• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.44-51
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• 1992

Results as follows are obtained from the pot experiment to examine effect of application of organic substances on inhibition of occurrence of root rot of red pepper. 1. As for effects of applicating organic materials on inhibition of red pepper root rot, it is more effective to apply in autumn than to apply in summer, when the temperature is high. In addition, organic substance which is not decomposed completely such as rice straw is more effective than matured compost types. As for effects of applicating organic substances on composition of soil microorganisms, increase of fungi and bacteria in view of numbers is remarkable, especially in case of applying rice straw. 2. From the examination of Phytophthora capsici in soil at the 1st cultivation period in autumn, no P. capsici can be isolated in early stage of growth of red pepper in nontreated soil and in soil applied compost. However, as the time goes on, P. capsici are detected. While in early stage of cultivation, P. capsici are detected in soil applied with rice straw, P. capsici are not isolated after middle stage of cultivation. 3. It is recognized that there are many differences according to the types of organic materials applied in the result of identification of fungi in each treatment. And, proportion of antagonistic fungi to total fungi in soil applied rice straw is proved to be significantly higher compared to other treatments.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.522-531
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• 1999

This research identifies the ingress to egress primary factors that causes a patient to receive delayed emergency medical care. This material was collected between February 1st to 28th, 1998. Research envolved 4,118 people who visited the college emergency medical center in Kyeongido Province, South Korea. Medical records were examined, using the retrospective method. to determine the length of stay and the main cause for waiting. Results are as follows : 1. The age group with the highest admission rate was 10 and under, approximately 1,394 (33.9%). Followed by an even distribution for ages between 11-50 at 10-15% for their respective ranges. The lowest admission rate was 50 years and above. 2. From the 4,118 records examined, 3,489 received outpatient treatment (84.7%); 601 were admitted for inpatient care (14.6%); 25 arrived dead on arrival (0.6%); and 4 people died at the hospital. 3. Between 7PM to 12AM, 42.9% were admitted to the EMC. The hours from 9PM to 11PM recorded the highest admission rate and 5AM to 8AM was the lowest From 8PM to 12AM, the most beds were occupied. 4. For most patients. the average length of stay was approximately 2.2 hours. By medical department, external medicine was the longest for 2.8 hours. Pediatrics was the shortest for 1.6 hours. The average waiting period for inpatient admission was 2.6 hours. Inpatient admission for pediatrics and external medicine was 3.4 hours and 2.2 hours respectively. 5. Theses are primary factors for delay at EMC: 1) pronged medical consultations to decide between inpatient versus outpatient treatment, and delaying to be inpatient, 2) when you call physicians they are delayed to come 3) Understaffing during peak or critical hours, 4) Excessive consulting with different medical departments, 5) some patients require longer monitoring periods, 6) medical records are delayed in transit between departments, 7) repeated laboratory tests make delay the result, 8) overcrowded emergency x-ray place causes delay taking x-ray and portable x-ray, 9) the distance between EMC and registration and cashier offices is too far. 10) hard to control patient's family members. The best way to reduce EMC waiting and staying time is by cooperation between departments, both medical and administrative. Each department must work beyond their job description or duty and help each other to provide the best medical service and satisfy the patient needs. The most important answer to shortened the EMC point from ingress to egress is to see things from a patient point of view and begin from there to find the solution.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.137-163
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• 1990

