• Membrane Journal
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.87-93
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• 2023

Electrodialysis (ED) is essential in separating ions through an ion exchange membrane. The disposal of brine generated from seawater desalination is a primary environmental concern, and its recycling through membrane separation technology is highly efficient. Alkali is produced by several chemical industries such as leather, electroplating, dyeing, and smelting, etc. A high concentration of alkali in the waste needs treatment before releasing into the environment as it is highly corrosive and has a chemical oxygen demand (COD) value. The concentration of calcium and magnesium is almost double in brine and is the perfect candidate for carbon dioxide adsorption, a major environmental pollutant. Sodium hydroxide is essential for the metal carbonation process which, is easily produced by the bipolar membrane electrodialysis process. Various strategies are available for its recovery, like reverse osmosis (RO), nanofiltration (NF), ultrafiltration (UF), and ED. This review discusses the ED process by ion exchange membrane for alkali recovery are discussed.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.101-111
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• 2009

In this study, the physico-chemical characteristics of municipal solid waste (MWS) which was treated in gangwon area were investigated. It is necessary to measure the characteristics of municipal solid waste for build a waste treatment and RDF facility and for data-base and total managing of the landfill. It was found that the average density of solid wastes is in the range of $101.8{\sim}199.8kg/m^3$. This MSW was composed of 30.7% of food wastes, 36.3% of papers, 15.8% of plastics & vinyls, 1.9% of textiles, 3.2% of wood and 1.5% of rubber & leathers respectively. Most of MSW are composed of food, paper and plastic waste and the combustible waste is more than 90%. For three components, moisture is 44.6%, combustible component is 47.7% and ash is 7.7% respectively. The chemical elements are carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen on the dry basis of wastes. The low heating value of the MSW measured by calorimeter was obtained as 2,631 kcal/kg, and the high heating value of the MSW was obtained as 3,310 kcal/kg.

• KOMUNHWA
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• no.70
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• pp.63-88
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• 2007

The purpose of this writing is to examine the places and instruments of the dissection for deformed animal carcasses excavated in shellfish stacks of the period of the Proto-Three Kingdoms(삼한) and the Three Kingdoms(삼국). The remains were chosen, which had been excavated and finished in the analysis of the animal carcasses, and the main objects are all shells and deer, especially among Mammalia. As the result, the dissection of shells was not taken place in the habitats of the animals, but inside or around of the residence of the people. For deer, too, it was done in the public place or specific area around and inside the residence. As concerns the method of dissection for shells, for Pelecypoda(부족류), represented by Meretrix lusoria(백합), the inner meat was taken out by wrenching the shell with a kind of small knives, or by boiling, and sometimes by cracking the middle of the shell in the case of big Meretrix lusoria and Dosinorbis japonicus(떡조개). For Rapana venosa(피뿔고둥), representative of Gastropoad(배발류), the people broke the top or some parts of the body to get the inner meat or used some kind of needles and stylus to pick the inner meat out after boiling. Abalones‘ meat was attached firmly to the shell, so very sharp and proper metal instruments were used to take the meat out Relatively small-sized Reishia clavigera(대수리),Top shell(밤고둥) meats were taken out by breaking the top parts after boiling, then sucking the meats, or by picking them out by using needles and stylus in the original shape. In the case of large Mammalia like deer, in the full consideration of the point that deer itself are used in various ways, they were dissected in the order of skinning, taking out the internal organs, cutting front and rear legs, separating joint parts and meats, extracting bone-marrow by 철정, 철부, ironed hand knife in very delicate ways. It seems that skinning, and front and rear legs' cutting were taken place in the place around the residence, on the other hand joint parts' separating and bone-marrow extracting in the residence. The tools for the dissection were confirmed to be hand-knife, honed ax, hammer stone, bondstone, needles and stylus, and some other sharp instrument. They were used properly according to objects.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.1-15
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• 2023

