• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2022

The change in the management environment of the logistics industry in the era of global competition is becoming an era in which customers choose companies. Differentiation from competitors through the provision of products and services suitable for customers As customers' choices change depending on their superiority, companies are constantly striving to receive or retain customers' choices. Ultimately, this competitive structure can be seen as the importance of long-term relationship building. Therefore, in this study, we examined how factors related to transaction characteristics performed by logistics companies for customer satisfaction in the transaction relationship between cargo companies and shippers affect performance and long-term transaction intentions. First, we derived the factors of logistics service, cost, logistics infrastructure, and company competency, which are transaction characteristics factors of a logistics company that must be specifically realized for customer satisfaction in transactions between logistics companies. Second, we analyzed how the transaction characteristics factors of a logistics company affect the company's performance, and finally, how the company's performance factors affect long-term transaction intentions. As a result of empirical analysis, there were no statistically significant results on the relationship between transaction characteristics and performance of logistics companies, which can be attributed to the small size of the logistics companies that were the sample. In other words, logistics companies that do not have sufficient capacity to provide services at low prices have no choice but to engage in constant bleeding competition. It can be seen that it reflects the characteristics of the industry. On the other hand, the relationship between corporate performance factors and long-term transaction intention was found to have a positive relationship. The higher the level of partnership with logistics companies and visible financial performance is, the higher the transaction will be in the future, and the more the transaction volume will be gradually increased. And even if it costs a little more, it can be seen that the intention to continue trading is greatly expressed.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.579-593
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• 2021

In order to understand the types of vegetation in warm temperate-climate zones, vegetation was investigated in several island areas in Jeollanam-do (Jindo, Wando, Gangjin, Goheung, and Yeosu). The evaluation standard for degraded level of warm temperate forests were proposed based on the importance percentage (IP) in canopy layer of the evergreen broad-leaf forests and the number of arboreal evergreen broad-leaf species. Through these measurements, the restoration types and techniques for each degraded level were estimated, and it is intended to be used in establishing restoration plans for the southwest coast island area. The vegetation was analyzed using the two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) method using survey data of 307 plots. As a result, it was divided into 8 communities, and the appearance characteristics of evergreen broad-leaf species were identified in each community. Community I was located on the lower slope at an altitude of 86.6 m, and Neolitsea sericea and Castanopsis sieboldii were dominant. Communities II and III were the vegetation types that appear on the coast below an altitude of 10.5 to 22.5 m, and Machilus thunbergii, Cinnamomum japonicum, N. sericea, and C. sieboldii were dominant. Communities IV and V were vegetation types that appeared in the lower and middle slops between the altitudes of 71.9 to 153.4m, and C. sieboldii was dominant. In community VI, the N. sericea was dominant in the lower and middle slops at an altitude of 166.9 m. The last communities VII and VIII were the vegetation types that appeared on the middle slop at an altitude of 187.8 to 246.2 m. Also, Quercus acuta and Q. salicina were present. In summary, the evergreen broad-leaf forests dominated by M. thunbergii, C. japonicum, and N. sericea appeared mainly in the coastal areas of the lowlands. The community of C. sieboldii was distributed higher inland than this community. The communities that appeared mainly in the inland highlands at levels above these two communities were Q. acuta and Q. salicina. The degraded level was classified as 0 to V, according to the IP of arboreal evergreen broad-leaf species and the number of arboreal evergreen broad-leaf species. According to the degraded level, the restoration types (preservation, induction, improvement, creation) and the restoration techniques were determined.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.220-256
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• 2022

