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MXene Based Composite Membrane for Water Purification and Power Generation: A Review (정수 및 발전을 위한 맥신(MXene) 복합막에 관한 고찰)

  • Seohyun Kim;Rajkumar Patel
    • Membrane Journal
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    • v.33 no.4
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    • pp.181-190
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    • 2023
  • Wastewater purification is one of the most important techniques for controlling environmental pollution and fulfilling the demand for freshwater supply. Various technologies, such as different types of distillations and reverse osmosis processes, need higher energy input. Capacitive deionization (CDI) is an alternative method in which power consumption is deficient and works on the supercapacitor principle. Research is going on to improve the electrode materials to improve the efficiency of the process. A reverse electrodialysis (RED) is the most commonly used desalination technology and osmotic power generator. Among many studies conducted to enhance the efficiency of RED, MXene, as an ion exchange membrane (IEM) and 2D nanofluidic channels in IEM, is rising as a promising way to improve the physical and electrochemical properties of RED. It is used alone and other polymeric materials are mixed with MXene to enhance the performance of the membrane further. The maximum desalination performances of MXene with preconditioning, Ti3C2Tx, Nafion, and hetero-structures were respectively measured, proving the potential of MXene for a promising material in the desalination industry. In terms of osmotic power generating via RED, adopting MXene as asymmetric nanofluidic ion channels in IEM significantly improved the maximum osmotic output power density, most of them surpassing the commercialization benchmark, 5 Wm-2. By connecting the number of unit cells, the output voltage reaches the point where it can directly power the electronic devices without any intermediate aid. The studies around MXene have significantly increased in recent years, yet there is more to be revealed about the application of MXene in the membrane and osmotic power-generating industry. This review discusses the electrodialysis process based on MXene composite membrane.

Implementation of Parallel Processor for Sound Synthesis of Guitar (기타의 음 합성을 위한 병렬 프로세서 구현)

  • Choi, Ji-Won;Kim, Yong-Min;Cho, Sang-Jin;Kim, Jong-Myon;Chong, Ui-Pil
    • The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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    • v.29 no.3
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    • pp.191-199
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    • 2010
  • Physical modeling is a synthesis method of high quality sound which is similar to real sound for musical instruments. However, since physical modeling requires a lot of parameters to synthesize sound of a musical instrument, it prevents real-time processing for the musical instrument which supports a large number of sounds simultaneously. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a single instruction multiple data (SIMD) parallel processor that supports real-time processing of sound synthesis of guitar, a representative plucked string musical instrument. To control six strings of guitar, we used a SIMD parallel processor which consists of six processing elements (PEs). Each PE supports modeling of the corresponding string. The proposed SIMD processor can generate synthesized sounds of six strings simultaneously when a parallel synthesis algorithm receives excitation signals and parameters of each string as an input. Experimental results using a sampling rate 44.1 kHz and 16 bits quantization indicate that synthesis sounds using the proposed parallel processor were very similar to original sound. In addition, the proposed parallel processor outperforms commercial TI's TMS320C6416 in terms of execution time (8.9x better) and energy efficiency (39.8x better).

Effects of hydrogen and ammonia partial pressure on MOCVD $Co/TaN_x$ layer for Cu direct electroplating

