• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.240-252
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• 1999

Floristic composition and phytosociological studies of Mt. Chongok and Mt. Tuta were investigated, and that was compared with the previously published report in 1993. Vascular plants were composed of 100 families, 358 genera, 573 species, 95 varieties, and 18 formae, totaling 686 taxa. The vegetation was relatively well conserved based on Pteridophyta calculation (Pte-Q), 1.13. Compared with the vascular plants of the southern and northern slope area, the vascular plants of the southern slope area were composed of 87 families, 287 genera, 419 species, 73 varieties, and 11 formae, totaling 503 taxa, and those of the northern slope area consisted of 94 families, 293 genera, 427 species, 73 varieties, and 12 formae, totaling 512 taxa, respectively. Also, compared with the taxa in each side, both sides were composed of 332 species in common, southern sides, 172 species and northern sides, 182 species, respectively. The number of species of 11 families belonged to the higher level among total families taxa was composed of 328 species(47.8%). Among them, Compositae and Rosaceae were included much more species than remnant families. Korean endemic species were composed 16 families, 24 genera, 20 species, 8 varieties and 2 formae, totaling 30 species(4.4%). Compared with the Korean endemic taxa in each side, both sides were composed of 14 species in common, southern sides, 11 species and northern sides, 5 species, respectively. A naturalized plants were 20 species, correspond to 9.2% of totaling 218 species appeared in South Korea. Among them,12 species were appeared commonly in both sides, southern sides, 16 species and northern sides, 16 species, respectively. Life form spectra was H-D1-R5-e type and, useful resources plants are as follows; edible source(42.4%), medicinal source(31.5%), ornamental source(15.6%) and pasture source (13.3%) in the total region. The forest vegetation of the southern slope was classified into 1 order, 1 alliances and 5 communities; Rhododendro-Quercetalia mongolicae, Lindero-Quercion mongolicae, Quercus mongolica Typical community, Populus davidiana-Quercus mongolica community, Pinus koraiensis-Taxus cuspidata community, Pinus densiflora-Carex humilis var. nana community, Betula costata-Betula ermanii community. It is considered that the slight difference of the flora and vegetation in the northern and southern slope is mostly due to the topographical and climatic difference. Even closer investigation is required for the more accurate comparison in this area.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.1447-1451
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• 2007

Through the screening of marine natural compounds that inhibit cancer cell proliferation, we previously reported that pectenotoxin-2 (PTX-2) isolated from marine sponges exhibits selective cytotoxicity against several cell lines in p53-deficient tumor cells compared to those with functional p53. However, the molecular mechanisms of its anti-proliferative action on malignant cell growth are not completely known. To further explore the mechanisms of its anti-cancer activity and to test whether the status of p53 in liver cancer cells correlates with their chemo-sensitivities to PTX-2, we used two well-known hepatocarcinoma cell lines, p53-deficient Hep3B and p53-wild type HepG2. We have demonstrated that PTX-2 markedly inhibits Hep3B cell growth and induces apoptosis whereas HepG2 cells are much more resistant to PTX-2 suggesting that PTX-2 seems to act by p53-independent cytotoxic mechanism. The apoptosis induced by PTX-2 in Hep3B cells was associated with the modulation of DNA fragmentation factor (DFF) family proteins, up-regulation of pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members such as Bax and Bcl-xS and activation of caspases (caspase-3, -8 and -9). Blockade of the caspase-3 activity by caspase-3 inhibitor, z-DEVD-fmk, prevented the PTX-2-induced growth inhibition in Hep3B cells. Moreover, treatment with PTX-2 also induced phosphorylation of AKT and extracellular-signal regulating kinase (ERK), but not c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MARK). Specific inhibitors of PI3K inhibitor (LY294002) and ERK1/2 inhibitor (PD98059) significantly blocks PTX-2-induced-anti-proliferative effects, whereas a JNK inhibitor (SP600125) and a p38 MAPK inhibitor (SB203580) have no significant effects demonstrating that the pro-apoptotic effect of PTX-2 mediated through activation of AKT and ERK signal pathway in Hep3B cells.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.395-405
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• 2009

The maturity of amber matrix and inclusion was studied to explore the effect of heat treatment on the formation of the sun spangle in the transparent Baltic amber from Gdansk, Poland. Optical microscope revealed two types of inclusions in the original amber samples. The inclusions in the amber which had sun spangle were dramatically expanded by the heat treatment, comparing to those without sun spangle which contains fissure and shows different refractive index. The amber sample which didn't show sun spangle after the heat treatment showed a strong carbon related peak in TOF-SIMS spectra and weak oxygen related peak. it means that the maturity of this amber sample is comparatively higher than the one with spangle. The two amber samples show similar IR spectra before the heat treatment. However, the amber which had sun spangle exhibited an additional 1019 $cm^{-1}$ absorption peak and a more intense 887 $cm^{-1}$ peak. The different chemical compositions between the two types of amber is believed to be due to the different absorption spectra between 1000~600 $cm^{-1}$. According to the study of DSC analysis, the two samples show different DSC profiles. Although they have the same geological origin, their geological ages are different and have different chemical compositions. Thus, they exhibited different behavior after the heat treatment. The formation of sun spangle seemed to depend on the difference in the heat expansion rate of amber matrix with different maturity and chemical compositions.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.5-12
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• 2003