The most important thing for conserving plant diversity in an area is to make an overall inventory of the plant species inhabiting the area. In particular, limestone areas are known for their high plant diversity and distribution of specific plants. Despite that, only a few have been designated as protected areas. This study investigated the vascular plants distributed in Goyangsan Mtn. and Munraesan Mtn., located in limestone areas of the central part of the Korean Peninsula. A field survey was conducted eight times from April to October 2021. As a result, we identified a total of 654 taxa comprising 113 families, 357 genera, 592 species, 15 subspecies, 44 varieties, and 3 formulas. They included four endangered wild plant species: Astilboides tabularis, Eleutherococcus senticosus, Cypripedium macranthos, and Epilobium hirsutum. Endemic plants in Korea were identified as 32 taxa. Floristic target plants were identified as 168 taxa, specifically 5 taxa of grade V, 41 taxa of grade IV, and 36 taxa of grade III. The red data plants included 2 taxa as "Endangered (EN)", 7 taxa as "Vulnerable (VU)", and 7 taxa as "Near threatened (NT)". A total of 41 taxa of naturalized plants were identified, and 4 of them were invasive alien plants. The surveyed vicinity of Goyangsan Mtn. and Munraesan Mtn. showed high plant diversity and contained core habitats for distribution of an endangered wild plant, Astilboides tabularis,in the limestone area. Moreover, both mountains contained a small population of Cotoneaster integerrimus. These findings confirm that the area has conservation values. Therefore, we propose to identify areas with high plant diversity and designate them as special protected areas.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.723-737
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• 2021

This study analyzed the composition and structure of materials with Buddhist paper scriptures excavated from architectural sites in 'Sum Tolgoi' of the 17^th century and carried out conservation treatment base on the result of the analysis. The scriptures were covered in dust and foreign sub stances, and were so crumpled that it was impossible to identify the form. The damage, loss, and discoloration have been identified. Buddhist scriptures written in Tibetan used indigo and ink sticks on paper as a result of UV-Vis analysis, and ink sticks as black character materials from scriptures written ancient Mongolian. SEM-EDS and Micro-XRF analyses revealed that the outlines were drawn with red lines using a mix of Minium (Pb₃O₄) and Cinnabar (HgS), or Cinnabar (HgS) alone, and the contents of the scriptures were written with silver paint. Silver chloride (AgCl) and Calcium (Ca) were identified in the silver paint component of the characters, while Calcium and Orpiment (As₂S₃) were identified in the yellow lines. Concerning the paper ground, Buddhist scriptures written in ancient Mongolian were characterized by herbal plant fiber and bast fiber, and those written in Tibetan, by bast fiber. Radiocarbon dating indicates that the paper for the scriptures was produced between the 15^th and 17^th centuries. Conservation treatment of the scriptures was carried out based on the experiment on the production of pre-coated paper and how to coat that to prevent the second damage due to the deformation and fragility of the excavated paper. The scriptures were preserved and mounted, and a neutral box was made to identify the contents of the scriptures recorded on both sides after the treatment. This conservation treatment is the result of a study that applied new conservation treatment materials and methods according to the principle of conservation treatment reversibility.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2023

When carrying out development projects around Ardeidae breeding habitats, we intend to devise a plan for sustainable coexistence by presenting measures to select and reduce key evaluation items so that conflicts can be prevented in advance at the environmental impact assessment stage. The results of the study are as follows. The main evaluation items are animal and plant items for preservation of Ardeidae breeding habitats and odor and noise items that can evaluate the effects of odors and noise in Ardeidae breeding habitats. First, the scope of the survey in animals and plants categories is not limited to legal guardian species, but includes egrets breeding and feeding grounds corresponding to major species breeding grounds and migratory birds, and preservation measures are established according to the reduction of the area of breeding and feeding grounds. Second, in the odor category, the irradiation period includes the period when the odor generation is the highest from the end of June to the end of July. The odor evaluation standard is based on the complex odor discharge standard, which is a concentration regulation, and the odor concentration felt by humans shall be 2 to 5OU/m³ and the frequency shall be 2% or less. Third, in the noise category, the timing of the survey is measured every month from May to August, including when the sound of egrets and young birds is combined to maximize noise generation. Since the noise of Ardeidae, a bird in summer, occurs only for a certain period of time, measures are taken to reduce noise by securing separation distances, securing buffer green areas, and installing construction rather than installing artificial structures such as soundproof walls. In order for existing Ardeidae breeding sites to maintain an appropriate density of populations and not move populations elsewhere, it is necessary to manage nesting tree and maintain stable habitat quantity and quality.