  • Park, Jae-Hyeong;Mun, Dae-Yong;Han, Dong-Seok;Yun, Don-Gyu;Park, Jong-Wan
    • Proceedings of the Materials Research Society of Korea Conference
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    • 2012.05a
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    • pp.84-84
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    • 2012
  • 소자가 고집적화 됨에 따라, 비저항이 낮고 electro migration (EM), Stress Migration (SM) 특성이 우수한 구리(Cu)를 배선재료로서 사용하고 있다. 그러나, 구리는 Si과 $SiO_2$의 내부로 확산이 빠르게 일어나, Si 소자 내부에 deep donor level을 형성하고, 누설 전류를 증가시키는 등 소자의 성능을 저하시킬 수 있는 문제점을 가지고 있다. 그러나, electroplating 을 이용하여 증착한 Cu 박막은 일반적으로 확산 방지막으로 쓰이는 TiN, TaN, 등의 물질과의 접착 (adhesion) 특성이 나쁘다. 따라서, Cu CMP 에서 증착된 Cu 박막의 벗겨지거나(peeling), EM or SM 저항성 저하 등의 배선에서의 reliability 문제를 야기하게된다. 따라서 Cu 와 접착 특성이 좋은 새로운 확산방지막 또는 adhesion layer의 필요성이 대두되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 Cu 배선에서의 접착성 문제를 해결하고자 Metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD)을 이용하여 제조한 코발트(Co) 박막을 $Cu/TaN_x$ 사이의 접착력 개선을 위한 adhesion layer로 적용하려는 시도를 하였다. Co는 비저항이 낮고, Cu 와 adhesion이 좋으며, Cu direct electroplating 이 가능하다는 장점을 가지고 있다. 하지만, 수소 분위기에서 $C_{12}H_{10}O_6(Co)_2$ (dicobalt hexacarbonyl tert-butylacetylene, CCTBA) 전구체에 의한 MOCVD Co 박막의 경우 탄소, 산소와 같은 불순물이 다량 함유되어 있어, 비저항, surface roughness 가 높아지게 된다. 따라서 구리 전착 초기에 구리의 핵 생성(nucleation)을 저해하고 핵 생성 후에도 응집(agglomeration)이 발생하여 연속적이고 얇은 구리막 형성을 방해한다. 이를 해결하기 위해, MOCVD Co 박막 증착 시 수소 반응 가스에 암모니아를 추가로 주입하여, 수소/암모니아의 분압을 1:1, 1:6, 1:10으로 변화시켜 $Co/TaN_x$ 박막의 특성을 비교 분석하였다. 각각의 수소/암모니아 분압에 따른 $Co/TaN_x$ 박막을 TEM (Transmission electron microscopy), XRD (X-ray diffraction), AES (Auger electron spectroscopy)를 통해 물성 및 조성을 분석하였고, AFM (Atomic force microscopy)를 이용하여, surface roughness를 측정하였다. 실험 결과, $Co/TaN_x$ 박막은 수소/암모니아 분압 1:6에서 90 ${\mu}{\Omega}-cm$의 낮은 비저항과 0.97 nm 의 낮은 surface roughness 를 가졌다. 뿐만 아니라, MOCVD 에 의해 증착된 Co 박막이4-6 % concentration 의 탄소 및 산소 함량을 가지는 것으로 나타났고, 24nm 크기의 trench 기판 위에 약 6nm의 $Co/TaN_x$ 박막이 매우 균일하게 형성된 것을 확인 할 수 있었다. 이러한 결과들은, 향후 $Co/TaN_x$ 박막이 Cu direct electroplating 공정이 가능한 diffusion barrier로서 성공적으로 사용될 수 있음을 보여준다.

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Electromechanical Properties of PMN-PT-PZ Composition for High Power Device (고출력 압전소자를 위한 압전 세라믹(PMN-PT-PZ)조성의 전기기계적 특성)

  • Lee, K.W.;Hong, J.K.;Jeong, S.H.;Lee, J.S.;Park, C.H.;Lim, K.J.
    • Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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    • 1999.07d
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    • pp.1723-1725
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    • 1999
  • This paper is the study for piezoelectric properties of PMN-PT-PZ composition for high power piezoelectric device. It needs the properties such as high mechanical quality factor(Qm), high electromechanical coupling coefficient(kp) and high dielectric strain constant$(d_31)$, and the stable electromechanical properties under high vibration level. For acquiring this results, the value of x is changed in 0.1Pb$(Mn_{1/3}Nb_{2/3})O_3$+(0.9-x)$PbZrO_3+xPbTiO_3$ composition to find MPB(morphotropic phase boundary), and the piezoelectric constants is measured by resonance-antiresonance frequency method, based on IRE Standard. Also, it is measured as a function of the amount of additive, $Nb_2O_5$. When the composition is applied to high power device, the electromechanical properties is measured by laser vibrometer to confirm the reliablity under high vibration level. From these results, PMN-PT-PZ composition is shown excellent properties and capacity of application to high power device.

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Corrosion Behavior of Inconel Alloys in a Hot Lithium Molten Salt under an Oxidizing Atmosphere (고온 리튬용융염계 산화분위기에서 Inconel 합금의 부식거동)

