• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
• /
• v.7 no.2
• /
• pp.54-76
• /
• 1980

A survey was conducted to determine the status of health and productivity of poultry farms in Korea. Area included Was Kyunggido where exist nearly 50% of national poultry population. From this area, 41 layer and 34 broiler farms covering 21 Countries were selected randomly for the survey. When farms were divided in the operation size, 95.1% of layer and 82.3% of broiler farms were classified as business or industrial level while the rest were managed in a small scale as part time job. Generally layer farms had been established much earlier than broiler farms. Geographically 10.7% of layer farms were sited near the housing area such as field foreast and rice field. No farms were located near the seashore. The distance from one farm from the other was very close, being 80% of the farms within the distance of 1km and as many as 28% of the farms within loom. This concentrated poultry farming in a certain area created serious problems for the sanitation and preventive measures, especially in case of outbreak of infectious diseases. Average farm size was 5,016${\times}$3.3㎡ for layers and 1,037${\times}$3.3㎡ for broilers. 89.5% of layer ana 70.6% of broiler farms owned the land for farming while the rest were on lease. In 60% of layer farms welters were employed for farming while in the rest their own labour was used. Majority of farms were equipped poorly for taking necessary practice of hygiene and sanitation. The amount of disinfectant used by farms was considerably low. As many as 97.6% of lave. farms were practised with Newcastle(ND) and fowl pox(F$.$pox) vaccine, whereas only 43.6% and 5.1% of broiler farms were practised with ND and F$.$pox vaccine, respectively. In 17-32.7% of farms ND vaccine was used less than twice until 60 days of age and in only 14.6% of farms adult birds were vaccinated every 4months. Monthly expense for preventive measures was over 200,000W in 32% of farms. Only 4.9-2.7% of vaccine users were soaking advice from veterinarians before practising vaccination, 85% of the users trusted the efficacy of the vaccines. Selection of medicine was generally determined by the farm owner rather than by veterinarans on whom 33.3% of farms were dependant. When diseases outbroke, 49.3% of farms called for veterinary hospital and the rest were handled by their own veterinarians, salesmen or professionals. Approximately 70% of farms were satisfied with the diagnosis made by the veterinarians. Frequency of disease outbreaks varied according to the age and type of birds. The livabilities of layers during the period of brooding, rearing ana adultwere 90.5, 98.9 and 75.2%, respectively while the livalibility of broilers until marketing was 92.2%. In layers, average culling age, was 533.3 day and hen housed eggs were 232.7. Average feed conversion rates of layers and broilers were 3.30 and 2.48, respectively. Those figures were considerably higher than anticipated but still far lower than those in developed countries.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.83-89
• /
• 1989

This study was conducted to estimate heritabilities, genetic and phenotypic correlations on egg compositions in layers. The data analysis were a total of 6,097 eggs in S. C. W. Leghorn and R. I. Red from March 1, 1980 to July 31, 1981. The results obtained are summarized as follows； 1. The average albumen weight at first egg, 300 and 500 days of age were 28.67, 36.25 and 37.51g in the S. C. W. Leghorn, and 28.95, 36.01 and 36.85g in the R. I. Red, respectively. The yolk weigh at first egg ,300 and 500 days were 9.21, 15.94 and17.86g in the S. C. W. Leghorn,9.46, 16.43 and 18.54g in the R. I. Red, respectively. The shell weight at first egg, 300 and 500 days were 4.04, 5.39 and 5.40g in the S. C. W. Leghorn, and 3.66, 5.13 and 5.28g, respectively. 2. The heritability estimates based on the variance of sire and dam components were 0.631-0.164 and 0.412-0.496 in the S. C. W. Leghorn,0.234-0.563 and 0.477-0.610 in the R. I. Red for albumen weight； 0.213-0.530 and 0.343-0.613 in the S. C. W. Leghorn, 0.253-0.437 and 0.389-0.477 in the R. I. Red for yolk weight； 0.427-0.602 and 0.336-0.409 in the S. C. W. Leghorn, 0.141-0.281 in the R. I. Red for shell weight, respectively. 3. The genetic correlation coefficients of egg compositions were as follows； In the S. C. W. Leghorn and R. I. Red, the coefficients between albumen weight and yolk weight, 0.082-0.339 and 0.142-0.465； between albumen weight and shell weight, 0.674-0.952 and 0.216-0.546； between yolk weight and shell weight,0.173-0.171 and 0.121-0.749, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
• /
• v.17 no.3
• /
• pp.141-156
• /
• 1990

