• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.69-75
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• 1981

The experiment was carried out to observe whether the route of administration of allantoic aminiotic fluid obtained from the chicken embryo infected with $B_1$ virus would affect the protectivity of brids against the challenge exposure of a virulent strain of ND virus. Four groups of birds of 30 days of age were immunized intranassally (0.1 $m\ell$), intramuscularly (1.0 $m\ell$), by spray administration (0.00015 $m\ell$/1㎤) or via drinking water(10.0 $m\ell$), with 1 in 100 dilution of th. fluid containing $B_1$ virus titre of 10$\^$8.5/ELD$\_$50/ per $m\ell$ and all the immunized birds, after 15 days of vaccination, were challenged intramuscularly with 1.0$m\ell$ of 10,000 MLD per $m\ell$ of a virulent ND virus. The results obtained are summerized as follows: 1. Good immunity was induced when 1 in 100 dilution of allantoaminiotic fluid with $B_1$ virus titre of 10$\^$8.5/ELD$\_$50/$m\ell$was applied to 30 day old chicks intramuscularly, intranasally and by spray application, but it was not the case when the allantomiotic fluid was diluted to 1 in 1,000. The ID$\_$50/ of birds immunized with 1 in 100 dilution of allantoaminiotic fluid by various routes of administration such as intramuscular Injection, spray application and intranasal instillation were 10$\^$2.8/＞10$\^$4.l and/＞10$\^$4.2/ 2. The high protectivity against the challenge exposure with a virulent Newcastle disease virus with 10,000 MLD/$m\ell$ were observed when the birds were immunized with a live vaccine of 10$\^$8.5/ ELD$\_$50/$m\ell$ by intramuscular injection, intranasal instillation or spray application, and the rates by different routes of application were 92.62%, 95.33% and 93.75%, respectively. On the contrary, no good immunity was induced in the groups of birds immunized via drinking water with the live vaccine, the rate of protection against the challenge exposure being 47.18%.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.91-114
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• 1981

This research was carried out from July to August, 1981, to analyse the true state of management, the skill of production, the structure of consciousness about the selected 294 poultry$.$farms, and to know about their bottlenecks and suggestions. The results obtained were as follows: 1. As for manager's ages, 31 to 45 years old men rate was 67.76%. upper 50years old men 15.94%. 2. 79.9% of farm omen possess attainments equal to or higher than those of upper secondary school graduates. 3. In poultry farming career of the investigated person, layer chicken industry was longer than broiler. 4. Occupations of farm owners before. doing poultry farming were farmers(32.35%), company employees, civil servants and soldiers, etc. 5. 58.62% of the person ran only poultry farming and the rest of them held the additional office of a farmer and a public officer. 6. There were many people who made a speciality of poultry farming holding additional jobs as dairy farming, cultivating crops, gardening, etc. 7. 42.35% of the person began poultry farming with under 1,000 layer chickens. And the rate of the ones with 1,000-2,000 broilers for the first time consisted 40.95% 8. Present breeding scale was that the rate of the farmers having 5,000-10,000 layer chickens was 37.13% and the ones having 5,000-10,000 broilers 38.32%. 9. The rate of the person supplying self-labor was 23.16%, the person having 1.3 employees 51.47% and the ones having under 20 employees 1.47%. 10. 74.26% of the poultry farms used very good quality of baby chicks. 11. The rate of the farms which used chicken feed making the point of the quality of it was 65.47% and the ones which bought it on credit 26.62%. 12. 65.47% bought feed directly from factories and 26.62% bought it from commercial agents. 13. The rate of the layer chicken farms paying for feed in cash was 19.39% and the broiler farms 32.74%. Most of the farms bought feed on credit by 30-60 days. 14. They bought the medicine for chicken from animal drug stores or veterinary hospitals. 15. The rate of the person posting up accounts roughly was 47.52% and that of the ones doing them detaily was 43.57%, 40% did not do them because of bother and only 21.22% had their own cashbooks.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.209-219
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• 1986

