• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.348-353
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• 1997

Hydrogenated amorphous carbon(a-C:H) films were deposited on p-type Si(100) by DC saddle-field plasma enhanced CVD to investigate the effect of substrate bias on optical properties and structural changes. They were deposited using pure methane gas at a wide range of substrate bias at room temperature and 90 mtorr. The substrate bias voltage ($V_s$) was employed from $V_s=0 V$ to $V_s=400 V$. The information of optical properties was investigated by photoluminescence and transmitance. Chemical bondings of a-C:H have been explored from FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy. The thickness and relative hydrogen content of the films were measured by Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS) and elastic recoil detection (ERD) technigue. The growth rate of a-C:H film was decreased with the increase of $V_s$, but the hydrogen content of the film was increased with the increase of $V_s$. The a-C:H films deposited at the lowest $V_s$ contain the smallest amount of hydrogen with most of C-H bonds in the of $CH_2$ configuration, whereas the films produced at higher $V_s$ reveal dominant the $CH_3$ bonding structure. The emission of white photoluminescence from the films were observed even with naked eyes at room temperature and the PL intensity of the film has the maximum value at $V_s$=200 V. With $V_s$ lower than 200 V, the PL intensity of the film increased with V, but for V, higher than 200 V, the PL intensity decreased with the increase of $V_s$. The peak energy of the PL spectra slightly shifted to the higher energy with the increase of $V_s$. The optical bandgap of the film, determined by optical transmittance, was increased from 1.5 eV at $V_s$=0V to 2.3 eV at $V_s$=400 V. But there were no obvious relations between the PL peak and the optical gap which were measured by Tauc process.

• Journal of Christian Education in Korea
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• v.63
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• pp.121-150
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• 2020

The important developmental tasks of young adults are based on encounter and identity. These problems of encounter and identity are also connected to the instinct of longing for the "face" of primary caregivers, who acknowledge and affirm themselves as their cherished children. James Loder emphasizes that human "face pursuit instinct" later reaches "formal-operational stage" and leads to religious yearning for God as "the Eternal Face." This pursuit of "face" and "the Eternal Face" is an existential and ontological move to find out "Who am I?" through meaningful encounters. Religious psychologist Carl Jung also points out that scientific thinking has contributed to the liberation of humans from superstitious beliefs. But this has also led to the loss of the precious value of human spirit and the sense of unity with nature. Jung emphasizes that "symbolic play" should help learners and counseler face-to-face with their unconscious mind. By doing so, learners can overcome the wounds and scars of unconsciousness and mature toward the true self. James Loder is a scholar who critically introduced Jung's "unconscientious confrontation" therapy to his educational theory. Beyond Jung's unconsciousness and "symbolic play," Loder proposed transformational education for the learners to participate in meaningful changes through interaction between human spirit and the Holy Spirit. With many young adults wandering around in their existential voids, it is clear that functional and socializational education cannot overcome their problems and developmental crisis. This developmental crisis requires a foundation of identity and intimacy in the encounter with God, the "Eternal Face." Therefore, this study suggests that when Jung's "unconscious confrontation" and Loder's "transformation logic" are employed, transformational Christian education for the healthy self-identity and intimacy of young adults can be accomplished. This inquiry presents not only theoretical reflection, but also the reactions of young adults and actual feedback obtained through implementing transformational Christian education for young adults. Through all of these endeavors, this inquiry was completed by proving that "Transformational Christian Education for Young Adults" is an educational theory that can yield actual results and abound fruits. (This enquiry was undertaken by the support of the research fund of PUTS 2020.)

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.248-258
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• 2006

Genetic diversity of 91 Korean soybean cultivars was assessed with 20 simple sequence repeat (SSR). Twenty SSR loci generated a total of 149 alleles. The number of alleles for each SSR locus ranged from 3 to 15 with a mean of 7.5 alleles. Genetic diversity estimated by PIC value of 91 cultivars was ranged from 0.424 to 0.905 with an average of 0.711. Cluster analysis based on Nei's genetic distances classified 91 soybean cultivars except Geomjeongkong 4 into 7 groups. The majority groups were I, IV, and VI which included 26, 24, and 18 cultivars, respectively. Obvious differences in genetic diversity appeared to be related with the released periods of cultivars and utilization type of cultivars, but not with breeding sites. Cultivars released in 1970's and in 1990's showed the lowest and the highest genetic diversities with 0.576 and 0.706, respectively. Soybean cultivars for vegetable and early maturity showed the lowest genetic diversity with 0.514, while those for soy sauce and tofu showed the highest genetic diversity with 0.691. Genetic distance between soybean cultivar groups developed before 1969 and during 1970's was the nearest, while genetic distance between those developed in 1970's and 1990's was the furthest. Cultivar group for vegetable and early maturity showed the furthest genetic distance with cultivar group for soy sauce and tofu, while it showed the nearest genetic distance with cultivar group for cooking with rice. Genetic distance was greater between soybean cultivar groups developed in Suwon and Iksan than between those developed in Milyang and Iksan.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.400-407
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• 1989