The experiments were conducted to investigate the possibility of improving the effectiveness of the existing method to estimate the edible meat weight in the live broiler chicken. A total of 360 birds, five male and female chicks from each line were sacrificed at Trial 1 (body weight 900-1, 000g), Trial 2 (body weight 1.200-1, 400g), Trial 3(body weight 1, 600-1, 700), and Trial 4(body weight 2, 000g) in order to measure the body weight, edible meat weight of breast, thigh and drumsticks, and various components of body weight. Each line was reared at the Poultry Breeding Farm, Seoul National University from the second of july, 1987 to the thirteenth of September, 1987. The results obtained from this study were summarized as follows ： 1. The average body weights of each line( H. T, M, A) were $2150.5\pm$34.9, $2133.0\pm$26.2, $1960.0\pm$23.1, and $2319.3\pm$27.9, respectively. at 7 weeks of age. The feed to body weight eain ratio for each line chicks was 2.55, 2.13, 2.08, and 2.03, respectively, for 0 to 7 weeks of age. The viability of each line was 99.7. 99.7, 100.0, and 100.0%, respectively, for 0 to 7 weeks of age.01 was noticed that A Line chicks grow significantly heavier than did T, H, M line chic ks from 0 to 7 weeks of age. The regression coefficients of growth curves from each line chicks were bA＝1.015, bH＝0.265, bM＝0.950 and bT＝0.242, respectively. 2. Among the body weight components, the feather. abdominal fat, breast, and thigh and drumsticks increased in their weight percentage as the birds grew older, while neck. head, giblets and inedible viscera decreased. No difference wat apparent in shank, wings and hack. 3. The weight percentages of breast in edible part for each line thicks were 19.2, 19.0, 19.9 and 19.0% at Trial 4, respectively. The weight percentages of thigh and drumsticks in edible part for each line chicks were 23.1, 23.3, 22.8, and 23.0% at Trial 4. respective1y. 4. The values for the percentage meat yield from breast were 77.2. 78.9 73.5 and 74.8% at Trial 4 in H, T, M and A Line chicks. respectively. For thigh and drumstick, the values of 80.3, 78.4. 79.7 and 80.2% were obtained. These data indicate that the percentage meat yield increase as the birds grow older. 5. The correlation coefficients between body weight and blood. head, shanks. breast. thigh-drumstick were high. The degree if correlation between abdominal fat(%) and percentage of edible meat were extremely low at all times, but those between abdominal fat (%) and inedible viscera were significantly high.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.105-127
• /
• 1989

Although poultry industry in Japan has been much developed in recent years, it still needs to be developed , compared with developed countries. Since the poultry market in Korea is expected to be opened in the near future it is necessary to maximize the Productivity to reduce the production costs and to develop the scientific, technologies and management organization systems for the improvement of the quality in poultry production. Followings ale the summary of poultry industry in Japan. 1. Poultry industry in Japan is almost specized and commercialized and its management system is ： integrated, cooperative and developed to industrialized intensive style. Therefore, they have competitive power in the international poultry markets. 2. Average egg weight is 48-50g per day (Max. 54g) and feed requirement is 2. 1-2. 3. 3. The management organization system is specialized and farmers in small scale form complex and farmers in large scale are integrated.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
• /
• v.17 no.3
• /
• pp.179-191
• /
• 1990

In order to study the effects of supplementation of live yeast(Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on the performance of laying hens, five experiments were conducted. Two experiment were conducted during summer period, one with 37 wk old Dekalb-Delta strain laying birds(Exp. 1) and the other one with 100 wk old molted Nick Chick Brown laying birds(Esp.2) . In each experiment, 240 birds were divided into 12 groups of 20 birds each and randomly distributed. Each of the two experimental diets(Control 71 and 0.05% live yeast supplemented 72) was fed to 6 groups for 4 wks in Exp.1 and 3 wks in Exp.2. Three experiments were conducted during winter period, Exp.2 with 54 wk old Hy-Line strain laying birds, Exp.4 with 52 wk old Hy-Line strain laying birds, and Exp.5 with 36 wk old broiler breeder(Indian River strain). In each experiment, 540 birds were divided into 18 groups of 30 birds each and randomly distributed. Each of the 3 experimental diets(Control：$T_1$0.05% live yeast supplemented：$T_2$ and 0.1% live yeast supplemented ： T$_3$) was fed to 9 groups for 6 wks in Exp.3, 9 wks in Exp.4 and 4 wks in Exp.5. In Exp.4, Latin Square design was employed to determine the effects of switching feeds at 3 wk intervals. All hens were housed in cages of commercial farm and experimental diets were made with commercial layer feeds. In Experiment 1, egg production was significantly(P＜0.05) higher in $T_2$. Feed intake was significantly (P＜higher in 72 at 1st wk but 4 wk average was not significantly different. Feed efficiency was significantly(P＜0.01) better in 72 at End wk but 4 wk average was not significantly different. Other parameters, such as weight, soft egg production, cracked egg production and mortality were not significantly different. In Experiment 2, egg production was significantly(P＜0.05) higher in $T_2$. Feed efficiency was significantly (P＜0.05 and P＜0.01) better at End wk and 3rd wk but 3 wk average was not significantly different. Soft egg production was significantly(P＜0.05) higher in 72. Other parameters were not significantly different. In Experiment 3, egg productions were significantly(P＜0.05) different among treatments ： $T_3$ was higher than $T_1$ and $T_2$ was higher than $T_1$. Egg weight of $T_1$ and $T_2$was significantly(P＜0.05) heavier than $T_3$. Feed intake of $T_2$ and $T_3$ was significantly(P＜0.05) higher than $T_1$ at 6th wk but overall average was not significantly different. Soft egg production were significantly(P＜0.01) different among treatments：$T_1$ was higher than $T_3$ was higher than $T_2$. Feed efficiency cracked e99 Production and mortality were not signifcantly different. In Experiment 4, egg production tended to increase as the level of live yeast supplementation increased but they were not statistically different. In Experiment 5, egg production of broiler breeders of $T_3$ was significantly(P＜0.01) higher than $T_1$. Feed intake of $T_3$ was significantly(P＜0.05) greater than $T_1$ and $T_2$ at 3rd wk but overall average was not significantly different. Fertility and hatchability tended to be higher in the supplemented groups than in the control.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
• /
• v.32 no.4
• /
• pp.291-300
• /
• 2005

