• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.52 no.11
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• pp.66-78
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• 2015

With the development of bio computing technology, DNA watermarking to do as a medium of DNA information has been researched in the latest time. However, DNA information is very important in biologic function unlikely multimedia data. Therefore, the reversible DNA watermarking is required for the host DNA information to be perfectively recovered. This paper presents a reversible DNA watermarking using least square based prediction error expansion for noncodng DNA sequence. Our method has three features. The first thing is to encode the character string (A,T,C,G) of nucleotide bases in noncoding region to integer code values by grouping n nucleotide bases. The second thing is to expand the prediction error based on least square (LS) as much as the expandable bits. The last thing is to prevent the false start codon using the comparison searching of adjacent watermarked code values. Experimental results verified that our method has more high embedding capacity than conventional methods and mean prediction method and also makes the prevention of false start codon and the preservation of amino acids.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.52 no.7
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• pp.51-62
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• 2015

Of recent interests on high capacity DNA storage, DNA watermarking for DNA copyright protection, and DNA steganography for DNA secret communication are augmented, the reversible DNA watermarking is much needed both to embed the watermark without changing the functionality of organism and to perfectly recover the host DNA sequence. In this paper, we address two ways of DE based reversible DNA watermarking using noncoding DNA sequence. The reversible DNA watermarking should consider the string structure of a DNA sequence, the organism functionality, the perfect recovery, and the high embedding capacity. We convert the string sequence of four characters in noncoding region to the decimal coded values and embed the watermark bit into coded values by two ways; DE based multiple bits embedding (DE-MBE) using pairs of neighbor coded values and consecutive DE-MBE (C-DE-MBE). Two ways process the comparison searching to prevent the false start codon that produces false coding region. Experimental results verified that our ways have more high embedding capacity than conventional methods and produce no false start codon and recover perfectly the host sequence without the reference sequence. Especially C-DE-MBE can embed more high two times than DE-MBE.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.53 no.12
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• pp.67-75
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• 2016

DNA computing technology makes the interests on DNA storage and DNA watermarking / steganography that use the DNA information as a newly medium. DNA watermarking that embeds the external watermark into DNA information without the biological mutation needs the reversibility for the perfect recovery of host DNA, the continuous embedding and detecting processing, and the mutation analysis by the watermark. In this paper, we propose a reversible DNA watermarking based on circular histogram shifting of DNA code values with the prevention of false start codon, the preservation of DNA sequence length, and the high watermark capacity, and the blind detection. Our method has the following features. The first is to encode nucleotide bases of 4-character variable to integer code values by code order. It makes the signal processing of DNA sequence easy. The second is to embed the multiple bits of watermark into -order coded value by using circular histogram shifting. The third is to check the possibility of false start codon in the inter or intra code values. Experimental results verified the our method has higher watermark capacity 0.11~0.50 bpn than conventional methods and also the false start codon has not happened in our method.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.244-253
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• 2017

Reversible DNA watermarking is capable of continuous DNA storage and forgery prevention, and has the advantage of being able to analyze biological mutation processes by external watermarking by iterative process of concealment and restoration. In this paper, we propose a reversible DNA watermarking method based on histogram multiple shifting of noncoding DNA sequence that can prevent false start codon, maintain original sequence length, maintain high watermark capacity without biologic mutation. The proposed method transforms the non-coding region DNA sequence to the n-th code coefficients and embeds the multiple bits of the n-th code coefficients by the non-recursive histogram multiple shifting method. The multi-bit embedding process prevents the false start codon generation through comparison search between adjacent concealed nucleotide sequences. From the experimental results, it was confirmed that the proposed method has higher watermark capacity of 0.004-0.382 bpn than the conventional method and has higher watermark capacity than the additional data. Also, it was confirmed that false start codon was not generated unlike the conventional method.