumption pattern of snacks in middle school students.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.141-164
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to investigate the stress perception, dietary habits, lifestyle and snack intake behaviors of students to help dietary education of high school students in Jeonnam area. The data were collected from high school students in Jeonnam area and 503 questionnaires were used for analysis. The main results of this study are as follows. First, the mean scores of high school students' perception of stress were 2.92 points for male students and 3.07 points for female students, and female students were statistically significantly higher than male students(p<.01). Stress perceptions showed significant differences in school stress(p<.001) and family stress(p<.05) according to gender, and female students gained more stressed than male students. Second, the dietary habits and lifestyle characteristics of high school students by gender showed significant difference between male students and female students at the one meal time(p<.001), the amount of meal(p<.05), the tendency of eating habits(p<.001), the salty taste of food(p<.05), the exercise frequency per week(p<.001) and the exercise time per day(p<.001), respectively. One meal time was shorter for male students than for female students, and the amount of meals was more suitable amount for female students than male students. Also, male students ate more regularly than female students and female students preferred more stimulating foods than male students. Male students ate slightly bland salty taste, and female students ate standard salty taste. The exercise frequency per week and the exercise time per day were more in male students than in female students. Third, the snack intake characteristics of high school students by gender showed significantly different between male students and female students at the cost of snack per day(p<.01), the time to eat snacks(p<.01) and the favorite snacks(p<.001), respectively. The cost of snack per day was higher for female students than for male students in case of less than 4,000 won. The time for eating snack showed that 'Irregularly' was high for male students and 'In the evening after lunch' was high for female students. The favorite snacks were cookies, candies and chocolates for male and female students. Forth, the dietary habits and lifestyle characteristics of high school students by stress level showed significantly different at the frequency of daily meals(p<.05), the tendency of eating habits(p<.01) and the salty taste of food(p<.05), respectively. The frequency of daily meals was more than four times in case of the 'High stress' and 'Low stress' groups. The tendency of eating habit was low in regular meal rate in 'High stress' group. Fifth, the snack intake characteristics of high school students by stress level showed significantly different in the frequency of snacks per day(p<.05) and the favorite taste of snacks(p<.05). In case of the frequency of daily snack intake, 'More than 4 times' was highest in 'High stress' group and 'Low stress' group. The favorite taste of snacks showed that the spicy taste was highest in the 'High stress' group and the 'Low stress' group.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.547-559
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• 2021

Purpose: This study compares the snacking pattern, diet, lifestyle, and food preference of children by evaluating the most frequently eaten snacks. Methods: The survey enrolled 435 students from three elementary schools in Gyeonggi. Based on the most frequently eaten snacks, the subjects were divided into 3 groups: fruits and milk/dairy products for natural snacks (NS, n = 114); noodles, snack foods and fast foods for meal-like snacks (MS, n = 74); cookies, beverages and bread as sweet snacks (SS, n = 247). Results: Compared to the MS group, preferences of the NS group were significantly higher for jabgokbap (cooked rice with multi-grains, p < 0.05) and saengchae (seasoned raw vegetables, p < 0.01), and significantly lower for gogitwigim (deep-fried meat, p < 0.05). Taste preference of the NS group was considered to be more desirable; the taste preference of more subjects was 'sweet taste' in the SS group, 'spicy taste' in the MS group, 'salty taste' in the MS and SS groups, and 'sour taste' and 'bland taste' in the NS group than the other groups. Compared to the MS and SS groups, the NS group was determined to exercise more frequently; exercising for more than 30 minutes/day was determined to be 76.3% in the NS group and 58.1% and 57.9% in the other groups (p < 0.01). Moreover, a higher proportion of subjects in the MS group tended to answer 'not hungry' as the reason for leaving school meals, as compared to other groups (p = 0.055), thereby suggesting that inappropriate snacking habits interfere with regular meals. Conclusion: This study provides evidence that healthy snacking habits, which include natural snacks such as milk/dairy products and fruits, are important for children during the elementary school years, since these habits are associated with healthier diet, lifestyle, and food and taste preferences. These results provide basic information for developing nutritional education materials for elementary school children.

• Monthly Korean Chicken
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• s.128
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• pp.64-65
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• 2006

요즘 2006 독일 월드컵 평가전으로 밤잠 설치는 분들이 많으시죠? 이때, 축구 경기를 보면서 하나씩 꺼내먹는 스틱 간식은 꿀맛이예요. 가늘게 썬 닭고기에 땅콩 등을 입혀 튀기면 고소하고 담백한 간식이 된답니다.