This research intended to reveal the special characteristics of the vegetation structure and the tendency of change of -landfill slope districts, which are reclaimed land, through an investigationsinto the presently existent vegetation and plant community structure of the World Cup Park landfill slope district. For the analysis of changes in vegetation, this study compared the results of field surveys in 1999, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2012, 2016, and 2021. For the investigation into the plant community structure, a field investigation was carried out in 2021 with six fixed investigation districts designated in 1999 as subjects. To analyze the change in the plant community structure, the past data on the population, the number of the species, and the species diversity by the layer in 2021 were compared and analyzed in the landfill slope district, which is reclaimed land. The changes of the vegetation distribution and the power had been affected by typhoons (Kompasu). Above the plantation foundation, which had been dry and poor, Salix koreensis, marsh woody plants that had formed the community, decreased greatly. The Robinia pseudoacacia community, after the typhoon in 2010, decreased in the number of species and population. Afterward, it showed a tendency to rebound. Regarding the Ailanthus altissima-Robinia pseudoacacia-Paulownia tomentosa community, the number of the species and the population had shown a change similar to the Robinia pseudoacacia community. The Paulownia tomentosa and the Ailanthus altissima have been culled. The slope was predicted as a Future Robinia pseudoacacia forest. The Salix pseudolasiogyne community has been transitioning to a Robinia pseudoacacia forest. Only some enumeration districts, the Robinia pseudoacacia forests and the Salix pseudolasiogyne, had been growing. However, most had been in been declining. It was predicted that this community will be maintained as a Robinia pseudoacacia forest in the future. As these vegetation communities are the representative vegetation of the landfill slope districts, which is reclaimed land, there is a need to understand the ecosystem changes of the community through continuous monitoring. The results of this research can be utilized as a basic material for the vegetation restoration of reclaimed land.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.1-19
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• 2013

This study was carried out to analyze distribution situation of alien plants and to propose management plan in the 3 Folk village in Gyeongsangbuk-do which is Cultural property designated by the State; Hahoe, Yangdong and Hangae. This research is for improve of sincerity of historical site and provide basic information which use about administration of preservation. The results are as follows. 1. Overall flora and alien plants appearance The total flora in the 3 folk villages were listed total 752 taxa including 127 families, 430 genera, 614 species, 5 subspecies, 100 varieties and 33 forms. Among them, woody plants take 263 taxa(35.0%) and herbaceous plants take 489 taxa (65.0%). Flora in the Hahoe, Yangdong and Hangae village were total 534, 479 taxa and 408 taxa and exotic plant index was 30.1%, 38.2% and 37.0% respectively. In types of exotic plants, ornamental exotic plants were 135 taxa, deciduous exotic plants were 21 taxa, cultivating exotic plants were 64 taxa, and naturalized exotic plants were 80 taxa and those result lead that the ornamental exotic plants is the highest ratio. According to the villages, Hahoe village had 161 taxa(30.1%), Yangdong Village had 183 taxa(38.2%), and Hangae village had 151 taxa(37.0%) that Yangdong village showed the most number of exotic plants. 2. Planting of landscape exotic plants in the unit cultural assets Meanwhile, Ornamental exotic plants in old house's gardens in Andong Hahoe village which is designated as a unit assets, those are total 30 taxa; followed by the Okyeon house(8 taxa) is highest and the Yangjindang(7), the Hadong house(6) and the Chunghyodang(5). Magnolia denudata appears the most as for 4 times and Campsis grandiflora etc. each took 2 times. Based on the Yangdong village, Gyeongju, that are found total 51 taxa; followed by the Dugok house(16 taxa) the Sujoldang(14), the Mucheondang(13), and the Sangchunheon (12). High appearance rate of ornamental exotic plants were Viburnum opulus for. hydrangeoides, Lycoris squamigera, Caragagna sinica and Magnolia denudata etc. Based on the Hangae village, Seongju, that are designated total 62 taxa; followed by the Jinsa house(35 taxa), the Gyori house(25), the Hanju head family house(20), and the Hahoe house(16). Taxa with high appearance rates were Caragana sinica, Juniperus chinensis var. horizontalis, Magnolia denudata, Viburnum opulus for. hydrangeoides, Chaenomeles speciosa etc. 3. Problems of exotic plant landscapes in the outer spaces of the folk villages Problems of exotic plant landscapes in the outer spaces of the Hahoe village are as follows. In lower of the Mansongjeong forest, Ambrosia artemisifolia, which are ecosystem disturbance plants designated by the Ministry of Environment, live with high dominance value. This should be have a remove with Sicyos angulatus immediately. In the Nakdong river bed around the Mansongjeong forest is covered with a riparian vegetation forest belt of Robinia pseudoacacia L. forest, Populus nigra var. italic community, and Populus x tomentiglandulosa community colony. Based on the Yangdong village, the planted or naturally distributed Ailanthus altissima colony, sporadically distributed Robinia pseudoacacia as well as Amorpha fruticosa are detected all over the village and ecotones. Based on the Hangae village, Ailanthus altissima and Robinia pseudoacacia are sporadically distributed around the village and there is a sign of spreading. similarity of exotic plantsis 47.0% to 48.6% and a reason why this happened is all of research site in Gyeongsanbuk-do and that is why growth norm of plant is similar, exotic plant which is sales for ornamental and it infer to require related countermeasure of each villages and joint related countermeasure.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.78 no.3
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• pp.287-301
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• 1989

