• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.1151-1157
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to investigate the iron nutritional status and anemia of university female students. Seventy female subjects in Ulsan city were evaluated with questionnaire, measurement of hematological indices. The mean height and weight of 70 subjects were 160.76±0.48cm, 52.80±0.72kg and BMI(body mass index: kg/m2), %IBW(ideal body weight) were 21.0±0.29, 100.2±12.41. The mean values of hemoglobin(Hgb), hematocrit(Hct), serum iron(S Fe), serum ferritin(SF), TIBC(total iron binding capacity), transferrin saturation(TS(%)) and RBC were 12.7±11.10g/dl, 39.0± 2.61%, 96.9±41.98 g/dl, 28.9±24.78 g/dl, 369.6±54.36 g/dl, 27.1±12.40% and 4.4± 0.27(106/mm3), respectively. Iron deficiency anemia among the subjects was estimated as 15.7% by using Hgb(<12g/dl), 11.4% by Hct(<36%), 22.9% by S Fe(<60 g/dl), 34.3% by SF(<15 g/dl), 48.6% by TIBC(>360 g/dl) and 20.0% by TS(%)(<15%). 15 subjective symptoms were measured and the high prevalence symptoms were 'cold hands and feet' and 'tired out easily'. The correlation between hemotological indices and subjective symptoms was evaluated. The hemoglobin level was negatively correlated with 'cold hands and feet', 'short breath when climbing', 'fragile nail', 'inflammed inner mouth', 'pale face' and 'scaly tetter'.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.10
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• pp.1422-1428
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• 2000

This investigation was conducted to evaluate the shrimp flesh (SF) and shrimp by-product (SB) of the most abundant shrimp species (Metapenaeus affinis, Penaeus semisulcatus and Penaeus monodon) caught in Central Vietnam, with the emphasis on yield, gross and amino acid (AA) composition and effect of heat treatment. The results showed that the mean edible SF and SB (head and shells with tail) yields of the three shrimp species averaged 56.7 and 43.3%, respectively, of the total wet body weight, with the M. affinis generating the highest by-product yield (45.7%) and P. semisulcatus (40.6%) the lowest. Significant differences in dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and ash content were found between SF and SB. The DM content of SF (21.5%) was lower than of SB (24.9%) and the ash content (on a DM basis) of the SB in all shrimp species was more than three times that of the SF (p<0.05), whereas the CP content was almost twice as high in the SF as compared with the SB (p<0.05). The SB of the three species contained (on a DM basis) between 44.0 and 49.8% CP (p<0.05) and between 13.5 and 18.1% chitin (p<0.05). The Ca content of SB differed also between species (p<0.05). On average, the sum of AA in SB corresponded to 89.3% of the CP and essential AA accounted for about 50% of the total AA. The most abundant AA were arginine, aspartic and glutamic acids, which accounted for 33% of the total AA. Minor, but significant differences in some AA concentrations of SB between species were observed (p<0.05). With the exception of the DM and ether extract content, all other chemical constituents of entire shrimp, SF and SB were not significantly affected by heat treatment (p>0.05).

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.24 no.8
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• pp.125-135
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• 2008

Rigid-soft particle mixtures, which consist of sand and rubber, are investigated for the understanding of the stress-deformation and elastic moduli. Specimens are prepared with various size ratio sr between sand and rubber particles, and different volumetric sand fraction sf. Small strain shear waves are measured under $K_o$-loading condition incorporated with the stress-deformation test by using oedometer cell with bender elements. The stress-deformation and small strain shear wave characteristics of rigid-soft particle mixtures show the transition from a rigid particle behavior regime to a soft particle behavior regime under fixed size ratio. A sudden rise of $\Lambda$ factor and the maximum value of the $\zeta$ exponent in $G_{max}=\;{\Lambda}({\sigma}'_{o}/kPa)^{\zeta}$ are observed at $sf\;{\approx}\;0.4{\sim}0.6$ regardless of the size ratio sf. Transition mixture shows high sensitivity to confining stress. The volume fraction for the minimum porosity may depend on the applied stress level in the rigid-soft particle mixtures because the soft rubber particles easily distort under load. In this experimental study, the size ratio and volumetric sand fraction are the important factors which determine the behavior of rigid and soft particle mixtures.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.24-32
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• 2011

