• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.287-295
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• 2023

Amifostine was developed to protect cells, but it is known to induce cytotoxicity and apoptosis, and the exact mechanism is unknown. In this study, we investigated how the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) system interacts with p53 to prevent apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and cytoprotective effects induced by amifostine. HCT116 colon cancer cells sublines HCT116/p53+,HCT116/p53+, HCT116/p53-, HCT116/E6 and HCT116+ch3/E6 cells were used for evaluation. Amifostine induced G1 arrest and increased toxicity two-fold in p53- cells regardless of MMR expression. Both G1 cell cycle arrest and induction of p53 protein peaked at 24 h after the start of amifostine exposure. Both G1 cell cycle arrest and induction of p53 protein peaked at 24 h after the start of amifostine exposure. Amifostine induced the expression of p21 protein in both p53+ and p53- cells. As for apoptosis, compared to p53- cells, p53+ cells showed 3.5~4.2 times resistance to amifostine-induced apoptosis. HCT116+E6 with both p53 and MMR loss showed maximum apoptosis at 48 h, and HCT116+ch3/E6HCT116+ch3/E6 with p53 loss showed maximum apoptosis at 24 h. As a result, it was confirmed through in vitro experiments that amifostine-induced G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis are mediated through a pathway dependent on MMR and p53 protein.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.796-805
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• 1997

Background : It is clear that deregulation of cell cycle progression is a hallmark of neoplastic transformation and genes involved in the $G_1$/S transition of the cell cycle are especially frequent targets for mutations in human cancers, including lung cancer. p16 gene product, one of the G1 cell-cycle related proteins, that is recently identified plays an important role in the negative regulation of the the kinase activity of the cyclin dependent kinase (cdk) enzymes. Therefore p16 gene is known to be an important tumor suppressor gene and is also called MTS1 (multiple tumor suppressor 1). No more oncogenes have been reported to be frequently related to multiple different malignancies than the alterations of p16 gene. Especially when it comes to non-small cell lung cancer, there was no expression of p16 in more than 70% of cell lines examined. And also it is speculated that p16 gene could exert a key role in the development of non-small cell lung cancer. This study was designed to evaluate whether p16 gene could be used as a candidate for gene therapy of non-small cell lung cancer. Methods : After the extraction of total RNA from normal fibroblast cell line and subsequent reverse transcriptase reaction and polymerase chain reaction, the amplified p16 cDNA was subcloned into eukaryotic expression plasmid vector, pRC-CMV. The constructed pRC-CMV-p16 was transfected into the NCI-H441 NSCLC cell line using lipofectin. The changes of G1 cell-cycle related proteins were investigated with Western blot analysis and immunoprecipitation after extraction of proteins from cell lysates and tumor suppressive effect was observed by clonogenic assay. Results : (1) p16(-) NCI-H441 cell line transfected with pRC-CMV-p16 showed the formation of p16 : cdk 4 complex and decreased phosphorylated Rb protein, while control cell line did not. (2) Clonogenic assay demonstrated that the number of colony formation was markedly decreased in p16(-) NCI-H441 cell line transfected with pRC-CMV-p16 than the control cell line. Conclusion : It is confirmed that the expression of p16 protein in p16 absent NSCLC cell line with the gene transfection leads to p16 : cdk4 complex formation, subsequent decrease of phosphorylated pRb protein and ultimately tumor suppressive effects. And also it provides the foundation for the application of p16 gene as a important candidate for the gene therapy of NSCLC.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.261-267
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• 1999

