• School Mathematics
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.603-623
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• 2008

The purpose of this research was to gain a better understanding of the characteristics of students' mathematical representations using additive strategy in ratio and proportion tasks. The additive strategy is the erroneous one used most often among the strategies reported in solving ratio and proportion tasks. It is a problem solving strategy that preserves the difference from one ratio to another. Students' additive strategies were categorized into four parts: subtracting without considering units of quantities, comparing the numbers that represent the whole subtracted from the part and same part, adding the difference, and subtracting the difference. In order to change from additive strategy to multiplicative strategy, the researcher asked to find out the unit quantity and found the characteristics of students' mathematical notations in the following: Firstly, the students made the number which they wanted by multiplying and adding same numbers. Secondly, they represented the mid-points between natural numbers. Thirdly, they related $a{\div}b$ to decimal number, not $\frac{a}{b}$. Fourthly, they were inclined to divide the larger number with the smaller number without understanding the context of the problem. These results are interpreted as showing that lower level of performance in the dividing operation with the notations of fraction hinders the transformation from additive strategy to multiplicative strategy.

• Journal of the Korean School Mathematics Society
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.609-627
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• 2008

The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between the students' strategy types and the recognition for proportional situations. The students' strategy types which were based on the results of ratio and proportion tests were divided into an additive type, a multiplicative type, and a formal type. This research analyzed the students' activities of categorization when were given the proportional problems and nonproportional problems to the students. And it also explored how to develop students' recognizing for the discrimination between the proportional situations and nonproportional situations. The results was the following. First, the students didn't discriminate the proportional situations and the nonproportional situations in the initial state but they came to discriminate little by little. Secondly, the students didn't discriminate the direct proportions and the inverse proportions until the last stage. Third, the multiplicative type was outperformed more than the formal type in solving the ratio and proportion problems but the formal type was outperformed more than the multiplicative type in discriminating between proportional situations and nonproportional situations. These results are interpreted as showing that solving ratio and proportion tasks and recognizing proportional situations are different aspects of proportional reasoning and it is necessary to understand multiplicative strategy with formal strategy in recognizing proportional situations.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.197-204
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• 2010

새만금사업, 신행정수도(행정중심복합도시, 세종시), 한반도 대운하사업(4대강 살리기사업) 등과 같은 대형국책사업은 대통령 선거공약으로 제시되었다. 그러한 대형국책사업이 국가의 이익을 위해 꼭 필요한 것으로 제시되었다 하더라도, 그 결과는 좋은 의도와는 다르게 나타날 수도 있다. 대통령 선거후 환경정책기본법과 환경영향평가법에 따라 대형국책사업에 대한 사전환경성검토(전략환경평가)와 환경영향평가가 이뤄졌지만, 예상하지 못했던 정치적, 사회경제적, 환경적 갈등이 발생하였다. 이러한 개발 및 환경 갈등의 원인은 여러 측면에서 찾을 수 있겠지만, 사회경제적 항목을 중심으로 하는 사회영향평가의 미흡을 그 원인으로 제시하는 연구가 많다. 대규모 국책사업을 둘러싼 개발 및 환경 갈등을 해소하기 위해, 우리나라와 외국의 사회영향평가의 현황과 연구 동향을 고찰하고, 국책사업의 주요 쟁점의 분석을 통하여 사회영향평가의 중요성과 필요성을 강조하였다. 그리고 사회영향평가의 도입, 강화, 지침 마련에 대해 다음과 같이 제안하였다. 첫째, 현재의 사전환경성검토(전략환경평가)시에 사회적 통합, 경제적 측면(B/C분석, 비용, 고용 등), 법제적 측면, 한반도 통일이나 국가균형발전 등과 같은 사회경제적 항목을 평가항목에 추가함으로써 사회영향평가를 도입하고; 둘째, 환경영향평가 시에 공공시설, 교육, 교통, 문화재, 경제적 타당성, 고용, 토지이용을 현재의 사회경제평가항목에 추가시켜 사회영향평가를 보다 강화시키고; 셋째, 한국의 환경적, 정치적, 경제적, 사회적, 문화적 상황을 반영하여(사회영향평가의 원리와 지침(가칭))을 마련하도록 한다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Technology Innovation Society Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.197-207
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• 2002

최근 들어 정보통신산업의 발달과 더불어 벤처기업 및 소규모 중소기업이 가지고 있는 기술의 가치평가 및 이를 바탕으로 한 기업의 가치평가에 관한 요구가 많이 늘어나고 있다. 하지만 이러한 기업들이 가지고 있는 기술들은 생명공학, 정보통신, 나노관련기술 등 미래의 불확실한 상황에 따라 쉽게 변화할 수 있기 때문에, 기존의 전통적인 가치평가기법으로 가치를 평가하기 어려운 기술들이다. 따라서 이러한 첨단 기술들 혹은 불확실한 미래를 가지는 기술들에 대한 가치평가는 새로운 접근방법 및 시각이 필요하게 되었다. 본 연구에서는 전통적으로 널리 사용되어지고 있는 기술가치평가방법을 기초로 좀 더 미래상황에 영업적으로나 전략적으로 유연성이 있는 가치평가시스템에 대한 툴을 제시하고자 한다.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.185-212
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• 2011