This study was designed to investigate the effects of various sources of dietary fats on the blood and liver cholesterol(CHOL) levels in young Single Comb White Leghorn male chicks, In experiment 1, corn oil, palm gil, tallow and fish oil were added individually at a level of 4% to semipurified type diets composed of isolated soyprotein and glucose as major components. The diets were fed ad libitum for a period of 15 days. In experiment 2, various fats such as corn oil, soybean oil, repeseed oil, palm oil, tallow, fish oil and hydrogenated fish oil(HFO) were added individually at a level of 11.4% to practical type diets primarily based on corn and soybean meal. Control diet contained 3% of corn oil. All these diets were formulated to contain equivalent amount of nutrients such as protein, vitamins and minerals on a basis of unit kcal of metabolizable energy. The third Experiment was to compare the effects of different levels of calorie/protein(C/P ratio) of diets on the performances and various biological parameters in the chicks. Control diet was the same as in experiment 2. Another diet was added with 11.14% corn oil(C/P ratio=146) and the other diet with 10% corn oil(C/P ratio=164), The diets in experiment 2 and 3 were fed ad libitum for 26 days. In the first experiment, the chicks fed the diet containing vegetable oils tended to grow faster and show better feed efficiency without significance than those fed diets added with animal fats. However, this tendency was not observed in the experiment 2. Birds consumed the diets added with fish oil appeared to have heavier liver weight and higher liver CHOL than the others(p〈0.05), No significant differences in the levels of blood CHOL and triacylglycerol(TG) were observed among the chicks of various dietary groups(Exp. 1). Weights of liver or heart were significantly heavier in the chicks consumed the diets added with HFO or fish oil, respectively(Exp. 2). However, chicks ingested diet containing fish oil appeared to have significantly lower plasma CHOL. No significant differences were observed in the levels of liver CHOL and plasma TG among the dietary groups. Birds consumed the diet with a wider C/P ratio resulted in higher liver TG levels in experiment 3(p〈0.05). Although no statistical differences were observed among the various dietary groups, chicks fed the diet with a wider C/P ratio tended to show higher levels of plasma CHOL, TG, liver CHOL and total liver lipids compared to those of the control group.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.99-108
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• 1984

The experiment was performed with the aim to study not only the effect of protein levels of basal diets on apparent and true metabolizable energy (AME and THM), AME of Farrell(AME$\_$F/), and corrected AME$\_$FC/ values of corn and soybean meal but also the effect of collection time of excreta on AME and TME values of corn and soybean meal. The AME$\_$F/ and AME$\_$FC/ values of test materials were determined through rapid AME bioassay, and AME and TME by the TME bioassay. The protein levels of basal diets had range from 10% crude protein(CP) to 30% CP. The results obtained were as follows; 1. The AME$\_$F/ values of basal diets showed much difference among treatments (P＜0.05) but those of corn and soybean meal had no significant differences (P＞0.05)and the AHE$\_$FC/ values of basal diets were proved to be variable according to level of protein of the diets. the AME$\_$FC/ values of com were not different while those of soybean meal in 20% and 30% were reduced significantly(P＜0.05). 2. The protein intake/bird/day did not differ significantly due to variation of feed intake using rapid AME bioassay. 3. The protein levels of basal diets did not influence upon the AME value of basal diets, corn and soybean meal (P＞0.05), and no clear trend was found in the TME values of corn and soybean meal because of the variation of metabolic fecal energy plus endogenous urinary energy (FEm＋UEe) losses fed different diets. 4. Collection time of excreta affected the AME and TME values of basal diets in 10, 15, 20% CP treatments, but the AME and TME of corn and soybean meal were not affected by collection time; Thus, a time of 24 hours was mough for 24 hr to clean the digestive tract when fed corn and soybean meal substituted diets regardless of protein levels.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.85-95
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• 1991

The investigation concerned an effect of the ground charcoal powder and organic acids on the digestibilities of protein and energy or the contents of uric acid, ammonia, creatine and urea in excreta of 113 week-old White Leghorn strain layers. Birds were fed basal (control) diet composed of mainly corn-soybean meal during a week of previous feeding and subsequent experimental diets during 12 weeks of experimental feeding . The experimental diets were the control diet(CON). diet(CPD) substituted 0.5% of the ground charcoal powder with the defatted rice bran of the CON, diet(PWV) added 0.1mM(based on the acetic acid) wood vinegar in the CPD and diet(PFA) added 0.1mM (based on the acetic acid) fermented acetic acid in the CPD. Birds fed CPD excreted significantly(P＜0.05) more fecal nitrogen(FN) and lower urinary nitrogen (UN) than those of birds fed CON. Digestibility of protein was lower significantly (P＜ 0.05) in CPB-fed bird than in bird fed CON. while birds fed CON. PWV and PFA showed similar values. Also urinary nitrogen per nitrogen intake (UN/NI) or absorbed nitrogen (UN/AN) was significantly (P＜0.05) lower in birds fed CPD compared with those in birds fed CON. And birds fed PWV tended to increase UN/NI and UN/AN, while PFA-fed birds excreted significantly (P＜0.05) higher UN/Nl and UN/Ah than those of birds fed CPD diet. The uric acid nitrogen (UAN) per nitrogen intake (UAN/NI) or absorbed nitrogen (UAN/AN) were lower significantly(P＜0.05) in CPD-fed birds and were tended to decrease in birds fed PWV compared with those in birds fed CON and PFA The ammoniacal nitrogen(AMN) per nitrogen intake (AMN/NI) or absorbed nitrogen (AMN/NI) was tended to increase in birds fed experimental diets and was increased significantly(P＜0.05) in birds fed PFA compared with those of birds fed CON. The excretion of creatine and urea nitrogen per nitrogen intake or absorbed nitrogen was shown similar values among birds fed experimental diets Digestibility of energy (DE/GE) was not shown any significant effect of experimental diet and were in the range of 80~84%. But metabolizability (ME/GE or MEn/GE) was increased in birds fed CPD and PWV and was decreased in birds fed PFA compared with those in birds fed CON. Although birds fed PWV showed significantly(P＜0.05) higher ME/GE than bird fed PFA, the MEn/GE were higher significantly (P＜0.05) in birds fed CON and CPD compared with that in birds fed PFA. Fecal energy affects 10~23% in the change of metabolizability though significant effect of fecal energy on the metabolizability were not found. But the effect of urinary energy on the metabolizability of diet was lowered as 2.3~3, 0% and the effect of experimental diets on the metabolizability of diets was due to change of urinary energy which also was originated from the change of uric acid energy.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.53-57
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• 1985

