• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.206-217
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to estimate that the relations of weathering speed and shear strength of granite soil by tracing the weathering depth of granite soil from the very moment of its cutting. The results obtained this follows ; 1) The relationships among Nc, Li and CEC, Li>6%, CEC>14 corresponds to Nc=2~30, and 4%${\phi}$)increases at a standard pressure. 3) And Nc=0~50 corresponds to $27{\sim}50^{\circ}$ of internal fiction angle and to 12~49kPa of cohesion. That is to say, internal friction angle(${\phi}$)corresponds better than cohesion(c). In conclusion, this study suggests that in simplified dynamic cone penetration test a penetration boundary line of 5 centimeters is decided at around Li=4%, CEC=3(meq/100g) which is classified as a completely weathering soil. It also appears that CEC increases as Li increases while Nc decreases.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.445-450
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• 2018

Bacteriophages, bacteria-infecting viruses, have been recently reconsidered as a biological control tool for preventing bacterial pathogens. Erwinia amylovora and E. pyrifoliae cause fire blight and black shoot blight disease in apple and pear, respectively. In this study, the bacteriophage phiEaP-8 was isolated from apple orchard soil and could efficiently and specifically kill both E. amylovora and E. pyrifoliae. This bacteriophage belongs to the Podoviridae family. Whole genome analysis revealed that phiEaP-8 carries a 75,929 bp genomic DNA with 78 coding sequences and 5 tRNA genes. Genome comparison showed that phiEaP-8 has only 85% identity to known bacteriophages at the DNA level. PhiEaP-8 retained lytic activity up to $50^{\circ}C$, within a pH range from 5 to 10, and under 365 nm UV light. Based on these characteristics, the bacteriophage phiEaP-8 is novel and carries potential to control both E. amylovora and E. pyrifoliae in apple and pear.

• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.63-69
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• 2016

In this paper, shear strength characteristics of an unsaturated soil were compared using triaxial compression tests(CD) and modified direct shear tests and thus feasibility of the newly modified direct shear testing apparatus was confirmed. The shear strength tests of unsaturated state with a soil sample, obtained from a slope where debris flow occurred at Yangpyeong in Kyeunggi province during 2010, were performed. Both tests showed a linear relationship of matric suction with the shear strength under low level of matric suction. The apparent cohesion of the unsaturated soil was also increased linearly with increase of matric suction. As results of comparing two different testing apparatus, estimated values of shear strength parameters of unsaturated soil($c^{\prime}$, ${\phi}^b$) were slightly larger in the modified direct shear tests due to constraint effect of shear box.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.529-535
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• 2016

In this theoretical study, the strength parameters of the Drucker-Prager yield criterion and Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion were set to equal values, in order to analyze the correlation among the parameters. The Drucker-Prager strength parameters ${\alpha}$ and k were represented by the Mohr-Coulomb strength parameters c and ${\phi}$. Specifically it can be seen that k is function of c, ${\phi}$ and ${\alpha}$ is function of ${\phi}$ alone. Drucker-Prager strength parameter ${\alpha}$ increases as the internal friction angle of soil increases. ${\alpha}_{av}$ which is the average of ${\alpha}_c$ and ${\alpha}_i$ was proportional to internal friction angle in which ${\alpha}_c$ and ${\alpha}_i$ are ${\alpha}$ values corresponding to the circles of the Drucker-Prager yield cirteria circumscribes and inscribes the Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion respectively. The values of the ${\alpha}_{av}$ was 0.07 and 0.29 which correspond to the internal friction angle of $10^{\circ}$ and $45^{\circ}$ respectively. In addition, value of ${\alpha}_c/{\alpha}_i$ was proportional to internal friction angle of soil and the values of ${\alpha}_c/{\alpha}_i$ 1.12 and 1.62 which corresponds to internal friction angle of $10^{\circ}$ and $45^{\circ}$ respectively.The influence of the Mohr-Coulomb strength parameters on the Drucker-Prager strength parameter k was investigated and it was found that k was mainly influenced by the cohesion of the soil, except in the case of the minimum assumed value of c of 10kPa. The deviator stresses, $S_{c0}$ and $S_{t0}$, which correspond to the cases of the Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion under uniaxial compression and uniaxial tension, respectively, and $S_{0(ave)}$, which is the average value of $S_{c0}$ and $S_{t0}$, decrease as the internal friction angle increases. Furthermore, the hexagon, which represents the Mohr-Coulomb yield locus, becomes more irregular, and the deviations of $S_{c0}$ and $S_{t0}$ from $S_{0(ave)}$ also increase, as the internal friction angle increases.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.185-197
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• 2007