Pot experiments were conducted to evaluate the phosphorus (P) availability with cropping in soils where P were highly accumulated. Bray 1-P contents of the used three soils were 584, 695 and $1043P\;mg\;kg^{-1}$, respectively. Corn ${\rightarrow}$ Chinese cabbage ${\rightarrow}$ Chinese cabbage ${\rightarrow}$ corn were sequentially grown from 1996 to 1998. P fertilizer was applied at three levels of 0 (P0), recommended application rate (P1), and double of recommended application rate (P2). At the end of each crop growth, available P content was determined by methods of Bray 1-P, Olsen-P and Lancaster-P. The growth of crops were not significantly affected by the rates of P applications. The relative yields of PO treatment were more than 88% of P1 treatment. The recoveries of added phosphorus were relatively low due to the high content of available phosphorus in soils. Although available phosphorus contents decreased through cropping, the concentration of soil available phosphorus was maintained high level even after the final cropping. In the case of P0 treatment in the three soils, the residual concentration was in the range of $410{\sim}610mg\;kg^{-1}$ for Bray 1-P, $284{\sim}410mg\;kg^{-1}$ for Olsen-P and $368{\sim}524mg\;kg^{-1}$ for Lancaster-P. The amount of soil available phosphorus decreased during the experiments was linearly regressed with high significance to the amount of P taken up by crops. The regressions of soil 1 as follow, Bray 1-P : y=149.7x=102.7, Lancaster-P : y=209.2x-140.2, Olsen-P: y=60.8x=19.9. The decrease rate of available phosphorus in the P0 treatment with cropping was described by an equation of first-order chemical reaction. The equation of soil1 was as follow: Bray 1-P: In(C)= -0.12N + 6.96 r=-0.991, Lancaster-P: In(C)= -0.14N = 6.88 r= -0.938, Olsen-P: In(C)= -0.07N = 6.37 r= -0.959. The rate constants seemed to be affected by ply, sand and silt content, and exchangeable $Ca^{2+}$ concentration. The times of cropping needed to reduce the content of available P to half of the initial or to the index level could be predicted by using that equation.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2018

Objectives : This study aimed to investigate the psychosocial characteristics of functional gastrointestinal disorder (FGID) in patients with psychiatric disorders. Methods : This study was conducted with 144 outpatients visiting the psychiatric clinic at a university hospital. FGIDs were screened according to the Rome III questionnaire-Korean version. Demographic factors were investigated, and psychosocial factors were evaluated using the Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale, Patient Health Questionnaire-15, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Korean, and State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory. Chisquared test and student's t-test were used as statistical analysis methods. Results : There were differences in education level between two groups divided according to FGID status (${\chi}^2=10.139$, p=0.017). Comparing the psychiatric disorder by FGID group, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) group showed significant differences (${\chi}^2=11.408$, p=0.022). According to FGID status, IBS group showed significant differences for anxiety (t=-3.106, p=0.002), depressive symptom (t=-2.105, p=0.037), somatic symptom (t=-3.565, p<0.001), trait anger (t=-3.683, p<0.001), anger-in (t=-2.463, p=0.015), and anger-out (t=-2.355, p=0.020). Functional dyspepsia group showed significant differences for anxiety (t=-4.893, p<0.001), depressive symptom (t=-3.459, p<0.001), somatic symptom (t=-7.906, p<0.001), trait-anger (t=-4.148, p<0.001), state-anger (t=-2.181, p=0.031), anger-in (t=-2.684, p=0.008), and anger-out (t=-3.005, p=0.003). Nonerosive reflux disease group showed significant differences for anxiety (t=-4.286, p<0.001), depressive symptom (t=-3.402, p<0.001), somatic symptom (t=-7.162, p<0.001), trait anger (t=-2.994, p=0.003), state anger (t=-2.259, p=0.025), anger-in (t=-2.772, p=0.006), and anger-out (t=-2.958, p=0.004). Conclusions : Patients with psychiatric disorders had a high prevalence of FGID, and various psychosocial factors contributed to such differences. Therefore, the psychiatric approach can offer better understandings and treatments to patients with FGID.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.94-98
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• 2003