[ $SF_6$ ]gas, which has an excellent dielectric strength and interruption performance, is used in various applications such as gas insulated switchgear (GIS) in substations. However, since $SF_6$ has a high global warming potential (GWP), it is necessary to find an eco-friendly alternative insulation gas. In order to examine the possibility of using alternative insulation gases for $SF_6$ in power distribution system equipment, the dielectric strength and physical phenomena of dry air in a quasi-uniform electric field are investigated experimentally in this paper. As a result, the breakdown voltages for positive polarity are higher than those for negative polarity under impulse voltage applications. The negative 50[%] flashover voltage, $V_{50}$ of dry air under conditions above 0.4[MPa] gas pressure, is higher than 150[kV], that is the basic impulse insulation level of distribution equipment. The $V_{50}$ increases linearly with increasing the gas pressure, regardless of the waveform and polarity of the applied impulse voltages. The voltage-time curves are dependent on the rise time of the impulse voltage and gas pressure. Furthermore, streamer discharge was observed through light emission images by an ICCD camera under impulse voltage applications.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.11
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• pp.1502-1507
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant contents and activities of solvent fractions from methanolic extracts of cockscome flowers. The yield of methanolic extracts from cockscome flowers was 23.33%, whereas those of its solvent fractions (hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol, and water) were 10.27, 20.00, 13.63, 17.55, and 38.54%, respectively. Total polyphenolic, flavonoid, tannin, and proanthocyanidin contents of methanolic extracts (ME) were 6.80 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g ME, 2.34 mg catechin equivalent (CE)/g ME, 6.23 mg tannic acid equivalent (TAE)/g ME, and $44.72{\mu}g$ CE/g ME, respectively. The highest total polyphenolic, flavonoid, and tannin contents of solvent fractions were 14.92 mg GAE/g solvent fraction (SF), 5.44 mg CE/g SF, and 13.38 mg TAE/g SF in the butanol fraction, respectively. The total proanthocyanidin contents were 42.47, 44.43, 50.03, 49.12, and $41.80{\mu}g$ CE/g SF, respectively. The DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities from cockscome flowers were 5.24 and 10.70 mg Trolox equivalent (TE)/g ME, respectively. The highest DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities of the solvent fractions were 12.53 and 21.09 mg TE/g SF in the butanol fraction, respectively. SOD-like activities of methanolic extracts from cockscome flowers were 7.96 units/mL, whereas those of its solvent fractions were 4.56, 6.15, 8.07, 12.36, and 5.21 units/mL, respectively. The results of this study show that notable antioxidant activities in cockscome flowers have significant health benefits.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.127-139
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• 2006

Objectives: To explore the quality of life in patients with temporomandibular disorders and to evaluate it in terms of source and duration of the pain. Methods: A total of 61 patients with temporomandibular disorders participated in this study. According to pain source, they were divided into 2 groups, masticatory muscle pain (MMP) group and intracapsular pain (ICP) group. And each group was divided into acute phase group (pain duration <6 months) and chronic phase group (pain duration=6 months). The Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) was used to measure patients' quality of life. The scores for eight-scale profile and the physical component summary (PCS) and mental component summary (MCS) of the SF-36 were compared between groups (MMP vs. ICP and acute vs. chronic). Student t-test was used to analyze the difference of the scores of the SF-36 between MMP and ICP groups. Results: MMP group showed significantly lower score in the 3 scales of the SF-36 (Role limitations due to emotional problems, Vitality, Bodily pain) when compared to ICP group. In acute phase there was no significant difference between MMP and ICP group in PCS as well as MCS scores, but in chronic phase MMP group showed significantly lower MCS score than ICP group. Conclusions: The masticatory muscle pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders,negatively influences the quality of life especially in chronic phase, and the mental components of quality of life are significantly interfered in the TMD patients with chronic masticatory muscle pain.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.143-150
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• 2010