Two experiments were carried out to assess the appropriate incubation conditions namely; duration, moisture content and the ideal microbial inoculant for fermented dried food waste(EW) offered to broilers. The nutrient utilization of birds fed the FW diets at varying dietary inclusion rates was also compared with a control diet. In Experiment 1, different moisture contents(MC) of 30, 40, 50 and $60\%$ respectively were predetermined to establish the ideal duration of incubation and the microbial inoculant. A 1mL Aspergillus oryzae(AO) $(1.33\times10^5\;CFU/mL)$ was used as the seed inoculant in FW. This results indicated that the ideal MC for incubation was $40\~50\%$ while the normal incubation time was > 72 hours. Consequently, AO seeds at 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00mL were inoculated in FW to determine its effect on AO count. The comparative AO count of FW incubated for 12 and 96 hours, respectively showed no significant differences among varying inoculant dosage rates. The FW inoculated with lower AO seeds at 0.10, 0.05 and 0.01mL were likewise incubated for 72 and 96 hours, respectively and no changes in AO count was detected(p<0.05). The above findings indicated that the incubation requirements for FW should be $%40\~50\%$ for 72 hours with an AO seed incoulant dosage rate of 0.10mL. Consequently, in Experiment II, after determining the appropriate processing condition for the FW, 20 five-week old male Hubbard strain were used in a digestibility experiment. The birds were divided into 4 groups with 5 pens(1 bird per pen). The dietary treatments were; Treatment 1 : Control(Basal diet), Treatment 2 : $60\%$ Basal+4$40\%$ FW, Treatment 3 : $60\%$ $Basal+20\%\;FW+20\%$ AFW(Aspergillus oryzae inoculate dried food-waste diet) and Treatment 4: $60\%$ Basal+$40\%$ Am. Digestibility of treatment 2 was lowed on common nutrients and amino acids compared with control(p<0.05) and on crude fat and phosphorus compared with AFW treatments(T3, T4)(plt;0.05). Digestibility of treatment 3 and 4 increased on crude fiber and crude ash compared treatment 2 (p<0.05). Digestibility of control was high on agrinine, leucine, and phenylalnine of essential amino acids compared with treatment 3 and 4(p<0.05), and diestibility of treatment 3 and 4 was improved on arginine, lysine, and threonine of essential amino acids. Finally, despite comparable nutrient utilization among treatments, birds fed the dietary treatment containing AO tended to superior nutrient digestion to those fed the $60\%$ Basa1+$40\%$ FW.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
• /
• v.46 no.2
• /
• pp.65-75
• /
• 2019

