• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.495-501
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• 2019

Aloin [1,8-Dihydroxy-10-(${\beta}$-D-glucopyranosyl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-9(10H)-anthracenone], is a natural anthraquinone from aloe. It has been shown to have antioxidant and anticancer effects in various types of human cancer cells, but the anticancer effects of aloin in human colorectal cancer cells HT-29 have not been elucidated. In this study, possible mechanisms by which aloin exerts its apoptotic action in cultured human colorectal cancer HT-29 cells were investigated. The results of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay shows that treatment with aloin (0, 100, 200, 300 and $400{\mu}M$) reduced cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner in HT-29 and showed no effects on cell proliferation in A375SM and AGS cells. In addition, it was confirmed that apoptotic body was significantly increased as shown by 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining, and increased apoptosis rate by flow cytometry in HT-29 cells treated with aloin (0, 200 and $400{\mu}M$). We confirmed by western blotting that aloin activated Bax (pro-apoptotic), cleaved-poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and caspase-3, -8 and Bcl-2 (anti-apoptotic) were not changed compared with the control. Aloin induced up-regulation of phospho-p38 and down-regulation of phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2. Therefore, aloin suppressed the growth inhibitory effects by the induction of apoptosis in human colorectal cancer cells and has potential as a cancer preventive medicine.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.938-945
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• 2011

Epimedium koreanum Nakai is a wild herb commonly consumed in South Korea due to its beneficial health effects. In the present study, the antimutagenic and immunoactivities of extracts from E. koreanum Nakai containing different icariin quantities were investigated for food use. In the Ames test, both the water and ethanol extracts were found not to have a mutagenic effect on Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100, respectively. The E. koreanum Nakai extracts showed over 80 and 90% antimutagenic effects on benzo(${\alpha}$)pyrene (B(a)P) in S. typhimurium TA98 and TA100, respectively. Moreover, all the extracts showed over 70% antimutagenicity on S. typhimurium TA98 and TA100 against 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO). The E. koreanum Nakai extract with ethanol showed strong antimutagenic activity, higher than that of the water extract and the sequenced KE9412, KE9408, and KE9405. In the immunomodulating activity test, the effect of E. koreanum Nakai on the B (Rhamos) and T (Jukat) cells were investigated. The immunoactivity results showed that the growth and viability of the B and T cells increased and were activated more in KE9405 (1.8 times), KE9408 (1.6 times), and KE9412 (1.32 times) in the water extracts, and least in KE9412 (1.74 times), KE9408 (1.52 times), and KE9405 (1.4 times) in the ethanol extracts. In the case of both the water and ethanol extracts ($500{\mu}g/mL$) from E. koreanum Nakai, the highest cell number of the human B (Rhamos) and T (Jukat) cells was observed on day 4 in KE9405 and KE9412, and on day 5 in KE9408. Based on the obtained results, the development of E. koreanum Nakai as a food material is recommended.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.191-199
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• 2021

This study was conducted to improve the useful components and biological activity of Lentinula edodes fermented by lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Three LAB strains (Lactobacillus brevis KCCM 11904, L. plantarum KCCM 354469, and L. fermentum KCCM 12116) were inoculated and used for L. edodes hot water extract (10%, 20%, 30%) fermentation. LAB fermentation of L. edodes hot water extracts decreased pH and thus were more acidic than non-fermented L. edodes hot water extract. β-glucan and ergothioneine contents were increased by L. edodes in a concentration-dependent manner. The ergothioneine and β-glucan contents were highest in fermented with 30% L. edodes hot water extract fermented by L. plantarum and L. brevis (40.48 mg/100 g and 13.94%, respectively). The hepato-protective effect of fermented L. edodes hot water extracts by the three LAB were tested using Sprague-Dawley rat primary hepatocytes. In primary hepatocytes obtained following liver injury induced by acetaminophen, fermented L. edodes hot water extracts by the three LAB showed protective effects, as evident by reduction of the aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase liver markers. The collective results indicate that the fermented L. edodes hot water extracts obtained using LAB are potentially valuable in preventing or treating liver disease.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.295-302
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• 2019

Liquiritigenin (LG) is a chiral flavonoid isolated from the roots of licorice. It exhibits multiple biological activities including anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, and anti-inflammatory effects. In particular though, the anti-cancer activity of LG in oral squamous cell carcinoma has yet to be elucidated, and LG-induced apoptosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma remains poorly understood. In the present study, we tested the role of LG in inducing apoptosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma cells. LG treatment of HN22 cells resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of cell viability as detected by a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. The induction of apoptosis in terms of Annexin V/7-Aminoactinomycin D staining, sub-G1 population, and multi-caspase activity were assessed with a $Muse^{TM}$ Cell Analyzer. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that LG treatment resulted in G2/M arrest in cell cycle progression and downregulation of cyclin B1 and CDC2 expression in a concentration-dependent manner. It also resulted in significant upregulation of p27. In addition, LG was seen to trigger the generation of reactive oxygen species and induce CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein and 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein in concentration-dependent upregulation. The LG treatment of HN22 cells led to a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (${\Delta}{\Psi}m$); it also reduced the levels of anti-apoptotic protein and increased the expression of apoptotic protease activating factor-1, cleaved poly (ADP-ribose)polymerase and Bax. Overall, our results indicate that the pro-apoptotic effects of LG in HN22 cells depend on the activation of both intrinsic and extrinsic signaling pathways. Thus, our results suggest that LG constitutes a natural compound with a potential role as an anti-tumor agent in oral squamous cell carcinoma.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.394-406
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• 2019

