• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.62-67
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• 1979

Ultraviolet microscopy of ultrathin sections of wood has proved to be one of the useful means for determining the lignin distribution in the various regions of the cell wall. Also, spectral approach and quantitative analysis of isolated compound middle lamella fraction from birch xylem have revealed that the lignin associated with the vessel secondary wall and middle lamella is composed predominantly of gualacylpropane units. Lignin deposited in the fiber and ray parenchyma secondary walls is composed mostly of syringylpropane units. The middle lamella lignin around fibers and ray cells contains both guaiacyl and syringyl propane quits. On the basis of the results above, this research was carried out to clarify the origin of milled wood lignin (MWL) by analysing the chemical characteristics of ML MWLs extracted at various milling stages. The amount of phenolic hydroxyl-, ${\alpha}$-carbonyl-, and methoxyl-group in the MWL's increases the milling time. And progressive mining contributes to the merease of ratio of syringylaldehyde to vanillin(S/V ratio) after nitrobenzene oxidation of MWL. Accordingly, It could be concluded that milled wood lignin extracted at the initial milling stage derives from compound middle lamella region of cell wall, whereas, with progressive milling, lignin of secondary wall of fiber is introduced gradually to milled wood lignin. These results are suggesting that heterogeneous chemical structure of lignins in hardwood exists. Although milled wood lignin at the initial stage seems to have lower molecular weight in comparison with milled wood lignin extracted at final milling stage from the result of Gel-filtration curves, further study would be required on molecular weight distribution of milled wood lignin in future.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.11
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• pp.1525-1531
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• 2011

Antioxidant activity and protective effects of extracts from Helianthus tuberosus L. leaves (HTL) on t-BHP-induced oxidative stress in human liver Chang cells were investigated. The total polyphenol and flavonoid content of the water and ethanolic extracts from HTL were 89.6${\pm}$1.96, 94${\pm}$2.03 mg gallic acid equivalent/g extract, and 65.1${\pm}$2.84, 54.6${\pm}$1.87 mg catechin equivalent/g extract, respectively. In addition, $IC_{50}$ values for 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrydrazyl (DPPH), alkyl, and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of the water extracts were 0.010${\pm}$0.003 mg/mL, 0.014${\pm}$0.002 mg/mL, and 0.989${\pm}$0.003 mg/mL, respectively. Antioxidant activities of the extracts were also determined by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity and reducing power. The HTL extracts showed a strongly inhibitory effect on lipid peroxidation by measuring ferric thiocyanate (FTC) and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values. In an MTT assay on the Chang cells, the extracts showed a protective effect by increasing cell viability and decreasing ROS on t-BHP-induced oxidative stress in Chang cells. These results indicate that the HTL extracts possess an antioxidant activity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.498-506
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• 2014

The objective of this study was to investigate the beneficial effects of mulberry extract (MBE) on blood flow improvement. The $SC_{50}$ value for the DPPH radical scavenging activity of MBE was $89.36{\pm}5.46{\mu}g/mL$. Analysis of the cellular toxicity of MBE on RAW 264.7 and HepG2 cells showed no toxicity under a concentration of 2,500 ${\mu}g/mL$. We found that MBE inhibited the enzyme activity of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 as well as oxidation of human LDL. Western blotting analysis showed that MBE inhibited protein expression of COX-2 and 5-lipoxygenase in RAW 264.7 cells. In addition, MBE inhibited protein expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Furthermore, MBE reduced the serum levels of total cholesterol and C-reactive protein in a concentration-dependent manner. These results both in vitro and in vivo suggest that MBE can be employed for the improvement of blood flow.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.11
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• pp.1796-1800
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• 2014

Trienzyme digestion (AOAC Official Method 2004.05) procedure using protease, ${\alpha}$-amylase, and chicken pancreas conjugase was evaluated to determine its usefulness in the microbiological quantitation of total folate in foods. Folate values obtained by alkali hydrolysis (Korean Food Standards Codex) were compared to those obtained by the trienzyme method for four certified reference materials (CRM) representing diverse matrixes. Trienzyme treatment increased measurable folate from most CRM compared to levels found after alkali hydrolysis. The largest increases were observed with CRM 487 (pig liver, 5.8-fold) and CRM 121 (whole meal flour, 3.1-fold) after trienzyme digestion. Using trienzyme digestion method, total folate contents of raw and blanched edible plants were determined. Eleutherococcus senticosus ($146.9{\mu}g/100g$) showed the highest total folate content, followed by Aster glehni F. Schmidt ($142.8{\mu}g/100g$) and Ledebouriella seseloides H. Wolff ($140.4{\mu}g/100g$) on a wet weight basis. Blanching of samples resulted in an insignificant decrease in folate content for five samples and 11~63% reduction for nine samples. Our finding suggests that trienzyme digestion method is accurate for the determination of food folate in leafy vegetables.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.11
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• pp.1848-1856
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• 2013