• Journal of International Area Studies (JIAS)
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.109-134
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• 2011

Drug-related crime has increased in spite of visible results of Uribe government's hard-line policies on drug eradication and illegally armed organizations which were pursued under U.S. support, without the accompaniment of quantity change in drug cultivation and trade. Military disputes of left-right illegally armed communities surrounding illegal crop cultivation rights were rather intensified, and the number of refugees was increased through enforced displaced people. The 2005 refugee registration committee RUPD reports that 3,316,862 people, 7.3% of total population, were refugees. In particular, the number of refugees presented a large increase rate of 624% when compared to the past year due to enforced displaced people. Main discharge areas of enforced displaced people are connected with drug crime and activities of illegally armed organizations, and are places of increased armed disputes in the process of occupied territory expansion of illegally armed communities and militia. Undiscriminated attacks were executed on farmers in the process of occupation of illegal crop cultivation sites by illegally armed organization and militia to emit enforced displaced people, who moved to border areas by crossing national borders. Enforced displaced people were restricted to certain areas before the appearance of Uribe administration. However, enforced displaced people not only presented quantitative expansion, but also showed tendency of nationwide expansion after national security policy was pursued. With the closing of the Amazon area, previously the main route of drug trade, activity base of illegally armed organizations was moved to the Pacific region, and Panama border area experienced refugee increase due to the new policy of enforced displaced people. This study aims to understand the actual condition and cause for the increase in refugees in Colombia based on border areas of Venezuela, which is the nation of highest dispersion of Columbian refugees, Panama, which has appeared as a new destination for refugees after the 90s, and Ecuador, which has experienced sudden refugee increase in 2000.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.149-157
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• 1999

The functional role of cumulus cells on the penetration and polyspermy during in vitro fertilization in porcine was examined. The penetration rate was significantly higher (P＜0.01) in oocytes with (61%) than without (25%) cumulus cells, but significant differences in polysper-my rates were not observed. When hyaluronidase was added to the fertilization medium with different concentrations, penetration rates in oocytes with cumulus cells were higher than in oocytes without cumulus cells at 0 (61% vs 34% ; P＜0.05), 0.01 (56% vs 35% ; P＜0.05), 0.1 (66% vs 30% ; P＜0.05) and 1.0mg/$m\ell$ (39% vs 27%). The polyspermy rates were lower in oocytes without than with cumulus cells, and had a tendency to decrease with high concentrations of hyaluronidase. In another experiment, the penetration and polyspermy rates had a tendency to increase as time of sperm-oocyte culture was prolonged. At 16 and 20 h after insemination, the penetration rates were significantly higher (P＜0.05) in oocytes with (48 and 62% for 16 and 20 h) than without (25 and 31% for 16 and 20 h) cumulus cells in medium containing hyaluronidase. Polyspermy rates were significantly (P＜0.05) lower in oocytes without (13% and 16%) than with (37% and 48%) cumulus cells at 16 and 20 h after insemination. In cumulus-free oocytes inseminated in medium containing different concentrations of cumulus cells, the penetration rates were significantly (P＜0.05) higher in medium with than without hyaluronidase. The proportion of polyspermy was lower in medium without than with hyaluronidase at 0 (10% vs 0%), 10$^2$(25% vs 0%), 10$^4$(24% vs 14%) and 10$^{6}$ (29% vs 10% ; P＜0.05) cumulus cells/$m\ell$. These results suggest that cumulus cells can have a positive influence on sperm penetration, its action on polyspermy control does appear to function primarily on zona pellucida by co-culture of cumulus cells and oocytes in medium without hyaluronidase.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.35-46
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• 2023