  • Cho, Soo-Hang;Seo, Chung-Seok;Yoon, Ji-Sup;Park, Seoung-Won
    • Korean Journal of Materials Research
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    • v.16 no.9
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    • pp.557-563
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    • 2006
  • The electrolytic reduction of spent oxide fuel involves the liberation of oxygen in a molten LiCl electrolyte, which results in a chemically aggressive environment that is too corrosive for typical structural materials. So, it is essential to choose the optimum material for the process equipment handling molten salt. In this study, corrosion behavior of Inconel 713LC, MA 754, X-750 and 718 in the molten salt $LiCl-Li_2O$ under an oxidizing atmosphere was investigated at $650^{\circ}C$ for $72{\sim}216$ hours. Inconel 713LC alloy showed the highest corrosion resistance among the examined alloys. Corrosion products of Inconel 713LC were $Cr_2O_3,\;NiCr_2O_4$ and NiO, and those of Inconel MA 754 were $Cr_2O_3\;and\;Li_2Ni_8O_{10}$ while $Cr_2O_3,\;NiFe_2O_4\;and\;CrNbO_4$ were produced from Inconel 718. Also, corrosion products of Inconel X-750 were found to be $Cr_2O_3,\;NiFe_2O_4\;and\;(Cr,Nb,Ti)O_2$. Inconel 713LC showed local corrosion behavior and Inconel MA 754, 718, X-750 showed uniform corrosion behavior.

Dielectric and Piezoelectric Properties of PMW-PNN-PZT System Ceramics (PMW-PNN-PZT계 세라믹스의 유전및 압전특성)

  • 윤광희;류주현;윤현상;박창엽
    • Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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    • v.13 no.3
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    • pp.214-219
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    • 2000
  • In this paper the structural dielectric and piezoelectric properties of Pb[(M $g_{1}$2// $W_{1}$2/)$_{x}$-(N $i_{1}$3//N $b_{2}$3/)$_{0.15-x-(Zr_{0.5})}$ $Ti_{0.5}$)$_{0.85}$$O_3$ (x=0.0~0.10) ceramic were investigated with the substitution of Pb(M $g_{1}$2// $W_{1}$2/) $O_3$. According to the substitution of Pb(M $g_{1}$2//W/1/2/) $O_3$ curie temperatures were slightly decrease due to the decrease of the tetrag-onality of crystal structure and coercive fields were decreased. Up to the substitution of Pb(M $g_{1}$2// $W_{1}$2/) $O_3$ 3mol%,remnant polarization dielectric constant piezoelectric constant were increased. Dielectric constant and electro-mechanical coupling factor( $k_{p}$, $k_{31}$ ) were appeared the highest value of 2230, 0.64, and 0.38 and piezoelectric constant( $d_{33}$ , $d_{31}$ ) was the largest value of 418, 202($\times$10$^{-12}$ /C/N), respectively, when the substitution amount of Pb(M $g_{1}$2// $W_{1}$2/N) respectively, when the substitution amount of Pb(M $g_{1}$2// $W_{1}$2/) $O_3$ was 3mol%.s 3mol%.%.

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Phase Transition Study on Ilmenite under High Pressure and Temperature (고온-고압하에서 티탄철석에 대한 상면이 연구)

  • Kim, Young-Ho
    • Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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    • v.15 no.3
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    • pp.161-169
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    • 2002
  • high pressure and temperature conditions. However, those results are not consistent with one another, and phase boundary between ilmenite and perovskite phases determined only from the quenching method may be not so reliable at all. Therefore, in-situ high pressure-temperature (hP-T) X-ray diffraction measurements were performed up to 19 GPa and $700^{\circ}C$ in a large volume press apparatus using synchrotron radiation. Experimental results show that perovskite phase is stable at pressures above 16 GPa, and transforms back to $LiNbO_3$phase near 15 CPa at room temperature, and that the perovskite-ilmenite transition is back and forth near 15 CPa at $500^{\circ}C$. LiNbO$_3$phase transforms to ilmenite at 13 CPa and $300^{\circ}C$ and at 10.8 CPa and $400^{\circ}C$, respectively. These data indicate that $LiNbO_3$phase may have a stability region in the hP-T phase diagram and that the perovskite-ilmenite phase boundary would be quite different from that previously reported.