A tree of Ailanthus altissima Swingle was fastened with a plastic band, 19mm wide, around the stem 180cm above ground level and was left to grow under this condition for one year, By removal of this band the tumorous tissue gradually developed and the tree bearing distinct tumorous tissue, an overgrowth surrounding the stem, was harvested two years after the band removal. For the investigation of this tumorous part and its comparison with adjacent normal parts in the anatomical features of individual elements, the tumorous part and parts directly and 40cm above and below the tumorous part were obtained from the tree. The tumor wood having remarkably wider growth increment occurred in the 3rd growth ring the first year after removal of the fastened band, and the barrier zone which delimited the discolored wood from the normal-colored wood inwards appeared u1 the intra-2nd growth ring produced during the fastened period in the tumorous part and the false ring-like zones equivalent to barrier Zone were shown in the normal-colored 2nd growth rings of the parts directly and 40cm above and below the tumorous part, as well. The tumor wood, the 3rd growth ring, and proportion of the 2nd growth ring formed after barrier zone in the tumorous part shared common characteristics in the irregular growth ring boundary, misshapen and shorter individual fibers and vessel elements, and large ray widths and heights. The springwood pores were smaller in diameter in the tumor wood, and the larger radial and smaller tangential diameters of summerwood solitary pores and individual pores consisting of pore multiples in proportion of the 2nd growth ring formed after the barrier zone were transformed into near-isodiametric in the tumor wood, the 3rd growth ring, in the tumorous part. Only in proportion of the 2nd growth ring formed after the barrier zone were transformed into near-isodiametric in the tumor wood, the 3rd growth ring, in the tumorous part, ray densities greatly increased. And the massive tumor wood was caused not by cell size but by cell number because the radial and tangential diameters of fibers in the tumor wood, the 3rd growth ring, in the tumorous part were not sufficiently different from those in the same aged growth rings of the directly and 40cm above and below the tumorous part.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.58-67
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• 2020