This study was carried out to estimate genetic correlations among broiler body weights for the selection of broiler breeders at early age, and to investigate the difference of growth rates between male and female in mixed-sex population of broiler from 2wks to 8 wks of age. A total of 1109 records were used in this study. the heritability estimates from combined variance components for 2-,4-, 6- and 8- weeks body weights were 0.32, 0.31, 0.35 and 0.29 respectively. Genetic correlations were 0.91 between 4wks and 8wks body weights, 0.94 between 6wks and 8wks body weights. Records obtained on 4wks and 8wks might be useful in a selection program to improve traits in 8wks broiler weight. Growth rates of male and female from nonlinear equations from 2wks to 8wks were shown differently in both linear and quadratic terms, Even though both sexes showed closely equal body weights at 2wks of age, they manifested great difference about 300g at 8wks of age. At all. ages roles were havier, grew at a faster than female. From this result it might be profitable either to select the combination of lines which has little sex effect or to rear male and female broiler separately up to the marketing body weights.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.67-84
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• 1991

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary protein levels on laying hen performance. The level of methionine and lysine were 0.32% and 0.64%, respectively and the levels of protein were 12%, 13%, 14% or 15%. Total 384 laying pullets of 22weeks age were reared from January 28, 1989 to March 23, 1990 for 60 weeks. The results obtained were summarized as follows : 1 Egg productions was highest at 15% of protein in phase I, 14% in phase II, and 13% in phase III, and there was significantly different egg Production among treatments during phase I and phase II (P＜0.05). 2. Egg weight was heaviest in 14% of protein treatment in three phases and they showed significantly different egg weight among different levels of protein in phase I (P＜0.01), phase II and III (P＜0.05) , but there was not significantly different between 14% and 15% of protein. 3. Daily egg mass tends to increase followed by increasing of protein level and showed signifiant differences among treatments in phase I and phase II (P＜0.01). 4. The 14% of protein treatment showed the highest daily feed intake and it showed significant difference in phase I and phase II (P＜0.01) , but there was no significant difference between 14% and 15% of protein. 5. Feed efficiency was improved significantly followed by increasing of protein level in phase I (P＜0.01) and phase II (P＜0.05), but there was no significant difference among treatments in phase III. 6. Viability tends to increase as increasing of protein level, but there was no significant difference among treatments. 7. Utilizabilities of dry matter, crude protein and ether extract of experimental diets were not different among treatments, but the utilizability of carbohydrate tends to increase as increasing of protein level (P＜0.05). 8. Eviscerated yield and abdominal fat accumulation was not difference among treatments. 9. Egg shell quality and chemical composition of egg content were not different among treatments. 10. The feed cost per kg egg mass showed the cheapest in 13% of protein treatment in all phase, but there were no significant differences among treatments.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 2004