Preparation of $LaAlO_3$ thin Films by Sol-gel Method (Sol-gel 방법에 의한 $LaAlO_3$ 박막의 제조)

  • Kim, H.J.;Kim, B.J.;Lee, H.G.;Hong, G.W.
    • Progress in Superconductivity
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    • v.9 no.1
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    • pp.85-90
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    • 2007
  • Lanthanum aluminate($LaAlO_3$) film has been prepared on single crystal and metal substrates by dip coating method. Lanthanum acetate and aluminum were prepared via ligand exchange starting from lanthanum nitrate hexahydrate and aluminum nitrate hexahydrate in acetate glacial acetic acid solution after being refluxed. Coating solution was obtained by diluting the gel with methanol and 2-methoxyethanol to adjust the total cation concentration to 0.67 M. Precursor coated film was prepared by dip-coating with a speed of 25 mm/min on various substrates such as $LaAlO_3$ (001), MgO(001), $SrTiO_3$(001) single crystal, LMO/MgO/Ni-alloy. Thin films have been obtained by heat treating the precursor film at various temperatures from $600^{\circ}C{\sim}900^{\circ}C$ and various heating rate from $0.83^{\circ}C/min{\sim}1.25^{\circ}C/min$ under $Ar/O_2$ mixture containing 1000ppm oxygen. The films have been characterized by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). XRD analysis for the prepared film showed that $LaAlO_3$ thin films with a preferred orientation of (100) plane parallel to substrate surface were obtained at $800^{\circ}C(1.11\;^{\circ}C/min)$ on LMO/MgO/Ni-alloy substrate, but the intensity decreased with the increase of heat treatment temperature.

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Research of Diffusion Bonding of Tungsten/Copper and Their Properties under High Heat Flux

  • Li, Jun;Yang, Jianfeng
    • Proceedings of the Materials Research Society of Korea Conference
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    • 2011.05a
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    • pp.14-14
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    • 2011
  • W (tungsten)-alloys will be the most promising plasma facing armor materials in highly loaded plasma interactive components of the next step fusion reactors due to its high melting point, high sputtering resistance and low deuterium/tritium retention. The bonding technology of tungsten to Cu alloy was one of the key issues. In this paper, W/CuCrZr diffusion bonding has been performed successfully by inserting pure metal interlay. The joint microstructure, interfacial elements migration and phase composition were analyzed by SEM, EDS, XRD, and the joint shear strength and micro-hardness were investigated. The mock-ups were fabricated successfully with diffusion bonding and the cladding technology respectively, and the high heat flux test and thermal fatigue test were carried out under actively cooling condition. When Ni foil was used for the bonding of tungsten to CuCrZr, two reaction layers, Ni4W and Ni(W) layer, appeared between the tungsten and Ni interlayer with the optimized condition. Even though Ni4W is hard and brittle, and the strength of the joint was oppositely increased (217 MPa) due primarily to extremely small thicknesses (2~3 ${\mu}m$). When Ti foil was selected as the interlayer, the Ti foil diffused quickly with Cu and was transformed into liquid phase at $1,000^{\circ}C$. Almost all of the liquid was extruded out of the interface zone under bonding pressure, and an extremely thin residual layer (1~2 ${\mu}m$) of the liquid phase was retained between the tungsten and CuCrZr, which shear strength exceeded 160 MPa. When Ni/Ti/Ni multiple interlayers were used for bonding of tungsten to CuCrZr, a large number of intermetallic compound ($Ni_4W/NiTi_2/NiTi/Ni_3T$) were formed for the interdiffusion among W, Ni and Ti. Therefore, the shear strength of the joint was low and just about 85 MPa. The residual stresses in the clad samples with flat, arc, rectangle and trapezoid interface were estimated by Finite Element Analysis. The simulation results show that the flat clad sample was subjected maximum residual stress at the edge of the interface, which could be cracked at the edge and propagated along the interface. As for the rectangle and trapezoid interface, the residual stresses of the interface were lower than that of the flat interface, and the interface of the arc clad sample have lowest residual stress and all of the residual stress with arc interface were divided into different grooved zones, so the probabilities of cracking and propagation were lower than other interfaces. The residual stresses of the mock-ups under high heat flux of 10 $MW/m^2$ were estimated by Finite Element Analysis. The tungsten of the flat interfaces was subjected to tensile stresses (positive $S_x$), and the CuCrZr was subjected to compressive stresses (negative $S_x$). If the interface have a little microcrack, the tungsten of joint was more liable to propagate than the CuCrZr due to the brittle of the tungsten. However, when the flat interface was substituted by arc interfaces, the periodical residual stresses in the joining region were either released or formed a stress field prohibiting the growth or nucleation of the interfacial cracks. Thermal fatigue tests were performed on the mock-ups of flat and arc interface under the heat flux of 10 $MW/m^2$ with the cooling water velocity of 10 m/s. After thermal cycle experiments, a large number of microcracks appeared at the tungsten substrate due to large radial tensile stress on the flat mock-up. The defects would largely affect the heat transfer capability and the structure reliability of the mock-up. As for the arc mock-up, even though some microcracks were found at the interface of the regions, all microcracks with arc interface were divided into different arc-grooved zones, so the propagation of microcracks is difficult.