Limit analysis of upper and lower bound solutions has been well developed to provide the stability numbers for shallow tunnels in cohesive soil ($c_u$ material), cohesive-frictional soil (c'-$\phi$' material) and cohesionless soil ($\phi$'material). However, an extension of these methods to relatively deep circular tunnels in the cohesionless soil has been explored rarely to date. For this reason, the closed-form analytical solutions including lower bound solution based on the stress discontinuity concept and upper bound solution based on the kinematically admissible failure mechanism were proposed for assessing tunnel collapse load in this study. Consequently, the tunnel collapse load from those solutions was compared with both the finite element analysis and the previous analytical bound solutions and shown to be in good agreement with the FE results, in particular with the FE soil elements located on the horizontal tunnel axis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.46-51
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• 2004

In this paper, reinforcement of soil shear strength by bamboo(substitute materials simulating a root system) are evaluated by soil strength parameters(apparent cohesion(c) and internal friction angle(tan${\Phi}$)), using simple shear tester which clearly depicts shear deformation and controls soil suction. The results show that the internal friction angle does not change under various soil suction conditions but the apparent cohesion, which reach a peak in suction of 45cm$H_2O$ near critical capillary head, is effected by soil suction. And the reinforcement of soil strength by bamboo are expressed by apparent cohesion more than internal friction angle. In addition the increment of apparent cohesion by bamboo reached a peak in suction 45cm$H_2O$ too.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.1-8
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• 1988

A series of soil bin experiments was carried out on land to evaluate the soil physical properties whether they are pertinent to soil-wheel system and to investigate if true model theory u applicable to powered rigid wheel-soil system. Four different sized wheels having diameter of 45, 60, 75 and 90 em were wed for the experiment. The following conclusion was derived from the study. (1) True model theory can be sufficiently utilized to study the wheel traction and linkage on lands. (2) For both dry and wet sands, Cone Index(CI) and soil shear parameters (c, ${\phi}$) with bulk density (${\gamma}$) were found to be good measures of soil physical properties which are pertinent to predict the performance of the powered rigid wheel-soil system.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.153-167
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• 2011

Traditional design methods of bearing capacity of shallow foundations are deterministic in the sense that they do not explicitly consider the inherent uncertainty associated with the factors affecting bearing capacity. To account for such uncertainty, available deterministic methods rather employ a fixed global factor of safety that may lead to inappropriate bearing capacity predictions. An alternative stochastic approach is essential to provide a more rational estimation of bearing capacity. In this paper, the likely distribution of predicted bearing capacity of strip footings subjected to vertical loads is obtained using a stochastic approach based on the Monte Carlo simulation. The approach accounts for the uncertainty associated with the soil shear strength parameters: cohesion, c, and friction angle, ${\phi}$, and the cross correlation between c and ${\phi}$. A set of stochastic design charts that assure target reliability levels of 90% and 95%, are developed for routine use by practitioners. The charts negate the need for a factor of safety and provide a more reliable indication of what the actual bearing capacity might be.

• Journal of Industrial Technology
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• v.1
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• pp.17-25
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• 1981

Past research has concentrated on refining two-dimensional analysis techniques. Rather extensive comparisons of various two-dimensional methods have been made. This paper described a general three-dimensional method of analysis by which any geometrical condition and any c, phi soil can be analyzed. The results are as follows; 1. Factors of safety computed for 3-dimensional geometry differ considerably from ordinary 2-dimensional factors of safety. 2. 3-dimensional factors of safety are generally much higher than 2-dimensional factors of safety. However, situations appear to exist where the 3-dimensional factor of safety can be lower than the 2-dimensional factor of safety. 3. The F3/F2 ration appears to be quite sensitive to c, phi and to the slope.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.43-59
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• 2017

This study presents the prediction methodology of debris flow occurrence areas using the SINMAP model. Former studies used a single calibration region applying some of the soil test results to predict debris flow occurrence in SINMAP model, which couldn't subdivide the soil properties for the target areas. On the other hands, a multi-calibration region using a detailed soil map and soil strength parameters (c, ${\phi}$) for each soil series to make up for limitation of former studies is proposed. In this process, soils with soil erodibility factor (K) are classified into three types: 1) gravel and gravelly soil. 2) sand and sandy soil, and 3) silt and clay. In addition, T/R estimation method using mean elevation of target area instead of T/R method using actual occurrence time is suggested in this study. The suggested method is applied to Seobyeok-1 ri area, Bonghwa-gun where debris flow occurred. As a result of comparison between two T/R estimation method, both T/R estimations are almost equal. Therefore, the suggested methodologies in this study will contribute to set up the national-wide mitigation plan against debris flow occurrence.