This study investigated and analyzed ancient records on the type, planting background, and construction process of Gwanbang forest(關防林) planned for military defense during the Joseon Dynasty to find out the purpose, location, and planting species of Gwanbang forest. The research results were as follows. During the Joseon Dynasty, Gwanbang forests were created around various government facilities(關防施設), such as Eupseong(邑城), major government offices, camps, and fortifications, for the purpose of defending against enemies. Gwanbang forest includes Yeongaeglim(嶺阨林), which was created on the crest of a strategically important hill, and Military Forest created for military purposes. Most of the spirit forest was designated as Geumsan(禁山) and protected and managed, and the Gwanbang forest was created for various purposes such as shielding, flood damage and river bank erosion prevention as well as external defense. In addition, in order to continuously and efficiently produce wood, which is a material for ships, buildings, and agricultural tools, in most cases, large areas were created as mixed forests. As for the species constituting the Gwanbang forest, there are records of tangerine tree, which is effective for defense because it has thorns, and deciduous broad-leaved trees such as zelkova, elm, willow, david hemiptelea, and oak appear. In the case of Ganghwa island, which served as the defense of the capital and the royal family during the Joseon Dynasty, several records have confirmed that a forest densely planted with trifoliate orange was created for the purpose of Gwanbang forest to reinforce the defense of the outer fortress. Based on historical research in the literature, assuming that the natural monument 'Gapgotri tangerine tree in Ganghwa Island' was planted in the 30th year of King Sukjong(1704), the first record of planting trifoliate orange in Ganghwa Island, the maximum age is estimated to be more than 319 years.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.188-196
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• 2023

Among marine accidents caused by bad weather, visibility restrictions caused by sea fog occurrence cause accidents such as ship strand and ship bottom damage, and at the same time involve casualties caused by accidents, which continue to occur every year. In addition, low visibility at sea is emerging as a social problem such as causing considerable inconvenience to islanders in using transportation as passenger ships are collectively delayed and controlled even if there are local differences between regions. Moreover, such measures are becoming more problematic as they cannot objectively quantify them due to regional deviations or different criteria for judging observations from person to person. Currently, the VTS of each port controls the operation of the ship if the visibility distance is less than 1km, and in this case, there is a limit to the evaluation of objective data collection to the extent that the visibility of sea fog depends on the visibility meter or visual observation. The government is building a marine weather signal sign and sea fog observation networks for sea fog detection and prediction as part of solving these obstacles to marine traffic safety, but the system for observing locally occurring sea fog is in a very insufficient practical situation. Accordingly, this paper examines domestic and foreign policy trends to solve social problems caused by low visibility at sea and provides basic data on the need for government support to ensure maritime traffic safety due to sea fog by factually investigating and analyzing social problems. Also, this aims to establish a more stable maritime traffic operation system by blocking marine safety risks that may ultimately arise from sea fog in advance.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.327-337
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• 2001

This study investigated the effects of superoxide dismutase (SOD) on lipid peroxidation and fertilizing ability in vitro of boar spermatozoa frozen-thawed. The percentages of motile sperm were highest when SOD of 10 units/$m\ell$ was added to washing medium for spermatozoa. However, the rates of motile sperm were not significantly different in different concentrations of SOD. On the other hand, the motile rates of sperm washed with SOD were lower in sperm inculbated for 120 min than 30 min regardless of the different concentrations of SOD. The percentage of spermatozoa that reached acrosome reaction were increased with incubation periods prolonged. No significant differences, however, were observed in acrosome reaction rates between sperm incubated with and without SOD supplementation for 0, 60 and 120 min. When oocyies inseminated with different concentrations of SOD, the penetration rates were significantly (P＜0.05) higher in medium with 1 unit/$m\ell$ than 0, 10 and 100 units/$m\ell$ of SOD. However, the proportions of polyspermit oocytes were significantly (P＜0.05) lower in medium with 10 and 100 units/$m\ell$ than 0 unit/$m\ell$ of SOD. In another experiment, the sperm suspension were also treated with different concentrations of SOD and were assayed far sulfhydryl(-SH) group content. In the groups treated with 100 units/$m\ell$ of SOD, sperm-SH group were higher than another groups. However, sperm-SH group content were not siginificantly different in spermatozoa treated with different concentrations of SOD. Under the same conditions, the lipid peroxidation of sperm was evaluated on the basis of malondialdehyde production. The addition of SOD to sperm suspension decreased the formation or malondialdehyde. However, there were not significantly different in sperm treated with different concentrations of SOD. The activity of sperm binding to zona pellucida was also evaluated through binding to salt-stored porcine oocytes. The sperm binding to zona pellucida were gradually increased with SOD concentrations added. The number of spermatozoa binded to zona pellucida were significantly (P＜0.05) higher in medium with 100 units/$m\ell$ than 0 units/$m\ell$ of SOD. These findings suggested that SOD cause an enhancement penetrarion ability and sperm zona binding in boar spermatozoa frozen-thawed.