The purpose of this paper is to show the empirical analysis way for measuring the seaport efficiency by using the previous radial model and the newly modified non-radial models( panel additive model, panel RAM model, and panel SBM model)with Spearman rank order correlation coefficient(SROCC) for 20 Korean ports during 11 years(1997-2007) for 1 inputs(port investment amount) and 4 outputs(Number of Ship Calls, Port Revenue, Customer Satisfaction Score for Port Service and Container Cargo Throughput). The main empirical results of this paper are as follows. First, consistency ratio of SROCC in terms of efficiency scores between radial and panel Additive model was over about 76% and overall consistency ratio was about 71.6%. Second, an efficiency of panel RAM model was higher than that of radial model with similarity. However, panel SBM model shows the very similar efficiency scores with panel radial model. Third, the slack size of radial model is smaller compared to non-radial model. Models' ranking orders in terms of efficiency scores, number of efficient ports are panel RAM model, panel SBM model, and radial model. The order from the minimum efficiency scores was the same order like just before. The policy implication to the Korean seaports and planner is that Korean seaports should introduce the new methods like non-radial models(panel additive model, panel RAM model, and panel SBM model) for measuring the port performance.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.705-715
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• 2014

Acculturation is caused with contact by two different cultures. This study investigates a cultural change of Gangwha society with Hagok confusianism influenced by implantation of methodism. At early periods methodism diffused rapidly and relocated toward marine routes. Lately hierarchical diffusion and contagious diffusion was typical, centering on the Gangwha Jungang Church. This successful acception was influenced with confusianism's acculturation. One of the reason why Gangwha people could accept the Christianity was reinterpretation and selective strategy by Hagok fraction that became one of confusinism, It seemed that several cultural elements of Hagok fraction was coincided with some elements of methodism. However, A methodist church transferred by clan's shrine, which family relationship was coerced, was split into it's members. This segregation other than social intergretation influenced establishment of a or more church per each village.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.283-309
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• 2015

Nagoya Protocol came into effect October of 2014. For Korean companies to follow Nagoya Protocol with ease, this research conducts the survey to figure out consumers' additional willingness to pay for bio-diversity. The hypothesis that the bio-diversity label will make an impact on willingness to pay through emotional value, conditional value, and epistemic value is based on consumption value theory. The survey is conducted for two product categories; first one is utilitarian product (milk) and the other one is hedonic product (cosmetics). The analysis result shows the bio-diversity label on both product categories incur additional willingness to pay. Especially, expectation on effectiveness of bio-diversity label increases the additional willingness to pay on biodiversity label. This implies for easy following on Nagoya Protocol, the education and promotion of bio-diversity is need to increase consumers' additional willingness to pay, which can be the attraction for companies to obey the Nagoya Protocol.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.49-60
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• 2018

The role of the botanical garden in securing biodiversity, responding to climate change, and sustainable development in modern cities is becoming more important. Private botanical gardens that lead the domestic botanical culture are declining due to complex reasons such as an increase of tourist destinations, lack of policy support, lack of introduction of advanced management strategies, and similar leisure activities to national and public botanical gardens. The Private Botanical Garden not only has a large number of plant species with high conservation value, but also provides various public utilities as a cultural and educational space and government efforts are needed to activate the operation of this amenity. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the value of public functions provided by private botanical gardens using the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM). In this way, the government aims to provide a basis for policy and institutional support for private botanical gardens. The main results are as follows. First, public utility functions provided by private botanical gardens were recognized as 'preservation' (23.4%), 'recreation and tourism' (17.5%) and 'research' (16.6%) in order of analytic hierarchy process (AHP). Second, 'heritage value' (33.0%) and 'existence value' (32.5%) were recognized as significant among the values provided by private botanical gardens. Third, the willingness to pay (WTP) to preserve the public functions of the private botanical garden was 12,234 won. Based on this, the economic value of all private botanical gardens in the whole country was estimated, resulting in about 233.8 billion won. There is a need to revise laws and regulations related to financial support for the revitalization and quality improvement of private botanical gardens. It is also necessary to establish a cooperative operating system between national, public and private botanical gardens.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.337-343
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• 2017

This study is going to contribute the activation of ecosystem services written in the 3rd National Basic Plan for Nature Conservation(2016~2025) in Korea. Meanwhile we considered the benefits that the nature has given to the humankind as free goods or services which we may consume traditionally without due payment therefore. But on account of the expansion of cities and expedition of development, as the carrying capacity of the nature has been breached, people have come to try to restore and enhance artificially such vulnerable capacity. It is necessary to compensate the opportunity cost which the land owners or occupiers have to pay for conservation and maintenance of natural capitals which yield the ecosystem services. Therefore the institutionalization of ecosystem services should be established that the consumers who enjoy such services should share the interest from enjoying services with the land owners or occupiers who produce the ecosystem services, under the legal system which will make it possible to connect the benefit sharing with the conservation of environment. However it is the first task that the present legal system could not realize the fair and equitable benefit sharing between the producers and consumers of ecosystem services. And the second task in such legal system is that the value of ecosystem services could not be fully considered in the process of development planning. According to the analysis of this study, the institutionalization of ecosystem services in the government side and the civilian side could be realized to somewhat extent, although not sufficient. Especially the transactions of ecosystem services through the private contract among stakeholder are possible in the course of development planning or without any relevancy to a development project. The final task in the institutionalization of ecosystem services is how to assess the ecosystem services and to value the economic benefits therefrom on the basis of what kinds of procedures relating to some development processes. To overcome such difficulties, it is necessary that the state, trend and change of ecosystem services confronting with a developing project should be assessed concretely at the threshold of development. It is possible to integrate the ecosystem services into the environmental impact assessment(IEA), not by way of the Act of IEA, but by way of the Decree thereof.