• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.859-867
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• 1997

In order to utilize the processing wastes of squid, chitosans were manufactured from the pens of domestic squid, Todarbdes pacificus and foreign squid, Ommastrephes bartrami and then, its rheological properties were studied. The amounts of nitrogen and minerals of the domestic squid pens were $11.4\%\;and\;0.1\%$ respectively, whereas those of its chitosan were $7.5\%\;and\;0.2\%$. In case of foreign squid pen and chitosan, the amounts of nitrogen and minerals were $12.1\%,\;0.8\%\;and\;7.8\%,\;0.2\%$ respectively. Intrinsic viscosity $([\eta]) $ of domestic and foreign squid pen chitosans were decreased with increasing pH from 3.4 to 5.4 which might be due to the reduced repulsion in inter- of intra- chitosan molecules. Intrinsic viscosity of the domestic and foreign squid pen chitosans were decreased with increasing NaCl concentration thus indicated that the domestic and foreign squid pen chitosans were polyelectrolyte molecules and stiffness of squid pen thitosans were 0.11 similar to that of k-carrageenan. Flow type of squid pen chitosan solutions were pseudoplastic fluids without yield stress by the viscosity measurement. But the squid pen chitosan solutions showed newtonian fluid up to $0.15\~0.24\%$ concentration for domestic and $0.21\~0.24\%$ concentration for foreign at $10\~50\%$. Concentration dependence of consistency index in infinitive dilute domain (Kc) were higher in the dilute domain than entangled domain. Activation energies (Ea) of the squid pen chitosans were 3.7, 6.3, 3.6, 4.0 and 4.1 Kcal/g moi for domestic and 3.2, 3.1, 3.4, 3.8 and 3.6 Kcal/g mol for foreign at 0.1, 0.15, 0.25, 0.35 and $0.5\%$, respectively.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.107-114
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• 2002

Rice straw silage added with apple pomace in different ratios were mixed with commercial concentrates and fed to Korean native goats in comparison to the corn silage mixed with the same content of commercial concentrates in whole diet as that of apple pomace added rice straw silage (rice straw : apple pomace = 100:0, 80:20, 60:40, 40:60). Dry matter intake, digestibilities of nutrients and nitrogen retention were investigated for the possibilities of application of agricultural by-products for the diets of Korean native goats. Crude protein contents of rice straw silage added with apple pomace were 6.3~7.3% and the contents of ADF, NDF and crude ash were highest in 100% rice straw mixed ratio (A) as 39.4, 61.6 and 8.9% respectively. Those were lower in corn silage (E) as 30.3, 53.4 and 4.9% respectively, however NSC content of corn silage was highest among the experimental treatments as 31.4%. Daily dry matter intakes per head and also per metabolic basal weight (DM g/kg of $BW^{0.75}$ were significantly (p<0.05) higher in D of the highest mixed ratio of apple pomace (605.3, 69.5g) than those of corn silage (E: 394.0, 46.8g). Daily live weight changes were significantly (p<0.05) higher in 40% (C: 16.7g) and 60% (D: 22.9g) apple pomace mixed ratios than 0% (A: 0.17g) and 20% (B: 4.3g) apple pomace mixed ratios. Digestibilities of dry matter and organic matter were higher in D and E than in A and B and those of ADF and NDF were higher in D as 50.2 and 57.4% respectively than the digestibilities in A, B and E. Nitrogen retention (g, %) was highest in D of the highest mixed apple pomace ratio (1.4g, 20.4%) however lowest in A (-0.3g, -7.75%).

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.729-733
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• 2014

Laminaria japonica roots have not been used practically in Korea. In this study, in order to promote the use of these by-products, the anti-inflammatory activity of an ethanol extract of Laminaria japonica root (LJREE) was investigated using a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce an inflammatory response in RAW 264.7 cells. To examine the potential anti-inflammatory effects of LJREE, levels of nitric oxide (NO) and pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$), and interleukin-$1{\beta}$ (IL-$1{\beta}$), and cell proliferation were measured. We found that NO levels decreased in a dose-dependent manner, the production of IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$, and IL-$1{\beta}$ was suppressed, and the production of IL-$1{\beta}$ was inhibited over 30% after treatment with $100{\mu}g/mL$ LJREE. In conclusion, the proliferation of RAW 264.7 cells, measured by MTT assay, confirmed that LJREE may have significant effects on inflammatory factors without any cytotoxicity, making it a potential anti-inflammatory agent.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.25-31
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• 2009