Objective : The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of the fire needling therapy treatment on the biceps tendinitis. Methods : Fire needling therapy was administered five times to the patient complaining with biceps tendinitis. The improvement of clinical symptom was evaluated by McGill Pain Questionnaire -Short Form(SF-MPQ), Visual Analogue Scale(VAS) and Shoulder Pain, and Disability Index (SPADI). Result : After fire needling therapy to the biceps tendinitis patient five times, the patient's SF-MPQ score, VAS, and SPADI improved from 24 to 11, from 9 to 4, and from 33.6 to 14.8 respectively. Conclusions : Fire needling for biceps tendinitis should be tested in future randomized clinical trials.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.10 no.7
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• pp.483-487
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to investigate whether gold nanoparticles had radiosensitization when combined with gamma and x ray beam. Cytotoxicity was mearsured with comparing survival fraction after incubated time 6,12,18 and 24 hours. Clonogenic assay was employed to assess survival fraction of cells with and without gold nanoparticles treatment following gamma ray irradiation. The most of gold nanoparticles were distributed in the cytoplasm. And the toxicity of gold nanoparticles used this study were found to be non-cytotoxic. And we also observed enhancement by about 40% in RBE value for gamma ray irradiation of cells treated with gold nanoparticles. Dose reduction of about half for gamma ray irradiation is demonstrated for gold nanoparticles treated cells as compared to untreated cells. In cells with exposed to gamma ray, DNA damage was increased when compared to only radiation exposed cells. The study revealed a significant reduction in radiation dose for killing the cells with internalized gold nanoparticles as compared to the cells without gold nanoparticles. The gold nanoparticles treatment resulted in enhancement of radiation effect as evident from increase in relative biological effectiveness values for photon irradiated cells.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2012.02a
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• pp.459-459
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• 2012

Recently, the discharge of global warming gases in dry etching process of TFT-LCD display industry is a serious issue because perfluorocarbon compound (PFC) gas causes global warming effects. PFCs including CF4, C2F6, C3F8, CHF3, NF3 and SF6 are widely used as etching and cleaning gases. In particular, the SF6 gas is chemically stable compounds. However, these gases have large global warming potential (GWP100 = 24,900) and lifetime (3,200). In this work, we chose C3F6O gas which has a very low GWP (GWP100 = <100) and lifetime (< 1) as a replacement gas. This study investigated the effects of the gas flow ratio of C3F6O/O2 and process pressure in dual-frequency capacitively coupled plasma (CCP) etcher on global warming effects. Also, we compared global warming effects of C3F6O gas with those of SF6 gas during dry etching of a patterned positive type photo-resist/silicon nitride/glass substrate. The etch rate measurements and emission of by-products were analyzed by scanning electron Microscopy (SEM; HITACI, S-3500H) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR; MIDAC, I2000), respectively. Calculation of MMTCE (million metric ton carbon equivalents) based on the emitted by-products were performed during etching by controlling various process parameters. The evaluation procedure and results will be discussed in detail.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.363-369
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• 2011

Total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) removal efficiencies of a sand filter (SF), polystyrene microbead filter (PF), and Kaldnes bead filter (KF) media were evaluated under ammonia loading rates of 5, 25, and 50 g $m^{-3}day^{-1}$. The volume of each filter media tested was 7 L, and the water flow rate for all filter media was 24 L/min. The specific surface areas of the SF, PF, and KF were 7,836, 3,287, and 500 $m^2/m^3$, respectively. Sand was fluidized and the other two media were trickle filtered. The volumetric TAN removal rate increased with increasing ammonia loading rate for all filter media. Mean volumetric TAN removal rates under the ammonia loading rates of 5, 25, and 50 g $m^{-3}day^{-1}$ in SF (39.3, 168.6, and 322.7 g $m^{-3}day^{-1}$, respectively) were higher than those in PF (35.0, 157.4, and 310.5 g $m^{-3}day^{-1}$, respectively) and KF (32.1, 142.5, and 288.1 g $m^{-3}day^{-1}$, respectively). These results were related to differences in the specific surface areas of the filter media. PF was the most economic media for efficiently removing TAN.