The present study was conducted as part of basic research for selecting species of street trees with historical value in Seoul. It also made up a list of traditional landscape trees for a variety of alternatives. The following results are shown below. As to the history of street trees in Korea, records on to-be-estimated street trees are found in historical documents written in King Yangwon during the second year of Goguryeo Dynasty (546) and King Myeongjong during 27 year of Goryeo (1197). However, it is assumed that lack of clarity is found in historical records. During the 23 year of King Sejong in the early Joseon Dynasty (1441), the record showed that the state planted street trees as guideposts on the postal road. The records revealed that Ulmus spp. and Salix spp. were planted as guidance trees. The street tree system was performed in the early Joseon Dynasty as recorded in the first year of King Danjong document. Pinus densiflora, Pinus koraiensis, Pyrus pyrifolia var. culta, Castanea crenata, Styphnolobium japonicum and Salix spp. were planted along the avenue at both left and right sides. Morus alba were planted on streets during the five year of King Sejo (1459). As illustrated in pieces Apgujeong by painter Jeongseon and Jinheonmajeongsaekdo in the reign of King Yeongjo, street trees were planted. This arrangement is associated with a number of elements such as king procession, major entrance roads in Seoul, place for horse markets, prevention of roads from flood and indication. In the reign of King Jeongjo, there are many cases related to planting Pinus densiflora, Abies holophylla and Salix spp. for king procession. Turning king roads and related areas into sanctuaries is considered as technique for planting street trees. During the 32 year of King Gojong after opening ports (1985), the state promoted planting trees along both sides of roads. At the time, many Populus davidiana called white poplars were planted as rapidly growing street trees. There are 17 taxa in the Era of Three Kingdoms records, 31 taxa in Goryeo Dynasty records and 55 taxa in Joseon Dynasty records, respectively, described in historical documents to be available for being planted as street trees in Seoul. 16 taxa are recorded in three periods, which are Era of Three Kingdoms, Goryeo Dynasty and Joseon Dynasty. These taxa can be seen as relatively excellent ones in terms of historical value. The introduction of alien plants and legal improvement in the Japanese colonial period resulted in modernization of street tree planting system. Under the six-year street tree planting plan (1934-1940) implemented as part of expanding metropolitan areas outside the capital launched in 1936, four major street trees of top 10 taxa were a Populus deltoides, Populus nigra var. italica, Populus davidiana, Populus alba. The remaining six trees were Salix babylonica, Robinia pseudoacacia, platanus orientalis, Platanus occidentalis, Ginkgo biloba, and Acer negundo. Beginning in the mid- and late 1930s, platanus orientalis, Platanus occidentalis were introduced into Korea as new taxa of street trees and planted in many regions. Beginning on 1942, Ailanthus altissima was recommended as street trees for the purpose of producing silks. In 1957 after liberation, major street tree taxa included Platanus occidentalis, Ginkgo biloba, Populus nigra var. italica, Ailanthus altissima, Populus deltoides and Salix babylonica. The rank of major street tree species planted in the Japanese colonial period had changed. Tree planting trend around that period primarily representing Platanus occidentalis and Ginkgo biloba still holds true until now.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.1-12
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to offer raw data regarding landscape plantings of traditional cultural heritages by surveying and analysing the actual flora and landscape planting species distributed in Donggung Palace and Wolji Pond in Gyeongju, Korea. The results are as follows. The flora were summarized as 149 taxa including 65 families, 117 genera, 134 species, 1 subspecies, 10 varieties and 4 forms. The naturalized plants were of 18 taxa including Rumex crispus, Trifolium repens, Ailanthus altissima, Veronica persica, Senecio vulgaris, Festuca myuros and the like. Invasive species included Rumex acetosella. As a result of the analysis of chronological changes in landscape planting species, 23 taxa were planted in 1979, whereas 48 taxa were planted in 2014. Therefore, the number of these species increased by 25 taxa. The landscape planting species were of 48 taxa including 6 taxa of evergreen trees, 2 taxa of evergreen shrubs, 27 taxa of deciduous trees, 12 taxa of deciduous shrubs and 1 taxa of other. In present conditions by sections, Section A was 25 taxa, 15 taxa of Section B, 13 taxa of Section C and 29 taxa of Section D. The species planted in common were 4 taxa including Pinus densiflora, Acer palmatum, Euonymus alatus and Rhododendron yedoense for. poukhanense. The problems in the present conditions of landscape planting were volunteer species, the occurrence of scrub and vines and the spread of invasive alien plants. To restore and improve the planting landscape and facilitate tree growth, scrub, volunteer species and invasive alien plants must be removed.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.63-76
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• 2011

This paper studies the impact of Korean introduction of the Generalized System of Preferences(GSP) to developing countries, which are continuously arguing to support research and development for reducing greenhouse gas(GHG) emission with developed countries in the Conference of the Parties(COP) of UNFCCC. This paper is focusing on the expecting effects of trade and GHG emission reduction when Korea provides GSP to Indonesia, Brazil, and Ethiopia, which are selected in the first session of Global Green Growth Institute(GGGI). This paper uses the methodology of the intra-industry trade index multiplied by Korean import-induced coefficients. To Indonesia, Korean probable GSP would benefit exports of Indonesian agriculture, forestry, fishery, and livestock farming industries, which would contribute to Indonesian reduction of GHG emission. To Brazil, the exports to Korea would increase in the GHG sensitive industries such as metal, fat, oils, food, and beverage industries. Ethiopia belongs to the least developed countries. So Korean GSP would support the exports and GHG reduction in Ethiopian agriculture, forestry, fisheries, textiles, and leather industries. Without conflicting most favored nation treatment(MFN) principle in WTO, the introduction of GSP would be a good compensation for GHG reduction to developing countries.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.506-523
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• 2011

Since the 1990s, the handmade shoes industrial agglomeration district has formed in the city center, Hyangchon-dong, Jung-gu in Daegu. This paper aims to examine the formation process, to analyze the viability, and to propose policy implications of manufacturing industrial districts in a city center through studying this industrial district. The district's creation began as the result of the dissolution of local production and marketing system of handmade shoes in the 1980s, the excellent accessibility of the location and an inexpensive rent. The district's core viability lies in the external economies derived from local networks through social divisions of labor of production and marketing systems. Because of the lack of organizers of the social division of labor and 'integrated production system done by single business', the effect of external economies created by the social division of labor is limited. To get over this limitation, the district should to be restructured into a 'cultural street of leather crafts' as a part of 'making modern historical and cultural belt' programs within Daegu downtown regeneration policies. To support the restructuring, public assistant measures such as the establishment of a corporate services center should be strengthened.