In the present study, three types of teriyaki sauce were prepared using chicken bone and eel bone, which are commonly used as the primary ingredient of teriyaki sauce, as well as codfish bone, which has various functions. The and analyzed their quality characteristics of the different types of teriyaki sauce were then compared through physiochemical and sensory evaluation. The results of this study were as follows. The water content was lowest and the ash content was highest in teriyaki sauce that was prepared using chicken bone as the primary ingredient. In addition, the Ca, K, Mg, Na and P content were highest in the teriyaki sauce that was prepared using chicken bone as the primary ingredient. The total free amino acid content was highest in teriyaki sauce prepared using chicken bone, followed by sauces prepared using codfish bone and eel bone. The levels of free amino acids evaluated in this study occurred in the following order for all teriyaki sauces: glutamic acid > aspartic acid > leucine. When the sensory evaluation was conducted, teriyaki sauce prepared using chicken bone as the main ingredient was found to be best, followed by sauce prepared using codfish bone in terms of palatability and viscosity among descriptive scales, and smell and general preference among hedonic scales. The results of this study suggest that teriyaki sauce could be produced using codfish bone instead of chicken bone, which would enable production of a high value-added product through the use of a common byproduct. This would result in the efficient use of unused resources, prevention of environmental pollution and supply of an inexpensive that could be widely used in the food processing and food service industries.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.380-388
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• 2005

Lipid characteristics of 6 species of fish frame (armored weasel-fish, AW; chum salmon, CS; spanish mackerel, SM; common mackerel, CM; conger eel, CE and skipjack tuna, ST) were studied by determining total lipid (TL) contents, lipid classes, and fatty acid composition. The highest yield of bone was obtained from ST frame (64.2%), followed by CS frame (57.9%), CE frame (54.6%), A W frame (41.6%), SM frame (41.7%), and CM frame (32.6%). The highest neutral lipid content was also found in total lipid (TL) from SM bone (23.3 g/100 g), followed by TL from CE bone (21.5 g/100 g), CS bone (16.0 g/100 g), and CM bone (15.5 g/100 g), while those from ST and A W bones were 7.2 g/100 g and 0.4 g/100 g, respectively. The prominent lipid classes of neutral lipids (NL) from all fish bones and muscles were triglyceride (TG), however, which was much lower in AW than in other fishes. The percentages of EPA and DHA in NL from fish bone were in the descending order of CS (29.3%), ST (27.1%), AW (27.0%), CM (25.7%), SM (21.6%), and CE (14.9%). Based on the lipid characteristics, the CS frame was the best resource for extraction of a functional lipid.

• 한국지구과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2010.04a
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• pp.108-109
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• 2010