The cellular senescence may be due to damage by the reactive oxygen species (ROS). This study has compared the antioxidant activity in the human cell lines of various origins, including 10S and 50S-derived normal skin fibroblasts, and 10S bone marrow, dental tissue and adipose-derived adult stem cells. After being exposed to $H_2O_2$, half inhibitory concentration ($IC_{50}$) values by cytotoxicity assay was significantly (P<0.05) lower in 50S-derived skin fibroblasts, than in 10S-derived skin fibroblasts and various adult stem cell lines. The cell population doubling time (PDT) and the cell frequency with high senescence associated-${\beta}$-galactose activity were remarkably increased in 50S-derived fibroblasts exposed to 50 ppm $H_2O_2$ for 7 days, than those of 10S-derived fibroblasts and various adult stem cell lines. Further, the expression level of antioxidant-related genes, glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and catalase (CAT), was investigated in 10S and 50S-derived skin fibroblasts, and 10S-derived various adult stem cells by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The expression level of GPX was higher in most of cell lines, compared to CAT, and a significantly (P<0.05) higher expression level of GPX was observed in 10S-derived skin fibroblasts and adult stem cell lines, compared to 50S-derived skin fibroblasts. We concluded that old-aged skin fibroblasts seemed to be less resistant against ROS than young-aged skin fibroblasts and adult stem cells.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.110 no.2
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• pp.254-265
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• 2021

As a result of measuring the polyphenol content of Humulus japonicus (HJ) extract according to the collection time and extraction solvent, bothhot water extract and 70% ethanol extract were collected and extracted in June, and the polyphenol content was high. When the harvesting time was the same, the polyphenol content of the ethanol extract was higher than that of the hot water extract. As a result of measuring the antioxidant activity of HJ extract by measuring electron-donating ability, SOD-like activity, and ABTS radical scavenging ability, HJ6E, which has the highest polyphenol content, showed the highest activity. In addition, in the case of the extract collected in August, the polyphenol content was similar. However, the antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract was high, sothe antioxidant activity remained high when extracted with 70% ethanol. As a result of measuring tyrosinase inhibitory activity for evaluating skin whitening activity, HJ6W did not show any activity. The activity at the highest concentration was 16.18% for HJ8W, 8.07% for HJ6E, and 14.7% for HJ8E. Therefore, the content of ingredients showing skin whitening activity was higher in August than in June. In the elastase inhibitory activity for evaluating the anti-wrinkle activityof the skin, the ethanol extract showed very little activity, and the hot water extract did not. In addition, since all extracts do not show astringent activity, it is judged that it is not appropriate to use HJ as a functional ingredient for preventing wrinkle formation. As a result of measuring the cell viability of HJ6E, which showed the highest polyphenol content and antioxidant activity, it showed a cell proliferation effect at low concentrationsbut strong cytotoxicity at concentrations above 50 ㎍/mL. In the case of the NO production inhibitory ability, as the concentration increased, the NO production of Raw 264.7 was suppressed. Theamount of NO production at 1,000 ㎍/mL decreased to 40.7%. However, whether these results are due to cytotoxicity or the extract's efficacy is a part that requires further research.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.674-691
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• 2019

The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of essential oils extracted from the wood of Chamaecyparis obtusa, Pinus densiflora, Pinus koraiensis, and Larix kaempferi. Essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation, and their chemical components were determined by GC/MS. Major chemical components of these essential oils were ${\alpha}$-cadinol (19.25%), ${\tau}$-muurolol (14.20%), and ${\alpha}$-pinene (13.74%) in C. obtusa; ${\alpha}$-pinene (47.16%), longifolene (14.31%), ${\beta}$-phellandrene (11.78%), and ${\beta}$-pinene (11.02%) in P. densiflora; ${\alpha}$-pinene (13.49%) and longifolene (10.79%) in P. koraiensis, and geranyl linalool (23.58%) and ${\alpha}$-pinene (18.57%) in L. kaempferi. To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of essential oils, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RBL-2H3 mast cells were treated with these essential oils; then, the changes in the mRNA expression level of the cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 were examined. Further, degranulation was evaluated by measuring ${\beta}$-hexosaminidase release. After LPS-induced RBL-2H3 mast cells were exposed to $10^{-7}%$ of all types of essential oils, the gene expression levels of IL-4 and IL-13 within the cells remarkably decreased. The relative mRNA expression level of IL-4 was 69.6% in P. densiflora, 63.2% in P. koraiensis, 55.1% in C. obtusa, and 45.8% in L. kaempferi compared with that in the group treated with LPS. The mRNA expression level of L-13 should a similar trend. The inhibitory rate of IL-13 mRNA expression of P. densiflora, P. koraiensis, C. obtusa, and L. kaempferi was 57.8%, 57.1%, 51.1%, and 34.5%, respectively. ${\beta}$-Hexosaminidase release significantly decreased following the treatment with the four types of essential oils. The rate of ${\beta}$-hexosaminidase release were 38.1% C. obtusa; 33.0% P. densiflora; 27.4% P. koraiensis; and 9.1% L. kaempferi. Among all types of essential oils, that extracted from P. densiflora wood showed the highest anti-inflammatory activity. These results show that the tested essential oils exert an anti-inflammatory effect through the inhibition of degranulation and expression of cytokines.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.32 no.8
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• pp.622-632
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• 2022