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Low Temperature Sintering of PNN-PZT Ceramic for Piezoelectric Generator and Its Piezoelectric Properties (압전 발전시스템 개발을 위한 PNN-PZT 세라믹스의 저온소결 및 압전특성 평가)

  • Lee, Myung-Woo;Kim, Sung-Jin;Yoon, Man-Soon;Ryu, Sung-Lim;Kweon, Soon-Yong
    • Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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    • 2008.06a
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    • pp.306-306
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    • 2008
  • 기계적 에너지를 전기적 에너지로 변환하는 에너지 변환소자인 압전 세라믹스는 액추에이터, 변압기, 초음파모터, 초음파 소자 및 각종 센서로 응용되고 있으며, 그 응용분야는 크게 증가하고 있다. 최근에는 이러한 압전 소자를 앞으로 도래하는 ubiquitous, 무선 모바일 시대의 휴대용 전자제품, robotics, MEMS 분야 등의 대체 에너지원으로 응용하기 위한 연구가 진행되고 있다. 특히 인간의 걷기 운동 등과 같은 일상적인 동작으로 필요한 전력을 얻을 수 있고, 세라믹 소자를 이용하기 때문에 전자노이즈가 발생되지 않을 뿐 아니라 반영구적으로 사용할 수 가 있어서, 기존 이차전지를 대체 또는 보완 할 수 있는 방안도 검토되고 있다. PZT계 세라믹스는 높은 유전상수와 우수한 압전특성으로 전자세라믹스 분야에서 가장 널리 사용되어지고 있지만 $1200^{\circ}C$ 이상의 높은 소결온도 때문에 $1000^{\circ}C$ 부근에서 급격히 휘발되는 PbO로 인한 환경오염과 기본조성의 변화로 인한 압전 특성의 저하가 문제시 되고 있다. 또한 적층 세라믹스의 제작 시 구조적 특성상 내부전극이 도포된 상태에서 동시 소결이 필요한데, 융점이 낮은 Ag전극 대신 값비싼 Pd나 Pt가 다량 함유된 Ag/Pd, Ag/Pt 전극이 사용되고 있어 경제성이 떨어지는 단점을 갖게 된다. 순수 Ag 전극을 사용하거나 Ag의 비율이 높은 내부전극을 사용하기 위해서는 $900^{\circ}C$ 이하에서 소결되고 우수한 전기적 특성을 보이는 압전 세라믹스를 개발 하는 것이 필요하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 압전특성이 우수한 $(Pb_{1-x}Cd_x)(Ni_{1/3}/Nb_{2/3})_{0.25}(Zr_{0.35}/Ti_{0.4})O_3$ 계의 조성을 설계하고, 소걸온도를 낮추기 위해서 2 단계 하소법을 이용하였다. 또한 $MnCO_3$, $SiO_2$, $Pb_3O_4$ 등을 소량 첨가하여 액상 소결 특성을 부여하여 소결 온도를 감소시키려는 시도도 하였다. 분말을 볼 밀링 (ball milling)을 통해 24시간 동안 혼합하고, 혼합된 분말은 $800^{\circ}C$에서 2시간 동안 하소하였다. 하소한 분말을 다시 72시간 동안 볼 밀링 하여 최종 분말을 얻었다. 최종 분말에 PVB를 첨가하여 직경 15mm의 디스크 형태로 성형한 후, 850~$975^{\circ}C$ 범위에서 온도를 변화시키면서 소결을 하였다. 최종 분말 및 소결된 시편을 XRD분석을 통하여 상을 확인하였고, SEM을 이용하여 미세조직을 관찰 하였다. 전기적 특성을 평가하기 위하여 두께를 1mm로 연마한 시편에 Ag 전극을 도포하여 $650^{\circ}C$에서 열처리한 후, 분극처리 하였다. 압전특성은 $d_{33}$-meter로 측정하였고, impedance analyzer를 이용하여 압전 특성 (전기기계결합계수 및 기계적품질계수)을 측정 하였다. 또한 강유전체 특성 평가 장치 (Precision-LC)를 이용하여 분극-전계 특성을 평가하였다. 이상의 연구를 통하여 소결 온도가 $900^{\circ}C$인 경우에서도 양호한 압전 특성을 확보 할 수 있었다.

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