• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.236-241
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• 1999

Sclerotinia twig blight on trees and cottony rot on fruits of Satsuma mandarin were observed in Cheju, Korea in 1996 and 1997. The causal fungus causing citrus twig blight and cottony rot was identified as Sclerotinia sclerotiorum which had cup-shaped apothecia bearing hyaline and clavate asci and periphyses on sclerotium. Symptoms were produced on twigs, developing young leaves, fully developed new leaves, and fruits 2-9 days after wound inoculation, but only on twigs with young lateral buds and developing young leaves by unwound inoculation. The fungus grew well between 10 and $27^{\circ}$, but optimum temperature was $24^{\circ}$ on potato dextrose agar. Most varieties were highly susceptible to S. sclerotiorum, whereas some varieties such as Ichinan were relatively resistant among twelve Satsuma mandarin varieties in the field. This is the first record of Scledrotinia twig blight on trees and cottony rot on stored fruits of Satsuma mandarin in Korea.

• Plant Disease and Agriculture
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.34-40
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• 1999

The virus infection rates and disease symptoms of three major citrus viruses, citrus tristeza virus (CTV), satsuma dwarf virus (SDV), and citrus tatter leaf virus (CTLV), were investigated at 35 citrus orchards in Cheju Island from 1995. The infection rates of CTV, SDV, and CTLV were 69.8%, 8.6%, and 9.3%, respectively. However, depending on cultivars there were significant differences in the infection rates. The infection rates of CTV were highest in early satsuma mandarin (Citrusunshiu) with 80.9% and lowest in very early satsuma mandarin with 51.9%. In SDV, the highest was in very early stasuma mandarin with 23.1% and the lowest was in early satsuma mandarin with 6.3%. And the highest infection rate in very early satsuma mandarin with 17.9% and the lowest in tangors with 7.3% in CTLV. The symptoms of virus-infected citrus were very diverse; small and abnormal shape of fruits, abnormal leaves such as narrow boat and small spoon shapes of leaves, stem-pitting on the twig, bud-union crease and swelling of the graft part, reduction of the plant vigor and poor yields.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.207-212
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• 2018

BACKGROUND: Recently, the need for a method to cultivate 'Haryejosaeng' Satsuma mandarin has been increasing. However, there is limited information available as this is a new Satsuma mandarin cultivar, which was bred by the RDA in 2004. Many farmers who cultivate this cultivar follow the cultivation method similar to that used for 'Miyagawa' Satsuma mandarin, and suffer low production of optimum-sized fruits. METHODS AND RESULTS: This study was conducted to find out the optimum ratio of leaf-to-fruit for the stable production of high quality 'Haryejosaeng' Satsuma mandarin fruits in a non-heated plastic film house. Seven-year-old 'Haryejosaeng' Satsuma mandarin trees were used in the study. Before the treatment, the leaf-to-fruit ratio ranged from 5.7 to 17.9. The treatments included 10, 20, 30, and 40 leaves per fruit. The fruits were removed if over fruiting was observed at day 60 after full bloom. We investigated the fruit size and quality on the day of harvest. Flowering and fruiting patterns in each treatment were recorded for the following year. In the experiments, the flower-to-leaf ratio was 1.12 to 1.74. As the leaf-to-fruit ratio decreased, the fruit size and weight also decreased. Contrarily, the higher the ratio of leaf-to-fruit, the higher fruit size and weight were. It was noted that the ratio of 20:1 was ideal to produce the M grade optimum-sized Satsuma mandarin fruits on the day of harvest. However, higher ratio might result in fruits weighting above 100 g. There was no difference among the treatments in terms of fruit quality, such as total soluble solid contents, titratable acid, and color. In the subsequent years, flowering and fruiting in the treatments were lowered when the leaf number per fruit was 10, but they were improved when the leaf number per fruit was above 20. CONCLUSION: Based on the above results, the optimum ratio of leaf-to-fruit was found to be 20:1 for flowering and fruiting of 'Haryejosaeng' Satsuma mandarin. It is important that optimum ratio of leaf-to-fruit is set as a standard to produce good grade and quality of 'Haryejosaeng' Satsuma mandarin fruits.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.865-869
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• 2008