To produce antibodies against Pseudomonas tolaasii and P. agarici, lyophilized P. tolaasii and P. agarici ($5{\times}10^7$ cfu/ml) and Freund, s adjuvant were immunized into rabbits 4 times. The specificity and sensitivity of the antibodies were evaluated by immunodiffusion test and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (id ELISA). The ${\alpha}$-P. tolaasii antibody was very specific only against P. tolaasii, while ${\alpha}$-P. agarici antibody was not specific and showed a high cross reactivity toward P. tolaasii with detection limit concentration of $2{\times}10^3$ cfu/ml. However, the cross reactivities of ${\alpha}$-P. agarici antibody toward the related species including P. reactans were very low. Our results showed that ${\alpha}$-P. tolaasii and ${\alpha}$-P. agarici antibodies against P. tolaasii and P. agarici, respectively, might be useful for rapid and simple detection of the causal agents of bacterial brown and yellow blotches in cultivated oyster mushrooms.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.325-329
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• 1990

This study was undertaken to determine thermodynamic characteristics of B. subtilis p-4 and B. licheniformis p-5 proteases isolated from fermented anchovy paste. $K_m$ values of two proteases for casein as a substrate were 0.38mM in p-4 protease and 0.18mM in p-5 protease, respectively. Denaturation constants($K_D$) of p-4 and p-5 proteases were $12.2{\times}10^{-5}/sec\;and\;19.0{\times}10^{-5}/sec\;at\;40^{\circ}C,\;and\;35.7{\times}10^{-5}/sec\;and\;46.3{\times}10^{-5}/sec\;at\;50^{\circ}C$, respectively. Activation energies($E_a$) of p-4 and p-S pmteases were 19.6 Kcal/mole and 15.2kcal/mole, respectively. Free energy of activation(${\Delta}G^*$), activation enthalpy(${\Delta}H^*$) and activation entropy(${\Delta}S^*$) at $40^{\circ}C$ were 23.21Kcal/mole, 18.98Kcal/mole and -13.50 eu, respectively for p-4 protease and 22.93Kcal/mo1e, 14.58Kcal/mole and -26.68 eu, respectively for p-5 protease. The major amino acids in p-4 protease(151 residues of amino acid) were Gly, Glu, Pro, Asp, Ser, Ala, Lys and Leu, while those in p-5 protease(247 residues of amino acid) were Gly, Glu, Asp, Ala and Leu. It may be concluded that heat denaturation of two proteases showed liner regression curve and p-5 protease was more sensitive to heat than p-4 protease.

• The Journal of Korean society of community based occupational therapy
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.23-31
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• 2014

Objective : The objectives of this study were to compare the variables from Fitmeter accelerometer with them from CMS-70P(Zebris Medizintechnik Gmbh, Germany) and to suggest the availability the accelerometer in the field of occupational therapy. Methods : Twenty participants performed calling, drinking water, washing face and spooning and we measured Sum of Single Vector Magnitude(SSVM) and range of motion(ROM) on the wrist and elbow joints. Results :With respect to the wrist and elbow joints, SSVM and ROM differed significantly according to the task(calling, drinking water, washing face and spooning)(p<.001; p<.001; p<.001; p<.001). As for the wrist joint, SSVM and ROM did not show the significant correlation(p>.05) but as for the elbow joint, SSVM and ROM did show the significant correlation according to the task(p<.01; p<.001; p<.01; p<.05). With regard to the SVM-difference of wrist and elbow joints, calling and washing showed the significant difference (p<.001; p<.05) but drinking and spooning did not show the significant difference(p>.05; p>.05). Conclusion : We suggest that Fitmeter accelerometer would be use to record the kinematic variables during performance of ADL and it can compensate the function of CMS-70P as for the elbow joint than the wrist joint.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.66 no.1
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• pp.74-78
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• 1984