The purpose of this study was to investigate activities as functional cosmetic materials, focusing on Rhododendron brachycarpum (RB) and Rhododendron fortunei (RF). The tyrosinase inhibitory effect, related to skin-whitening, was 32.6% and 39.3% respectively at the concentration of 1,000 ㎍/ml. The elastase inhibitory effect, related to skin anti-wrinkling activity, was 30% and 36.2% at 1,000 ㎍/ml concentration. Collagenase inhibitory activity showed 77.7%, and 80.2% respectively at 1,000 ㎍/ml concentration, which demonstrated excellent inhibitory activity. For a cell viability test, that measured on fibroblast cells by RB and RF extracts. Furthermore, the cell viability test showed 100.9% and 98.9% with cell viability at 100 ㎍/ml concentration in CCD-986Sk. The protein expression inhibitory effect of RB and RF extracts was measured by western blot at 25, 50, and 100 ㎍/ml concentrations, and the β-actin was used as a positive control. As a result, western blot of RB and RF extracts was measured by the expression inhibition rate of the MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3 protein, and was decreased by 67.2%, 65.5%, 13.6%, and 89.1%, 85.0%, and 62.7% at 100 ㎍/ml concentration. The mRNA expression inhibitory effect of RB and RF extracts was measured by RT-PCR at 25, 50, and 100 ㎍/ml concentrations, and the GAPDH was used as a positive control. According to the results of RT-PCR of RB and RF extracts, the expression inhibition rate of the MMP-1, MMP-2, and MMP-3 mRNA was decreased by 70.1%, 9.1%, 37.9%, and 38.2%, 8.3%, 57.3% at 100 ㎍/ml concentrations. So, RB and RF extracts showed the anti-wrinkle effectiveness as a functional cosmetic material.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.15-24
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• 2023

To examine the antitumor effect of proso millet grains, whether proso millet grains exert apoptotic activity against human cancer cells was investigated. When the cytotoxicity of 80% ethanol (EtOH) extract of proso millet grains was tested against various cancer cells using MTT assay, more potent cytotoxicity was observed against human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells than against other cancer cells. When the EtOH extract was evaporated to dryness, dissolved in water, and then further fractionated by sequential extraction using four organic solvents (n-hexane, methylene chloride, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol), the BuOH fraction exhibited the highest cytotoxicity against MDA-MB-231 cells. Along with the cytotoxicity, TUNEL-positive apoptotic nucleosomal DNA fragmentation and several apoptotic responses including BAK/BAX activation, mitochondria membrane potential (Δψm) loss, mitochondrial cytochrome c release into the cytosol, activation of caspase-8/-9/-3, and degradation of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) were detected. However, human normal mammary epithelial MCF-10A cells exhibited a significantly lesser extent of sensitivity compared to malignant MDA-MB-231 cells. Irrespective of Fas-associated death domain (FADD)-deficiency or caspase-8-deficiency, human T acute lymphoblastic leukemia Jurkat cells displayed similar sensitivities to the cytotoxicity of BuOH fraction, excluding an involvement of extrinsic apoptotic mechanism in the apoptosis induction. These results demonstrate that the cytotoxicity of BuOH fraction from proso millet grains against human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells is attributable to intrinsic apoptotic cell death resulting from BAK/BAX activation, and subsequent mediation of mitochondrial damage-dependent activation of caspase cascade.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.452-461
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• 2024

This study evaluated the in vitro antioxidant activities of ethanolic Polygonum multiflorum (P. multiflorum) extracts and their cytoprotective effects on H₂O₂-induced HT22 and SK-N-MC cells. Among ethanolic extracts of P. multiflorum, the 40% ethanolic extract of P. multiflorum exhibited high total phenolics and flavonoid contents, with 105.68 mg of GAE/g and 28.92 mg of RE/g, respectively. The 40% ethanolic extract of P. multiflorum showed a high 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) radical scavenging activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) inhibitory effect. The 40% ethanolic extract of P. multiflorum also showed efficient inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase and acetylcholinesterase. Moreover, the 40% ethanolic extract of P. multiflorum reduced oxidative stress and increased cell viability in H₂O₂-induced HT22 and SK-N-MC cells as determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetra-zoliumbromide (MTT) and 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCF-DA) assay. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) identified 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-beta-D-glucoside (TSG) as the bioactive compound in the 40% ethanolic extract of P. multiflorum.