This study is designed to examine the change in physical properties of extruded brown rice-vegetable mix at different temperatures and $CO_2$ gas injections. Moisture content and screw speed were fixed to 27% and 100 rpm respectively. Die temperatures and $CO_2$ gas injections were adjusted to 60, 80, $100^{\circ}C$ and 0, 150 mL/min, respectively. The ratio of ${\alpha}$-brown rice, brown rice and sugars (oligosaccharides and palatinose) was fixed to 25, 50 and 16%, respectively. Green tea, tomato and pumpkin powder were blended individually at 9%. Specific mechanical energy (SME) input decreased as die temperature for each vegetable addition increased. All extrudates decreased in density and breaking strength, but increased in specific length and water soluble index as $CO_2$ gas injection increased. Elastic modulus decreased as the die temperature and $CO_2$ gas injection increased. Extruded green tea mix with $CO_2$ gas injection at 150 mL/min was larger pore size and higher amount of pore than the tomato and pumpkin extrudates with $CO_2$ gas injection. Cold extrusion with $CO_2$ gas injection at $60^{\circ}C$ die temperature could be applicable for making Saengsik (uncooked food).

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.51 no.spc1
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• pp.125-132
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• 2006

The below is the results of physicochemical analysis of 40 breeding lines of colored barley (CB) whose systems are different Water content of CB No. 24 showed the lowest value of 7.4% while CB No. 9 showed the highest value of 10.8%. Crude protein of CB $9.7{\sim}12.9%$ range was found. Crude fat content of CB No. 6 showed the highest value of 4.35% while CB No. 34 showed the lowest of 1.35%. Crude ash content of CB No. 31 showed the lowest value of 1.20%. Ca content of CB No. 10 showed the highest value of 717.50 mg% while general barley showed the lowest value of 442.82 mg%. Mg content of CB No. 10 showed the highest value of 1320.00 mg%. Cu content of CB No. 20 showed the lowest value of 2.20 mg% while CB No. 33 showed the highest value of 6.25 mg%. K content of CB No. 20 showed the lowest value of 723.24 mg% while CB No. 1 showed the highest value of 1002.50 mg%. Mn content of CB No. 28 showed the lowest value of 31.72 mg% while general barley showed the highest value of 94.56 mg%. ${\beta}-Glucan$ content of CB No. 25 showed the lowest value of 5.20 mg% while CB No. 28 showed the highest value of 4.46 mg%.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.61-71
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• 2007

The photosynthetic characteristics and primary production by phytoplankton in open waters of two wetlands (the Banwol and the Donghwa wetland) of Sihwa Constructed Wetland with different water chemistry were investigated to provide the information for the wetland management considering the water treatment efficiency. During the study period (from March to October, 2005) the primary productivity in open waters ranged from 481 to 11,275 mgC $m^{-2}$ $day^{-1}$, which is very high compared with the eutrophic level of 600mgC $m^{-2}$ $day^{-1}$. From the analysis of the photosynthesis-irradiance (P-I) model parameters, the photosynthetic characteristics may be affected by different concentration and ratio of nutrient (N and P) between two wetlands. Assimilation number (AN) was higher in the Donghwa wetland (average AN: 8.5gC $gChl^{-1}$ $hr^{-1}$) with high P and low N/P ratio than the Banwol wetland (average AN: 5.8gC $gChl^{-1}$ $hr^{-1}$) with high N and high N/P ratio. This result indicates that AN may be concerned with phosphorus than nitrogen and low NIP ratio. Positive correlation (R=0.81) was observed between the initial slope and AN, implying that AN was high in case of phytoplankton having more active photosynthesis ability under low light. On the other hand, maximum photosynthesis (Pmax) was related positively with chlorophyll a concentration showing correlation coefficient of 0.47. In this study, considering the high primary production through phytoplankton photosynthesis in open waters of Sihwa Constructed Wetland, the produced organic matter by phytoplankton may affect the water quality within wetland and its efficiency of water treatment. Also, the photosynthetic characteristics may be affected by different nutrient enrichment (especially phosphorus) of wetlands. This study suggests that the production by phytoplankton and its characteristics in open water of constructed wetland for water treatment should be considered to improve the removal efficiency of organic matter.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.147-152
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• 2011