Effects of chitosan coating on respiration rate and internal gas composition of 'Fuji' apple and 'Satsuma' mandarin were investigated and compared to wax emulsions and two commercial coating materials. Chitosan coating reduced respiration rate significantly (p<0.05) in 'Fuji' apple and 'Satsuma' mandarin compared to uncoated and other coating materials. Chitosan coating on 'Fuji' apple showed the highest $CO_2$ and the lowest $O_2$ concentration in the internal gas composition at $5^{\circ}C$ but showed no differences compared to other coating materials at $20^{\circ}C$. 'Satsuma' mandarin showed significantly high $CO_2$ concentration in chitosan coating at $20^{\circ}C$ but there were not significant differences among coating materials in $CO_2$ and $O_2$ composition at $5^{\circ}C$.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.35-41
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• 2013

This study investigated the effect of functional MA films (FMA) incorporated with zeolite powder treated with 1 N HCL solution and anti-fogging agent on the freshness extension of Satsuma mandarin. Preference, weight loss, total ascorbic acid, sugar content, titratable acidity and gas composition in package of Satsuma mandarin were evaluated during storage at $15^{\circ}C$. After 120 days of storage, the weight loss of mandarin packed with LLDPE film (control, L) was 1%, FMA film (CA) was 1.6%. Total ascorbic acid content of Satsuma manderin in control was 19.97 mg%, those of CA was 24.25 mg%. The titratable acidity of Satsuma manderin in CA was higher than that of control, while soluble solids content of CA was lower than that of control after 120 days. Ethylene gas content of control was 89.5 ppm and those of CA was 73.6 ppm after 120 days. Quality of Satsuma mandarin packed with CA was better than that of control. It was verified that shelf-life of Satsuma mandarin in control was 100 days and those of CA film was 130 days. Quality of Satsuma mandarin was few different between treated with anti-fogging agent and non-treated, but commodity of film treated with anti-fogging agent was considered better than that of non-treated.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.5-11
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• 2002

The comparison of the volatile flavor components from Korean and Japanese Satsuma mandarin (C. unshiu Marcov. forma Miyagawa-wase) peel oils, isolated by cold-pressing, was performed by gas chromatography, mass-spectrometry and gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O). Eighty-five volatile components were identified in each oil by GC and GC-MS. Forty-three components were detected in each oil by GC-O. The total amount of monoterpene hydrocarbons was 95.88% (Korean mandarin) and 95.29% (Japanese mandarin). Limonene, ${\gamma}$-terpinene, myrcene and $\alpha$-pinene were the main components of the cold-pressed oils from the both samples. The volatile composition of the Japanese mandarin was characterized by a higher content of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, especially bicyclogermacrene, $\alpha$-humullene and valencene. The volatile composition of two samples can easily be distinguished by the percentages of aldehydes, ketones and esters, which were found at higher levels in the Japanese mandarin. The sweet and fruity flavor was stronger in the Korean mandarin oil while herbaceous flavor was stronger in Japanese sample. From GC-O data it is suggested that the sweet and fruity flavor of the Korean mandarin resulted from terpinolene and linalool, and the herbaceous note of the Japanese mandarin from $\alpha$-humullene, nepal, ι-carvone and perill aldehyde.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.314-317
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• 2006

A phage technique for detection of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri, a causal bacterium of canker on Sastuma mandarin fruits was developed. Phage and ELISA techniques were compared for their sensitivity for detection of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri on orange fruits. Both of techniques revealed a similar efficiency for the bacterial detection; the pathogenic bacteria were observed in pellet from the fruits with over one canker spot with below 2 mm in diameter. In field assays, the increase of phage population(120%) on surface of the fruits related to the disease development one month later indicated that the bacterial pathogens inhabit on the surface. The procedure will be effectively used for detection of only living bacterial pathogen on fruit surfaces of Satsuma mandarin and for the disease forecasting.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.480-485
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• 2014