This experiment was carried out to study the effects of nitrogen concentration of cultural solution, Rhizobium inoculation, and planting density on the growth and yield of soybean cultivars, Hwanggeumkong, Jangbaegkong, Paldalkong, Clark, and non-nodulation isoline of Clark. Rhizobium inoculation increased the stem length, particularly in Hwanggeumkong, Jangbaegkong, and decreased it significantly in non-nodulation Clark. Stem length was increased by the increase in nitrogen fertilization by the 195ppm level and decreased by the increase in plant population density. Rhizobium inoculation also increased the shoot dry weight, but significantly decreased it in non-nodulation Clark. As nitrogen concentration in the cultural solution increased the shoot dry weight decreased in Jangbaegkong and paldalkong. However, the shoot dry weight was decreased by the increase in plant population density. Rhizobium inoculation and the increase in nitrogen concentration of cultural solution increased the ratio of shoot dry weight to root weight. The Rhizobium inoculation and the increase in nitrogen concentration of cultural solution increased the grain yield per pot in Hwanggeumkong and paldolkong, While non-nodulating Clark showed significant decrease in grain yield. Grain yield per pot was also increased by the increase of plant population density. Grain yield was significantly correlated with shoot dry weight, nodule number, and nitrogen content of the soybean plants. The correlation between nitrogen contents of the soybean plants and stem length, shoot dry weight, and nodulation was significant. The allantoin-N content in stem was also significantly correlated with nodulation.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.385-393
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• 2011

Soybean is the most promising crop for substituting rice on the paddy field. Excessive water stress is a common limiting factor in soybean yield under paddy soil condition. This study was carried out to identify changes in leaf total nitrogen and petiole ureide content under excess water conditions for establishing a screening system related to waterlogging tolerance. Waterlogging treatment was conducted by maintaining the water level on the soil surface for 10 days at the early vegetative growth stage ($V_5$) and the flowering stage ($R_2$). Leaf total nitrogen content, SPAD value and ureide content in petiole decreased in all soybean varieties in response to waterlogging, but the degree of decrease was much lesser in Pungsannamulkong and Muhankong than in Jangyeobkong and Myungjunamulkong, at 21 days after waterlogging treatment. This result means that root and nodule recovery rates were much higher in Pungsannamulkong and Muhankong than in Jangyeobkong and Myungjunamulkong after waterlogging treatment. The ureide and leaf nitrogen content showed high positive correlation with SPAD value, regardless of waterlogged stages. In conclusion, leaf nitrogen content, ureide content in petiole and leaf greenness were identified as promising indicator for screening soybeans which are tolerant of excess water.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.49-52
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• 2005

The effects of cytochalasin B was studied for the cleavage and development of in vitro matured porcine follicular oocytes. The follicular oocytes were collected from slaughtered pig ovaries and matured for 65 hours. The matured oocytes were activated by 7% ethanol(v/v) in DPBS and the activated oocytes were subjected to cytochalasin B concentrations of 2.5, 5.0 and $7.5\;{\mu}g/mL$ for 3, 5 and 7 hours, and then the treated oocytes were cultured in NCSU23 with 0.4% BSA for 7 days. The cleavage rates were not different significantly in each treatment. However, the oocytes treated with $5.0\;{\mu}g/mL$ for 5 hours yielded a significantly higher morula rate(19.7%) than oocytes treated with $2.5\;{\mu}g/mL$ for 3 and 5 hours(9.4%). The sum rate of $2.5\;{\mu}g/mL$ concentration(10.5%) by hour was also significantly lower than those of 5.0(18.0%) and $7.5\;{\mu}g/mL$ concentration(14.6%). The blastocyst rate in oocytes treated with $5.0\;{\mu}g/mL$ for 3(9.4%) and 5 hours(9.0%) was significantly higher than the rate in oocytes treated with $2.5\;{\mu}g/mL$ for 3 hours(0%). The sum rate of $5.0\;{\mu}g/mL$ concentration also significantly higher than those of 2.5 and $7.5\;{\mu}g/mL$ concentration. The results demonstrated that the treatment of oocytes with cytochalasin B of $5.0\;{\mu}g/mL$ for $3{\sim}5$ hours was the optimal concentration and duration for parthenogenetic activation and blastocyst formation of in vitro matured porcine oocytes.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.19-30
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• 2008