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary herbal plant mixture on the performance in laying hens under heat stress. One hundred ninety two 54-weeks-old ISA Brown commercial layers, were used in 56 d experimental assay. Dietary treatments included CON (control; basal diet), HPM0.05 (basal diet ＋ 0.05% herbal plant mixture), HPM0.1 (basal diet ＋ 0.1% herbal plant mixture), and HPM0.2 (basal diet ＋ 0.2% herbal plant mixture). For overall period, the hens fed with HPM0.1 and HPM0.2 diets showed lower in the hen day egg production than the hens fed with CON diet(P＜0.05). At the end of the experimental period, egg weight was heavier in HPM 0.1 treatment than in CON (P＜0.05). There were no significant differences among the treatments in egg shell breaking strength, egg shell thickness, Haugh unit, and yolk color unit. Total cholesterol concentration of yolk tended to decrease as the level of herbal plant mixture in the diet increased. Total protein of blood was higher in the hens fed with herbal plant mixture than in the hens fed with CON diet (P＜0.05). Albumin concentration of blood was increased in HPM0.05 and HPM0.1 treatments compared with CON(P＜0.05). Red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) concentrations in serum were increased in HPM0.1 and HPM0.2 treatments compared with CON treatment (P＜0.05). In conclusion, dietary herbal plant mixture in laying hens under heat stress adversely affected egg production but increased total protein, albumin, RBC and WBC in blood.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.85-91
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• 2004

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary direct-fed microbials(DFM) on the growth performance and nutrient digestibility in broiler chickens. A total of two hundred eighty eight broiler chickens were randomly allocated into six treaments with four replications and fed for five weeks. Dietary treatments included 1) CON (basal diet), 2) DFM-1(basal diet + 0.2% Enterococcus sp. ＆ Lactobacillus reuteri), 3) DFM-2(basal diet + 0.2% Enterococcus sp. ＆ Lactobacillus plantarum), 4) DFM-3(basal diet + 0.2% Enterococcus sp. ＆ Lactobacillus reuteri ＆ Lactobacillus plantarum), 5) DFM-4(basal diet + 0.2% Enterococcus sp. ＆ Lactobacillus reuteri ＆ Lactobacillus plantarum ＆ Yeast), 6) DFM-5(basal diet + 0.2% Enterococcus sp. ＆ Lactobacillus reuteri ＆ Lactobacillus plantarum ＆ Bacillus subtilis). During the period of 1∼3weeks, average daily gain (ADG) and Feed/Gain were not significant different among treatments. In the later(3∼5weeks) and overall period(l∼ 5weeks), ADG and Feed/Gain tended to be improved in DFM treatments compared to the control. However, there were no significant differences among DFM complexes and between control and DFM treatments. The broilers fed DFM-3 diet was showd poor growth performance compared to the broilers fed DFM-l diet and similar to the broilers fed DFM-2 diet but there was no significant differences. The treatments of DFM-4 diet added Yeast and DFM-5 added Bacillus subtilis were improved in ADG and Feed/gain but no significant differences were found and also there was no specific DFM treatments in experiment period. In digestibility, the broiler chicks fed DFM treatments tended to improve N digestibility compared to control treatment. However, they were not significantly different among the treatments. In conclusion, DFM tended to improve growth performance in later stage of broiler.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.245-251
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• 2003

Three experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of feeding yeast accumulated transgenic ferritin(FRT, Saccharomyces cerevisiae) as a probiotic on the performance, iron contents in the liver, spleen, bone and yolk of laying hens and broiler chicks. Effects of feeding FRT were compared with that of feeding wild-type yeast(W0) and yeast grown on 20 mM ferric citrate-added medium (W20). In Expt 1, to investigate the effect of feeding yeast (control, W0 FRT) on performance and iron content of organs of broiler chicks which were fed basal diet supplemented with 75mg/kg iron(Fe75) or not (Fe0), three hundred sixty one-day-old male broiler chicks were fed a corn-sov based diet for five weeks. Weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion were measured weekly. In Expt 2, fifteen 33-week-old ISA Brown laying hens were placed in individual cages and were fed control, W0 and FRT diets for Four weeks. In Expt 3, twenty four 45-week-old ISA Brown laying hens were placed in individual cages and were fed a basal diet for a week. Then, experimental diets (control, W0, W20, FRT) were fed for three weeks. Iron contents in the liver, heart, spleen and tibia were determined at the end of all experiments. Iron content in yolk was measured weekly (expt 2, 3). The level of yeast added and iron concentration of FRT were $1{\times}10^8$cfu/kg diet and 500 mg/kg cell (DM) respectively in Expt 3, yeast was supplemented at $2{\times}10^{10}$cfu/kg diet and the iron content of FRT was 1000mg/kg cell (DM). In Expt 1. birds fed Fe75 showed significantly higher weight gain compared with Fe0 (P<0.05). However, weight gain and feed intake of birds fed FRT was significantly lower than control (P<0.05). In Expt 2, the iron content of the liver was decreased in the FRT treatment (P<0.05). In Expt 3, iron concentration of the liver and spleen tended to be increased by feeding FRt. However, the iron content of the tibia tended to be decreased in the FRT treatment. These results suggest that feeding FRT as a probiotic cannot improve performance and iron content in organs of broiler chicks and laying hens.