IMPACT Silver 주식회사는 Zacualpan 프로젝트의 Royal Mines(이하 로얄 광산)을 인수했다. $124.5\;km^2$에 해당하는 지역의 소유권은 두 개의 멕시코 사기업으로부터 가행중인 광산의 채굴권 구입과 운영 중인 기반시설의 임대를 조건으로 한다. 프로젝트 지역은 멕시코시티로부터 남서방향으로 100 km와 Taxco Silver 광산으로부터 북서방향으로 25 km 떨어진 지점에 위치한다. 기반시설은 비포장 도로, 충분한 전력과 물의 공급 및 숙련공들을 갖추어 우수한 평가를 받고 있다. 소유권은 멕시코인의 개인소유 하에서 무한한 매장량 혹은 자원량을 갖고 운영된 채광과 가공시설을 인수하는 것이다. 소유권 지역을 대상으로 한 IMPACT Silver사의 주 탐사목적은 이미 알려진 광화대의 확장을 위한 잠재성 평가와 다른 지역에서 신규 광상의 유망지역을 발견하는 것이다. Zacualpan 프로젝트의 로얄 광산은 남동 Guerrero terrane의 북부에 위치한다. Teloloapan subterrane은 주로 저변성 녹색편암상으로 구성된 쥬라기 후기에서 백악기 초기의 화산성 퇴적층으로 구성된다. 대부분의 유망지역은 Lower Villa de Ayala층의 중성 내지 염기성 화산성 쇄설암을 모암으로 한다. 다상의 변성작용은 지역 전반에 걸쳐 나타나고, Zacualpan 광산지역에서 수반되는 광화작용을 규제한다. Zacualpan 광산지역은 Sierra Madre del Sur로 알려진 유망 광화대에 해당한다. 이 지역은 화산성 괴상 황화광상과 천열수 맥상광상이 우세하다. 대부분의 천열수 광화작용은 3.2-3.8억 년 전 마그마의 생성이 활발한 판구조 체제 동안 발생하였다. 역사적으로 가장 주요한 지역은 Lipton Vein이다. 현재 Zacualpan 지구에서 채광량은 은 200-500 g/t 정도로 보고되고 있다. 일부 지역은 고품위 은 광화작용(은 1,000 g/t 이상)을 수반하고 있으며, 이는 탐사의 주 타겟이 되고 있다. Zacualpan에서 은 광화작용은 은이 부화된 중유황 천열수 맥상광상으로 상당히 유명하다. Fresnillo, Pachuca 및 Taxco 광산을 포함한 멕시코 소유의 대규모의 잘 알려진 광산들이 이에 해당한다. 이러한 광산들은 부산물로서 금, 아연, 연이 생산된다. 이러한 광상들은 맥상과 각력상 및 산점상 또는 망상세맥의 형태로 산출된다. 광화작용은 석영과 탄산염 맥 내에 주로 황철석과 다양한 섬아연석, 방연석, 은 혹은 금 광물들을 수반한다. 경제성을 갖는 광화작용의 수직적인 연장은 평균적으로 대략 300 m이고, 멕시코 중부에 위치한 Fresnillo의 광화작용은 100 m에서 960 m의 연장을 갖는 것으로 알려져 있다. 아주 오랫동안 Zacualpan에서 광산관계자의 관측과 IMPACT Silver에서 최근 작업의 결과를 토대로, Zacualpan 광산지역의 탐사모델은 새로운 광상의 탐사를 위한 가이드로서 개발되었다. Zacualpan 광산지역에서 가장 높은 경제성을 갖는 광화작용은 북서와 남북방향의 맥 구조를 따라 수반된다. 이러한 맥 구조들은 종종 이 지역을 가로질러 수 km까지 추적되지만, 경제성을 갖는 광화작용은 맥 구조를 따라서 구조적으로 유리한 지역에서 부광대를 형성한다. 부광대를 형성하기 위한 가장 유리한 구조적 지역은 북서와 남북방향으로 발달한 맥 구조들이 교차하는 지역이다. 지난 30년간 채광된 주요 부광대는 폭이 2-6 m 이고 수평연장은 30-150 m 그리고 수직연장은 230-300 m에 이른다. 가장 높은 생산량을 보이는 부광대는 남북방향의 이차 맥들이 Guadalupe 광산의 Lipton 맥을 가로지르는 지역에서 발달한다. 남동쪽으로 현재 Compadres 광산의 Silver Shoot No. 1으로부터 고품위 은을 생산하는 지역은 북서방향의 San Agustin 맥이 북향의 Cometa Navideno 맥에 의해 절단되는 지역에서 산출한다. 모암은 광화작용을 규제하는 또 다른 중요한 요소이다. 광산지역에서 경제성을 갖는 모든 광화작용은 중성 내지 염기성 화산암 특히 안산암과 관련 모암에 배태된다. 부광대가 셰일 혹은 편암으로 전이되는 지역에서, 맥들은 소규모의 세맥으로 나뉘어 진다. Zacualpan의 전형적인 천열수 광상에서 부광대는 상부로 가면서 은의 함량이 증가하고, 하부로 가면서 연 아연의 함량이 증가하는 수직적 대상을 보인다. 금의 함량 변화는 보다 예측이 어려우나 상당히 중요하다. Zacualpan 광산지역의 탐사모델에 사용된 토양 채취, 정밀지도제작, 트렌치 및 시추탐광은 현재 IMPACT Silver사가 이 지역을 대상으로 한 가장 효율적인 탐사방법으로 입증되었다. Zacualpan 프로젝트의 로얄 광산은 하루 500 톤을 제련하는 기반시설과 수반된 채굴권을 갖는 가행 광산들을 포함한다. 현재 IMPACT Silver사는 두 곳의 타겟 지역에서 정밀지도제작, 토양 및 암석 채취, 12공 총 1866 m의 시추탐광에 의한 사전조사로 구성된 4 단계 탐사를 수행했다. 암석 1,953개, 토양 1,631 개, 389 개의 시추코어 시료가 채집되고 분석되었다. 이러한 작업은 추가탐사를 요구하는 수많은 유망 광화대를 규명했다. Compadres 광산에서 현재 가행중인 지하갱 시료는 레벨 1에서 0.9 m의 폭을 갖는 광체에서 은 680 g/t과 금 0.3 g/t, 레벨 3에서 1.67 m의 폭을 갖는 광체에서 은 12,591 g/t과 금 12.07 g/t의 품위를 갖는 것으로 나타났다. 레벨 1에서 3까지 2-3 m의 폭과 30-40 m 연장으로 채광되었다. 시추탐광은 고품위를 갖는 몇몇의 중첩된 맥을 발견했다. Compadres 광산에서 남동방향으로 200 m지점에 위치한 Soledad 지역에서 5 개의 시추공으로부터 동일 맥 시스템이 발견되었고, 고품위 부광대의 상부로 간주되는 몇몇 중요 지점이 발견되었다. 초기 단계의 탐사는 유망 시추탐광 지역인 중간정도 내지 고품위 유망 광화대를 규명했다.