The highest cutting ratio and the best growth performance of the P. alba, P. alba ${\times}$ P. glandulosa and P. glandulosa were at -0.05 bars of soil water potential (${\Psi}_s$). Their growth and rooting ability of cuttings were better in suitable soil moisture contents, 19.650, but were worse in low soil moisture contents, 11.41% and 16.66%, respectively. Specially, P. alba ${\times}$ P. glandulosa appeared hybrid vigor in high soil water potential (${\Psi}_s$= -0.05 bars) but not appeared it below ${\Psi}_s$ = -0.5 bars. It is believed that P. glandulosa is a natural hybrid between P. davidiana and P. alba in view of morphological characteristics. Aspen, normally, does not have the rooting ability of cuttings, however, P. glandulosa showed the rooting ability, though the ratio was low, 23%. It is estimated that this rooting ability was originated from P. alba. In addition, its growth rate was between P. alba and P. davidiana, and the sensitivity of water requirement for the growth was also really equal to P. alba. This facts prove P. glandulosa to be natural hybrid between P. alba and P. davidiana.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.583-589
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• 1994

In order to study the interrelationships of calcium (0.45 vs. 0.90%), phosphorus (0.40 vs. 0.70%) and protein (17, 20, 23%), $2{\times}2{\times}3$ factorial design was employed. A total of 480 broilers (Hisex-Hibro) aged 3 days were fed the experimental diets for a period of 28 days. Body weight gain, daily feed intake and feed efficiency were investigated for the simple effects, first order interaction and second order interaction of the dietary factors. These effects were also applied to bone ash retention, percent Ca in bone & ash, percent P in bone & ash, and protein utilizability. Results were as follows. 1) For body weight gain, simple effects of dietary levels of Ca, P, CP were found to be significant (p<0.05). Body weight gain at 0.90% Ca level was improved as the dietary CP levels increased. For the feed intake, single effects of dietary levels of both P and CP were found (p<0.05). Feed efficiency was improved as the dietary CP and P levels increased. Ca $\times$ P interaction was found to be significant for body weight gain, feed intake and feed efficiency (p<0.05), however, Ca $\times$ P $\times$ CP interaction effect was not found. 2) Protein utilizability decreased as the dietary CP level increased (p<0.01). 3) 0.90% Ca in diet showed less bone ash retention than 0.45% Ca level. And, increasing the dietary P level resulted in increased bone ash retention. Increasing the dietary P level resulted in increased bone Ca retention (p<0.01) and increased bone P retention (p<0.05). Dietary CP levels had significant (p<0.01) effect on bone Ca retention except for 23% CP level. Increasing the dietary Ca level resulted in wider Ca:P ratio of bone, but increasing the dietary P level resulted in narrower Ca:P ratio of bone. 4. Ca $\times$ P interaction effects were found to be significant (p<0.01) for bone ash, bone Ca & P, ash P content, and bone Ca:P ratio. Ca $\times$ P $\times$ CP interaction effects were found for bone ash (p<0.01), bone Ca (p<0.05) and bone P content (p<0.01).

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.266-270
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• 1998

The identification of soil P level that exceed crop requirement is a prerequisite in implementing sustainable management of fertilizer and manure P to prevent soil and freshwater from contamination. To investigate the relationship between 0.01M $CaCl_2$ soluble P, and available P and P sorption capacity of 40 soils, P content and P sorptivity were analyzed. Single linear relationship revealed the dependence of 0.01M $CaCl_2-P$ on available P($r^2=0.479$), bioavailable P($r^2=0.281$), P sorption($r^2=-0.465$) and P absorption coefficient($r^2=-0.056^{NS}$). Thus available P as $P_2O_5$(AVP) and P sorption (PS) were most important factors in determining the concentration of 0.01M $CaC1_2-P$($CaC1_2-P$). In multinomial equation related $CaC1_2-P$ with AVP and PS, the determination coefficient was improved to 0.745. The logarithm of $CaC1_2-P$ was linearly related to AVP/PS. Consequently, the equation, $0.01M\;CaCl_2-P=0.1284e^{0.3288AVP/PS}$ could be suggested to estimate the concentration of P in 20mL of 0.01M $CaCl_2$ solution containing 2g of soil shaken for 17 hours.