Seed germination rate and seedling growth were measured on 6 different species(Phytolacca americana, Eupatorium rugosum, Rumex acetocella, Echinochloa crusgalli, Cassia mimosoides var. nomame, Setaria viridis) treated with leaf extract of E. rugosum. Total phenolic compound and heavy metal were analyzed on leaf and soil with and without E. rugosum. The growth of P. americana seedlings were stimulated by 10% and 25% of E. rugosum water extract treatment. The content of total phenolic compounds in soil was lower than that of leaf extract, and 25% was confirmed as threshold concentration in natural systems because the total phenolic compounds were not significantly different between the control soils and the soil treated with 10%, and 25% extract. Total phenolic compound concentrations of the leaf extracts were highest (1.66 mg/l) with E. rugosum grown under the Quercus forest canopy and lowest (1.09 mg/l) for the plant grown in the mixed forest edge. Leaf extracts of plants selected in different sampling sites (Forest interior, Forest edge, under Pinus Canopy and Quercus Canopy) were significant, while soil extracts were not. Seed germination of R. acetocella and S. viridis were significantly inhibited at over 50% concentrations of E. rugosum, but C. mimosoides var. nomame was not affected at any concentration. The radicle and shoot growth of the native species group were reduced two times more than those of the exotic species group by the treatment of extracts. Especially, the seed germination percentage and dry weight of E. rugosum were greater than those of the control group by treatments with extracts of 10% and 25%. Analysis of aqueous extracts from E. rugosum by HPLC identified 6 phenolic compounds: caffeic acid (460.9 mg/l), benzoic acid (109.7 mg/l), protocatechuic acid (7.3 mg/l), ρ-hydroquinone (6.0 mg/l), cinnamic acid (2.7 mg/l) and hydroquinone (0.23 mg/l). The seed germination of P. americana was also inhibited dramatically by protocatechuic acid and cinnamic acid even though the content of caffeic acid (460.9 mg/l) was the highest among analyzed phenolic compounds. The heavy metal content of soil without A. altissima was higher than that of soil with E. rugosum. Particularly, Al, Fe and Mn was considerably high and most of the heavy metal were accumulated in leaves where a high level of total phenolic compounds was found.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.780-786
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• 2009

To develop a novel application for roasted ground coffee residue, hot water extract of roasted ground coffee residue was used in manufacturing salted mackerels. First, DPPH radical scavenging effect of roasted ground coffee residue extract was measured. As a result, roasted ground coffee residue extract showed high activity of about 92% in the concentration of 0.4 to 4 mg/mL. Thereafter, the salted mackerel was treated with 5, 10 and 15% of roasted ground coffee residue extract and its shelf-life and quality was investigated. The salted mackerels treated with 15% roasted ground coffee residue extract showed significantly low TBARS and VBN as compared to the control. In sensory evaluation, the salted mackerels treated with 10 and 15% roasted ground coffee residue extracts scored higher as compared to the control. In conclusion, roasted ground coffee residue extract increased the shelf-life of salted mackerel and improved the sensual quality by inhibiting lipid oxidation.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartB
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• v.10B no.3
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• pp.281-286
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• 2003

A large number of features are collected for problem solving in real life, but to utilize ail the features collected would be difficult. It is not so easy to collect of correct data about all features. In case it takes advantage of all collected data to learn, complicated learning model is created and good performance result can't get. Also exist interrelationships or hierarchical relations among the features. We can reduce feature's number analyzing relation among the features using heuristic knowledge or statistical method. Heuristic technique refers to learning through repetitive trial and errors and experience. Experts can approach to relevant problem domain through opinion collection process by experience. These properties can be utilized to reduce the number of feature used in learning. Experts generate a new feature (highly abstract) using raw data. This paper describes machine learning model that reduce the number of features used in learning using heuristic function and use abstracted feature by neural network's input value. We have applied this model to the win/lose prediction in pro-baseball games. The result shows the model mixing two techniques not only reduces the complexity of the neural network model but also significantly improves the classification accuracy than when neural network and heuristic model are used separately.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.300-311
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to evaluate prospectively the effect of different bonding systems and retention grooves on the clinical performance of resin restorations in non-carious cervical lesions (NCCLs). Thirty-nine healthy adults who had at least 2 NCCLs in their premolar areas were included in this study. One hundred and fifty teeth were equally assigned to six groups: (A) Scotchbond Multi-Purpose (SBMP, 3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA, 4th generation bonding system) without retention grooves; (B) SBMP with retention grooves; (C) BC Plus (Vericom Co., Anyang, Gyeonggido, Korea, 5th generation bonding system) without retention grooves; (D) BC Plus with retention grooves; (E) Adper Prompt (3M ESPE, Seefeld, Germany, 6th generation bonding system) without retention grooves; (F) Adper Prompt with retention grooves. All cavities were filled with a hybrid composite resin. Denfil (Vericom Co., Anyang, Gyeonggido, Korea) by one operator. Restorations were evaluated at baseline and at 6-month recall, according to the modified USPHS (United States Public Health Service) criteria. Additionally, clinical photographs were taken and epoxy resin replicas were made for SEM evaluation. At 6-month recall, there were some differences in the number of alpha ratings among the experimental groups. But, despite the differences in the number of alpha ratings, there was no significant difference among the 3 adhesive systems (p < 0.05). There was also no significant difference between the groups with or without mechanical retention (p < 0.05). Follow-ups for longer periods than 6 months are needed to verify the clinical performance of different bonding systems and retention grooves.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.31 no.6 s.165
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• pp.837-847
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• 2007