This study was conducted to examine whether efficiency of oocyte production from superovulated prepubertal goats. Fifteen prepubertal and twenty adult goats, maintained in a pen under natural day length and fed hay ad libitum, were pretreated with progestagen implanted CIDR for 10 days. Superovulation treatment of the goats received twice daily intramuscular injection of a total of 70 mg FSH for 3 days from Day 8 of CIDR. All the gonadotrophin treated goats were injected with 10 mg $PGF_2{\alpha}$ on Day 8 and 400~600 IU hCG in the afternoon on Day 10. Oocytes were recovered by follicle aspiration or oviduct flushing at 35 to 40 h after hCG injection through mid-ventral incision. The in vivo matured oocytes was activated by ionomycin (5 min) and 6-DMAP (3.5~4 h). The activated oocytes were cultured in mSOF medium containing 0.8% BSA at 38.5$^{\circ}C$ in an atmosphere of 5% CO$_2$, 5% O$_2$, 90% N$_2$ for 7~8 days. There was no significant difference in the mean number of CL and in vivo matured and follicular oocytes recovered. But, quality of I + II grade follicular oocytes was lower (p<0.05) in the prepubertal goat (25.0%) than the adults (52.4%). The same results were also observed in the cleavage and blastocyst rate of activated oocytcs. The cleavage and blastocyst rate from prepubertal derived oocytes were lower (p<0.05) in the prepubertal goat (54.5%, 23.3%) than the adult goat (86.8%, 46.6%). Considering overall these results, we suggest that maturation of donor goats is a major factor affecting recovered oocytes quality and in vitro development of activated goat oocytes.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.500-506
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of H$_2$O fraction of Dioscorea japonica Thunb (DJT) with vitamin E on blood glucose and fat metabolism in streptozotocin (STZ) diabetic rats. Sprague-Dawley rats (200∼230 g) weighing were divided into five groups; the normal group, the STZ-control group, the DJT group, the DJT-vitamin E group and the vitamin E group. Diabetes was induced in the male rats by injection of STZ into tail vein at a dose of 45 mg/kg body weight. The H$_2$O fraction of DR (500 mg/kg) and 10 mg/kg of vitamin E (㎗-${\alpha}$-tocopherol) given orally were administered for 14 days. The body weight was monitored and levels of hematocrit, protein and glucose were determined. The plasma concentrations of cholesterol; triglyceride, free fatty acid and HDL-cholesterol were measured. The activities of aminotranseferase were analysed. The body weight gain was shown no significantly higher in the normal group than all STZ groups. The administration of H$_2$O fraction of DJT and vitamin E showed a significant increase in plasma protein concentrations. The all STZ group was formed to be effective in decreasing blood glucose levels. Plasma insulin concentrations were highered in diabetic rats fed on H$_2$O fraction of DJT. Plasma triglyceride and free fatty acid levels were lower in the vitamin E group than the STZ-control group. The plasma cholesterol levels of all STZ groups were not significantly different and HDL-cholesterol levels were increased in all STZ groups fed on H$_2$O fraction of DJT and vitamin E, specially in the DJT-vit. E group. The all STZ group does not significantly change aminotransferase activity of diabetic rats. These results indicated that DJT was a potential candidate for a treatment of diabetes which can enhance insulin activity The effect of vitamin E on insulin activity will be examined in more detail.

• BMB Reports
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.82-94
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• 2003

Although debates still exist whether Helicobacter pylori infection is really class I carcinogen or not, H. pylori has been known to provoke precancerous lesions like gastric adenoma and chronic atrophic gastritis with intestinal metaplasia as well as gastric cancer. Chronic persistent, uncontrolled gastric inflammations are possible basis for ensuing gastric carcinogenesis and H. pylori infection increased COX-2 expressions, which might be the one of the mechanisms leading to gastric cancer. To know the implication of long-term treatment of antiinflammatory drugs, rebamipide or nimesulide, on H. pylori-associated gastric carcinogenesis, we infected C57BL/6 mice with H. pylori, especially after MNU administration to promote carcinogenesis and the effects of the long-term administration of rebamipide or nimesulide were evaluated. C57BL/6 mice were sacrificed 50 weeks after H. pylori infection. Colonization rates of H. pylori, degree of gastric inflammation and other pathological changes including atrophic gastritis and metaplasia, serum levels and mRNA transcripts of various mouse cytokines and chemokines, and NF-${\kappa}B$ binding activities, and finally the presence of gastric adenocarcinoma were compared between H. pylori infected group (HP), and H. pylori infected group administered with long-term rebamipide containing pellet diets (HPR) or nimesulide mixed pellets (HPN). Gastric mucosal expressions of ICAM-1, HCAM, MMP, and transcriptional regulations of NF-${\kappa}B$ binding were all significantly decreased in HPR group than in HP group. Multi-probe RNase protection assay showed the significantly decreased mRNA levels of apoptosis related genes and various cytokines genes like IFN-$\gamma$, RANTES, TNF-$\alpha$, TNFR p75, IL-$1{\beta}$ in HPR group. In the experiment designed to provoke gastric cancer through MNU treatment with H. pylori infection, the incidence of gastric carcinoma was not changed between HP and HPR group, but significantly decreased in HPN group, suggesting the chemoprevention of H. pylori-associated gastric carcinogenesis by COX-2 inhibition. Long-term administration of antiinflammatory drugs should be considered in the treatment of H. pylori since they showed the molecular and biologic advantages with possible chemopreventive effect against H. pylori-associated gastric carcinogenesis. If the final concrete proof showing the causal relationship between H. pylori infection and gastric carcinogenesis could be obtained, that will shed new light on chemoprevention of gastric cancer, that is, that gastric/cancer could be prevented through either the eradication of H. pylori or lessening the inflammation provoked by H. pylori infection in high risk group.