Proper development of fertilized oocyte to blastocyst is a key step in mammalian development to implantation. During development of preimplantation embryos, the mammalian embryo needs supply the energy substrate for keep viability. Usually mammalian oocyte get substrate especially energy substrate from oviduct and uterus, because it does not store much substrate into cytoplasm during oogenesis. Carbohydrates are known as a main energy substrate for preimplantation stage embryos. Glucose, lactate and pyruvate are essential component in preimplantation embryo culture media and there are stage specific preferences to them. Glucose transporter and $H^+$-monocarboxylate cotransporter are a main mediator for carbohydrate transport and those expression levels are primarily under the control of intrinsic or extrinsic factors like insulin and glucose. Other organic substances, amino acids, lipids and nucleotides are used as energy substance and cellular regulation factor. Though since 1960s, successful development of fertilized embryo to blastocyst has been accomplished with chemically defined medium for example BWW and give rise to normal offspring in mammals, the role of metabolites and the regulation of intermediary metabolism are still poorly understood. Glucose may permit expression of metabolic enzymes and transporters in compacting morula, capable of generating the energy required for blastocyst formation. In addition, it has been suggested that the cytokines can modulate the metabolic rate of carbohydrate in embryos and regulate the preimplantation embryonic development through control the metabolic rate. Recently we showed that lactate can be used as a mediator for preimplantation embryonic development. Those observations indicate that metabolites of carbohydrate are required by the early embryo, not only as an energy source, but also as a key substrate for other regulatory and biosynthetic pathways. In addition metabolites of carbohydrate may involve in cellular activity during development of preimplantation embryos. It is suggested that through these regulation and with other regulation mechanisms, embryo and uterus can prepare the embryo implantation and further development, properly.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.185-197
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• 1995

Tungsten skarns in the Chungju mine which consists mainly of strata-bound type iron ore deposits are found in the vicinity of the contact between the age-unknown Kyemeongsan Formation and granitic rock intrusions of Mesozoic age($134{\pm}2Ma$). Tungsten skarns were formed extensively from alumina and silica-rich schistose rocks by the introduction of calcium and iron from hydrothermal solution. The skarns comprise a metasomatic column and are subdivided into four facies; garnet facies, wollastonite facies, epidote facies and chlorite facies. The skarn process in time-evolutional trend can be divided broadly into the four facies in terms of the paragenetic sequence of calc-silicates and their chemical composition. Skarn and ore minerals were formed in the following sequence; (1) garnet facies, adjacent to biotite granite, containing mainly garnet(>Ad96) and magnetite, (2) wollastonite facies containing mainly wollastonite and garnet(Ad95~60), (3) epidote facies, containing mainly epidote(Ps35~31), quartz, andradite-grossular(Ad63~50), and scheelite, (4) chlorite facies, adjacent to and replacing schist, containing mainly chrolite, muscovite, quartz, calcite, epidote(Ps31~25), hematite and sulfides. The mineral assemblage and mineral compositions. suggest that the chemical potentials of Ca and Fe increased toward the granitic rock, and the component Al, Mg, K, and Si decreased from the host rock to granitic rock. The homogenization temperature and salinity of fluid inclusion in scheelite, quartz and epidote of epidote facies skarn is $300-400^{\circ}C$ and 3-8wt.% eqiv. NaCl, respectively. ${\delta}^{34}S$ values of pyrite and galena associated with chlorite facies skarn is $9.13{\sim}9.51%_{\circ}$ and $5.85{\sim}5.96%_{\circ}$, respectively. The temperature obtained from isotopic com· position of coexisting pyrite-galena is $283{\pm}20^{\circ}C$. Mineral assemblages and fluid inclusion data indicate that skarn formed at low $X_{CO_2}$, approximately 0.01. Temperature of the skarn mineralization are estimated to be in the range of $400^{\circ}C$ to $260^{\circ}C$ and pressure to be 0.5 kbar. The oxygen fugacity($fo_2$) of the skarn mineralization decreased with time. The early skarn facies would have formed at log $fo_2$ values of about -25 to -27, and late skarn facies would have formed at log $fo_2$ values of -28 to -30. The estimated physicochemical condition during skarn formation suggests that the principal causes of scheelite mineralization are reduction of the ore·forming fluid and a decrease in temperature.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.361-374
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• 2010