In satsuma mandarin (C. unshiu Marc. cv. Miyagawa), alternate bearing is frequently occurred. It is very difficult to control and maintain the optimum production because satsuma mandarin is a very sensitive citrus cultivar. We carried out the experiment to find out the effects of foliar application of gibberellic acid ($GA_3$) and machine oil emulsion mixture on flowering and fruit quality of satsuma mandarin grown on open field. The treatments were composed of control (no application), $GA_3$ (25, 50 and $100mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$), machine oil emulsion 100 times and mixture of $GA_3$ (25 and $50mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$) with machine oil emulsion 100 times on 16 year-old 'Miyagawa' satsuma mandarin on December 30, 2012. Foliar application of $GA_3$ during winter season led to a reduction of the flowering in the following year. $GA_3$ decreased flowering in dose dependant manner. However, application of $GA_3$ and machine oil emulsion (100 times-diluted mixture) inhibited effectively the flowering compared to $GA_3$ only. Also, flower-leaf ratio was significantly decreased by the application of $GA_3$ 25 (0.54) and $50(0.41)mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ with machine oil emulsion mixture in comparison to $GA_3$ 25 (0.86) and $50(0.60)mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ only. The number of leaves per fruit increased in application of $GA_3$ and machine oil emulsion mixture as concentration of $GA_3$ increased. Fruit weight and sugar-acid ratio also increased in comparison to the control whereas fruit size, soluble solid content and acidity remained unchanged. From the results, it was suggested that $GA_3$ application can reduce the number of flowers on the alternate bearing of satsuma mandarin. Moreover, application of $GA_3$ (25 and $50mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$) with machine oil emulsion 100 times mixture can reduce the flowering effectively without altering fruit maturity and soluble solid contents. Therefore, it can be concluded that the application of $GA_3$ 25 and $50mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ with machine oil emulsion 100 times might be useful in controlling alternate bearing in satsuma mandarin.

• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.303-307
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• 1998

Citrus scab caused warty and scabby lesions on the surface of leaves, twigs and fruits of Satsuma mandarin. Warty lesions were mainly developed before July but scabby ones were developed during summer season in Cheju island, Korea. The casual organism of scab was morphologically identified as Sphaceloma fawcettii and was thought to be Tryon's pathotype of Elsinoe fawcettii, because it was pathogenic on rough lemon and Cleopatra mandarin but non-pathogenic on sour orange, grapefruit and sweet orange among the 5 differential hosts of E. fawcettii.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.29-32
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• 2002

The ability to form embryiod from callus in satsuma mandarin is low and unstable. In this study, the conditions of embryogenic calli induced from nucellar tissue for promotion of plant regeneration in satsuma mandarin were investigated. The calli of I, II and III line were divided into two sizes of 0.5 mm and 1.0 mm in diameter and two weight gradients of percoll at 40% and 50% though the filter mesh. The frequency of embryo formation from $\phi$ 1.0mm-40% was slightly higher than callus that from others. Adventitious embryoids developed to a globular stage were transferred to regeneration medium. In 'Miyagawa Wase', the embryos from I and II line developed into a heart stage from most of $\phi$ 0.5 mm- 40% and $\phi$1.0 mm-40% calli, but it failed in 'Sugiyama Unshu'. In the cultivar of 'Miyagawa Wase', 63% of adventitious embryos transferred to the regeneration medium developed into the heart stage from the most $\phi$ 1.0 mm-40% calli of I line, but of 'Sugiyama Unshu' failed in some calli condition. The embryoids from two callus lines developed further to shoots and plantlets, while the embriods from III line abnormal failed to regenerate in the cultivar. From these results, it is suggested that the plant regeneration from embryogenic callus in satsuma mandarin could be affected by callus conditions.