• Food Engineering Progress
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.166-172
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• 2010

The extraction of polyphenol and flavonoid from citrus peel was performed by the ethanol, sugar, hot water (80$^{\circ}C$), and subcritical water extraction methods. The maximum yields of total polyphenolic compounds (27.25${\pm}$1.33 mg QE/g DCP, QE and DCP indicate quercetin equivalent and dried citrus peel, respectively) and flavonoids (7.31${\pm}$0.41 mg QE/g DCP) were obtained by subcritical water extraction (SWE) with operating conditions of 190$^{\circ}C$, 1300 psi, and 10 min. The yields by SWE were over 7.2-, and 8.5-fold higher than those of total polyphenols (3.79${\pm}$0.73 mg QE/g DCP) and flavonoids (0.86${\pm}$0.27 mg QE/g DCP) obtained using the ethanol extraction, which showed the highest extraction efficiency among tested conventional methods, respectively. Antioxidant activities of extracts obtained by different methods showed no significant differences. However, the relative antioxidant yield per 1 g dried citrus peel by SWE (190$^{\circ}C$, 10 min) was over 9.5-fold higher than that by the ethanol extraction.

• Food Engineering Progress
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.335-341
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• 2010

The extraction of polyphenol and flavonoid from black rice bran was performed by diverse extraction methods using the sugar solution, ethanol, hot water ($80^{\circ}C$), and by subcritical water extraction (SWE) method. By SWE under operating conditions of $190^{\circ}C$, 1,300 psi, and 10 min, the maximum yields of total polyphenolic compounds (35.06${\pm}$1.28 mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/g dried material and flavonoids (7.08${\pm}$0.31 mg QE/g dried material) could be obtained. These results were over 11.77- and 12.21-fold higher than those of the ethanol extraction, which showed the highest extraction efficiency among tested conventional methods in total polyphenols (2.98${\pm}$0.74 mg QE/g dried material) and flavonoids (0.58${\pm}$0.21 mg QE/g dried material), respectively. Though the highest antioxidant activity (87.14${\pm}$1.14%) was observed at the dried extract obtained from ethanol method, the relative antioxidant activity per 1 g dried black rice bran by SWE ($190^{\circ}C$, 10 min) was over 11.53-fold higher than that by the ethanol extraction.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.49-50
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• 1982

The objective of this paper is to review the changes in fertilizer use pattern and to discuss some aspects of the fertilizer development in Korea. Fertilizer consumption in Korea have steadily increased to triple the application rates of N, P and K during the 15 years from 1965 to 1980, and Korea became one of the countries which apply fertilizers at the highest rate. The ratio of N: $P_2O_5$: $K_2O$ in fertilizer consumption changed from 55.4 : 31.4 : 13.1 in 1965 to 54.0 : 23.8 : 22.2 in 1980. It can be said that Korean farmers practise a balanced fertilization at least in view of fertilizer consumption as compared to other developing countries. However, differences in soil properties, crops, and climate varying as region were not reflected on fertilization. In the technological development of fertilizer, the chemical form and composition of the fertilizer as well as the suitability to the specific crops must be taken into consideration for the efficient use of fertilizers. Although organic fertilizers and manure are accepted as minor element suppliers, it is necessary to add minor elements into chemical fertilizers on the industrial process. Industrial waste may be used for the agricultural production as a measure of pollution control providing careful study on the waste.