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to provide some basic data for effective prevention and oral health education for oral health. For that purpose, a self-administered questionnaire was distributed to the boys of three high schools in Gyeonggi Province. Methods : The questionnaire consisted of items about the practice of oral health control and knowledge of decay according to grade, number of snacking, preferred taste, and toothbrushing. Total 487 questionnaires were put to analysis using the SPSS WIN 13.0 program. Results : 1. The biggest number of the boys brushed their teeth twice a day. The 10th graders brushed teeth three times a day, and the 11th and 12th graders tended to brush teeth twice a day(${\chi}^2$=18.21, p<.05). 2. As for the way of toothbrushing, 39.0% of the boys said they brushed teeth the way they felt like, being followed by those who said they brushed teeth turning the toothbrush up and down and brushing both the teeth and gums(32.6%). As for the number of snacking, those who had snacks three times a day or more brushed teeth turning the toothbrush up and down and brushing both the teeth and gums. Those who hardly had snacks more tended to brush teeth the way they felt like than those who had snacks(${\chi}^2$=21.28, p<.05). And as for preferred tastes, those who preferred a sweet and salty taste more tended to brush teeth the way they felt like than others. And those who preferred a hot taste brushed teeth turning the toothbrush up and down and brushing both the teeth and gums(${\chi}^2$=26.85, p<.01). 3. The respondents' percentage of correct answers for 'Decay is caused by bacteria' was 81.5%. Those who preferred a hot taste recorded the highest percentage of correct answers(${\chi}^2$=21.95, p<.00). 4. Their percentage of correct answers for 'Decay is accompanied by pain from the beginning' was 78.2%. The 12th graders had the highest rate of correct answers, and the 11th graders had the highest rate of wrong answers(${\chi}^2$=11.56, p<.00). 5. Their percentage of correct answers for 'Fluorine is helpful to the prevention of decay' was 75.4%. Those who hardly had snacks recorded the highest rate of correct answers(${\chi}^2$=10.05, p<.02). 6. Their percentage of correct answers for 'There is a way to supply fluorine into the waterworks' was 29.2%, which means the percentage of wrong answers was much higher. The percentage of wrong answers was the highest in the 11th grade(${\chi}^2$=7.06, p<.03). 7. The respondents' mean scores of knowledge of decay were 13.15 of total 18. While the 12th graders showed the highest level of knowledge of decay, the 11th graders were lower in the level of knowledge of decay than the other graders. And there were significant differences(F=5.41, p<.01) according to grade with no such differences according to the number of snacking and preferred taste. Conclusions : Oral health education should be applied to the boys all through their life to have a great effect, and it is important that they should always put the oral health education into practice to be a successful education.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.317-326
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• 2012

Objectives : This study aims to examine satisfaction of dental treatment and revisit and intention of recommendation to dental patients and to supply as a basic resource for dental management improvement. Methods : 645 dental patients to dental hospitals in G City were subjects of this study. 27 dental hospitals were randomly chosen per 5 or 6 in 5 Districts. The intention of the survey was explained to 645 patients and it was agreed to have questionnaire survey. Questionnaire survey was carried out for 2 weeks in April 2011. Total 593 were used for the analysis except for insufficient answer sheets. The analysis was executed by using SPSS 18.0 and the results are as follows. Results : 1. The highest figures are as follows: female was 53.29% in sex, 20-29 age group was 44.52%, graduates of university were 38.62%, students were 28.50%, monthly family income with 300-399 million won was 31.70%. As to the treatment, dental caries were highest with 46.21% followed by scaling with 40.81%. As to the number of visit, 39.80% were over 5 times, and as to the opportunity to use, 29.34% answered it because it is close to home. 2. As to satisfaction, male was 4.15, over 60years old was 4.58, self-employed was 4.33, friendship with dentist as opportunity to use was 4.37. And as to revisit intention, over 60 years old was 4.60, over postgraduate in education level was 4.38, self-employed was 4.43, over 5 times visit was 4.32, and fame as opportunity to use was 4.39 which were the highest. As to the intention of recommendation to others, female was 4.24, over 60 years old was 4.65, self-employed was 4.36, friendship with dentist as opportunity was 4.43 which were the highest and showed significant differences (p<0.05). 3. As to patient satisfaction, there were strong relevance between revisit intention and intention of recommendation with 0.769 and 0.744 respectively. And, as to revisit intention, it had significant relation with revisit intention with 0.791. 4. The explanatory power of the regression analysis on the factors affecting revisit intention was 61.20%. The revisit intention was high when the satisfaction of dental hospital was high (${\beta}$=0.767, p<0.001), the number of visit (${\beta}$=0.026, p<0.01), reason for a visit (${\beta}$=0.070, p<0.01), education level (${\beta}$=-0.063, p<0.05) and occupation (${\beta}$=0.078, p<0.05). 5. The explanatory power of the regression analysis on the factors affecting intention of recommendation was 59.9%. The intention was taken patients satisfaction(${\beta}$=0.601, p<0.001), dental hygienist's kindness (${\beta}$=0.218, p<0.001), female (${\beta}$=0.079, p<0.05), reason for a visit(${\beta}$=-0.059, p<0.05), dissatisfaction treat(${\beta}$=0.084, p<0.05), dentist's kindness (${\beta}$=-0.080, p<0.05), age (${\beta}$=0.054, p<0.05). Conclusions : To improve revisit rate of patients, the refurbishing hospital facility, treatment and kindness of dental hygienists and satisfaction of treatment must be improved. And it also needs to accept complaint from female patients in a positive manner, and understand and correct complaints actively from the perspective of patients.