A number of Korean native chicken(KNC) populations were registered in FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) DAD-IS (Domestic Animal Diversity Information Systems, http://www.fao.org/dad-is). But there is a lack of scientific basis to prove that they are unique population of Korea. For this reason, this study was conducted to prove KNC's uniqueness using 25 Microsatellite markers. A total of 548 chickens from 11 KNC populations (KNG, KNB, KNR, KNW, KNY, KNO, HIC, HYD, HBC, JJC, LTC) and 7 introduced populations (ARA: Araucana, RRC and RRD: Rhode Island Red C and D, LGF and LGK: White Leghorn F and K, COS and COH: Cornish brown and Cornish black) were used. Allele size per locus was decided using GeneMapper Software (v 5.0). A total of 195 alleles were observed and the range was 3 to 14 per locus. The MNA, $H_{\exp}$, $H_{obs}$, PIC value within population were the highest in KNY (4.60, 0.627, 0.648, 0.563 respectively) and the lowest in HYD (1.84, 0.297, 0.286, 0.236 respectively). The results of genetic uniformity analysis suggested 15 cluster (${\Delta}K=66.22$). Excluding JJC, the others were grouped in certain cluster with high genetic uniformity. JJC was not grouped in certain cluster but grouped in cluster 2 (44.3%), cluster 3 (17.7%) and cluster8 (19.1%). As a results of this study, we can secure a scientific basis about KNC's uniqueness and these results can be use to basic data for the genetic evaluation and management of KNC breeds.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.45 no.6
• /
• pp.997-1006
• /
• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate the national methane emission from livestock enteric fermentation. For methane emission estimation, livestock were mainly categorized to cattle, swine, poultry, sheep, goats and horses, and cattle were further sub-categorized to calves, fattening cattle, breeding cows in Hanwoo and calves, fattening cattle and lactating cows in dairy cattle. Tier 2 methane emission factors were deduced based on the characteristics of animal performances, live weight, slaughter weight, daily weight gain, and feed digestibility in each category. Tier 2 emission factors of Hanwoo range from 39 to 49 kg/head/year and it is similar to that of Tier 1(47kg/head/year). Tier 2 emission factor of dairy cattle was 107 kg/head/year and it is slightly lower than that of Tier 1(118kg/head/year). Total methane emission from livestock enteric fermentation by Tier 2 method was estimated to be 126.8 tones in 2001. The methane emissions by Hanwoo, dairy cattle, swine, goats, horses and sheep were 61.70, 47.76, 13.08, 2.25, 0.17 and 0.01 tones, respectively. By the use of Tier 2 method instead of Tier 1, the accuracy and reliability of methane emission estimates from livestock enteric fermentation in Korea is considered to be improved.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.349-355
• /
• 1985

The effects of sulfadimethoxine administration on the residues in tissues and eggs were examined in Laying Hens. Sulfadimethoxine was administered orally to White Leghorns at a excessive dose level (300 mg/kg/day), therapeutic dose level (150mg/kg/day) and prophylactic dose level (50mg/kg/day). Sulfonamide residues were measured in blood, tissues (muscle, liver, kidney, lung and bile) and eggs (egg whites and egg yalks) with paper disc methods. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. Bacillus subtilis was very susceptible to sulfonamide, and detectable to the level of 0.5 ppm. 2. In blood serum levels, it was detectable until 48 hours post-treatment in once administration of therapeutic dose level, and also detectable until 60 hours post-treatment in all groups of three times administration with excessive, therapeutic and prophylactic doses. 3. As for the tissues residues, sulfonamides were detectable until 5 days post-treatment in muscle, liver, kidney, lung and bile of all groups, but were not detectable except bile on 10 days of post-treatment. 4. Sulfonamide residues in egg whites of all groups were detectable until 5 days, but in egg of all groups were not detectable but trace amounts at 5 days post-treatment. 5. The presence or absence of sulfonamide in bile may be standard to judge the edibility of organ tissues and eggs.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
• /
• v.41 no.3
• /
• pp.157-163
• /
• 2018

In order for monitoring of pathogenic bacterial contamination in the freshly slaughtered poultry meats produced in Gyeong-Nam province, we first isolated 4 strains of Salmonella spp. and 32 strains of Enterococcus faecalis from the total 164 samples, then we analyzed potential virulence gene profiles of the bacterial isolates by PCR using species-specific primer. The potential virulence genes we selected in this study were stn, invA, fimA, spvR, and spvC for the isolates of Salmonella spp. and those of esp, cylM, cylA, cylB, gelE, fsrA, fsrB, and fsrC were for the isolates of E. faecalis. The PCR results showed that all 5 virulence genes were detected simultaneously in the all isolates of Salmonella spp. However, there was a diverse occurrence pattern of the virulence genes in the case of E. faecalis. The gene for enterococcal surface protein (esp) was not detected among the isolates (0/32), and the haemolysin gene prevalence rate of cylA, cylB, and cylM were 3.1% (1/32), 9.3% (3/32), and 9.3% (3/32), respectively. Moreover, the genes of gelE, fsrA, fsrB, and fsrC that associated with gelatinase activity were detected in the rate of 53.1% (17/32), 53.1% (17/32), 53.1% (17/32), and 53.1% (17/32), respectively. In conclusion, in the isolates of Salmonella spp., all possessed 5 virulence genes tested, suggesting that they are all related with each other clonally. However, in the case of E. faecalis isolates, the occurrence of the haemolysin genes (cylM, cylA, cylB) and the gelatinase genes (gelE, fsrABC) was highly variable among the isolates.