1,098 pieces of photographs($1995{\sim}2002$) of men's suit style have been classified according to fashion images in order to examine features and change aspects with statistical analysis. The findings of examining features of the trend by year with test of homogeneity, correspondence analysis, biplots, correlation analysis and regression analysis are as follows: (a) there are significant differences on fashion images as the trend by yew with test of homogeneity, (b) there are remarkable differences on the fashion trend by year with correspondence analysis and biplots. (c) There are significant correlations for appearance among fashion images by its frequency through correlation analysis, and (d) it is assumed that fashion images are going to be gradually outstanding according to regression analysis.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.271-275
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• 2006

The objective of this study was to examine the early growth of haddock, Melanogrammus aeglefinus larvae from a series of reared specimens for provide information to developmental biology and more information on the aspect of aquaculture in the larvae of this species. Larvae were reared in the laboratory and sampled periodically for developmental study until 67 days after hatching. An increase in total length of fish indicated continuous growth, described by the growth expression of the type $TL=3.5374e^{0.0536X}(r^2=0.8759$, where TL is total length and X is at days after hatching) and $BW=0.0002e^{0.1858X}(r^2=0.8671$, where BW is body weight and X is at days after hatching), respectively. Pattern of body depth and pectoral fin length are instantaneous growth which expression of the type $BD=0.3545e^{0.0778X},\;r^2=0.9563$(where BD is body depth and X is at days after hatching) for body depth growth and the type $PL=0.0111e^{0.1591X},\;r^2=0.9194$(where PL is pectoral fin length and X is at days after hatching) for pectoral fin length growth. The relationship of body depth and total length expressed as $BD=0.2397X-0.5735(r^2=0.9957$, where BD is body depth and X is total length), and pectoral fin length and total length is $PL=0.1929X-1.3767(r^2=0.9882$, where PL is pectoral fin length and X is total length) pectoral fin length against body depth simultaneously recorded for juvenile haddock(PL=0.8117BD-0.9718, $r^2=0.9814$, where PL is pectoral fin length and BD is body depth). Relationship of body depth and body weight was expressed the type of $BD=-9.4734X^2+19.046X+1.3672,\;r^2=0.941$(where BD is body depth and X is body weight), and pectoral fin length and body weight expressed the type of $PL=6.379X^2+14.023X+0.3774,\;r^2=0.9494$(where PL is pectoral fin length and X is body weight). From this point view, growth characteristics of juvenile haddock in this experiment may be useful to establish a successful culture technique for rearing larval haddock.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.743-752
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• 2004

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of filtered water with silicate minerals on growth performance and pork quality. A total of 64 pigs were allotted at 37.95 kg body weight to 4 treatments in a randomized complete block(RCB) design. Each treatment had 4 replicates and treatments were I) Con(basaI diet). 2) Si-I(consumed silicate mineral filtered water and silicate mineral additive during 4 weeks before market weight), 3) Si-Il( consumed silicate mineral filtered water and silicate mineral additive during 8 weeks before market weight) and 4) Si-I1I(consumed silicate mineral filtered water and silicate mineral additive during 12 weeks before market weight). Silicate complex was added at 0.8% to basal diet. All pigs were allowed to feed and water ad libitum for 12 weeks. During last 4 weeks, average daily gain(ADG) in Si-Il and Si-III group was higher than that in Si-I group(P < 0.05). However overall experimental period, there were no significant differences in growth performance among all treatments. Acceptability of cooked pork at 7th day after slaughter in Si-lII group was higher than that in Con group(P < 0.05). The value of pH of fresh pork at 6 hours after slaughter was lower in Si-I1I group than that in Con group(P < 0.05). TBA values of fresh pork at 14th day after slaughter were lower in Si-II and Si-III groups than Con group(P < 0.05). These results demonstrated that pork quality could be improved when pigs consumed both silicate mineral and silicate mineral filtered water. However, growth performance was not improved by the consumption of silicate mineral filtered water and silicate mineral.