The properties of a investment material can be described by the consistency at the slurry state, the setting time, the compressive strength and the thermal expansion during the casting. In this study the effect of the production parameters which are included the ratio of quartz and cristobalite, the content of binder, the water powder ratio and the content and concentration of additives on the Properties of the gypsum-bonded investments has been investigated with help of the consistency test, the vicat needle test, the compressive strength test, the thermal expansion test, x-ray diffraction and DTA thermal differential test. The experimental results showed that the constitution of a investment with W/P ratio of 0.34, 30% of gypsum, 0.8% aluminium sulfate, 2% magnesium sulfate, 0.6% sodium phosphate was adapted for the properties of the KDA Spec. No. 13 type I investment. The important experimental results are summarized as follows. 1. The consistency of the investment decreased with increasing amount of aluminium sulfate and decreasing amount of sodium phosphate. An addition of magnesium sulfate up to 2% an increase of the consistency was shown. But 3% magnesium sulfate in investment showed a decrease of the consistency. The consistency did not vary significantly with a variation of the content of gypsum and cristobalite and the W/P ratio. 2. Aluminium sulfate and the magnesium sulfate promoted the hardening and the aluminium phosphate delayed the hardening. The setting time increased with amount of gypsum. The effect of the matrix on the setting time was insignificant. With the W/P ratio of 0.34 the setting time was 14 min. 3. The compressive strength decreased with the amount of aluminium sulfate up to 0.25% and increased with the amount of aluminium sulfate greater than 3%. The compressive strength decreased as decreasing the amount of magnesium sulfate and gypsum and as increasing the W/P ratio. The effect of the refractory on the compressive strength was also not significant. With the W/P ratio of 0.34 the compressive strength was $34Kg/mm^2$. 4. The 1st thermal expansion was found at the temperature near and the steady state or the contraction stage was found at the temperature between $250^{\circ}C$ and $500^{\circ}C$. After this stage the 2nd thermal expansion took place at the temperature near $500^{\circ}C$. The amount of thermal expansion increased with decreasing the content of magnesium sulfate, aluminium sulfate and gypsum and the W/P ratio. And the amount of thermal expansion increased as the content of sodium phosphate and cristobalite. With the W/P ratio of 0.34 the amount of total expansion was 1.2%.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.556-562
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• 2009

Ectopic eruption of the maxillary first permanent molar means that the molar erupts out of the normal position and is arrested in its eruption by the second primary molar. This local eruption disturbance results in a premature atypical resorption on the distal part of the second primary molar. In most irreversible cases, the second primary molar is lost prematurely, either by spontaneous exfoliation or by extraction, In cases of doubt as to whether the eruption is of the irreversible type or not, careful radiographic observation period for a few months would be valuable in evaluating the possibilities of the tooth's freeing itself. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics and occurrence of the ectopic eruption of the maxillary first permanent molar. A descriptive, observational, retrospective study was done using the radiographs of 25 conseutive patients, who were in the first phase of mixed dentition. A method was designed to evaluate the amount of pathologic resorption of the second maxillary primary molar and the mesial angulation of the first permanent molar. The study showed that the most important etiologic factor was the eruption path or mesial angulation of the first permanent molars relative the chosen reference lines.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.146-151
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• 2010

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the timing of puberty and the factors inducing advanced puberty in elemental school students of low grades. Methods : The 1st, 2nd, and 3rd grade elemental students from the Goyang province were randomly selected, and their sexual maturation rate was assessed by physical examination. After obtaining an informed consent, a questionnaire was administered to the parents; eating habits, lifestyle, use of growth-inducing medication, and present illness of the students were evaluated to determine the factors that induced advanced puberty. The data were statistically analyzed. Results : We selected 170 children and the girls:boys sex ratio was 1.2:1. Two 9-year-old boys were in genital stage 2. Two (14.3%) 6-year-old girls, 6 (19.4%) 7-year-old girls, 15 (39.6%) 8-year-old girls, and 4 (57.1%) 9-year-old girls were in breast stage 2. The average pubertal timing predicted for girls was $9.11{\pm}1.86$ years. The main factors influencing pubertal timing were obesity scale, frequency of eating fast food, and the use of growth-inducing medication. A high rating on the obesity scale and high frequency of eating fast food indicated advanced stage of puberty. Growth-inducing medication induced puberty through obesity. Conclusion : We proposed that predictive average pubertal timing in girls was 9.11${\pm}$1.86 years, which was consistent with the previously reported findings from abroad. The significant influencing factors in advanced puberty were obesity scale and frequency of fast food.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.20-25
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• 2020

As nanoscience and nanotechnology advance, techniques for selective pattern growth have attracted significant attention. Silica nanoparticles (NPs) are used as a promising nanomaterials for bio-labeling, bio-imaging, and bio-sensing. In this study, silica NPs were synthesized by a sol-gel process using a modified Stöber method. In addition, the selective pattern growth of silica NPs was achieved by the surface functionalization of the substrate using a micro-contact printing technique of a hydrophobic treatment. The particle size of the as-synthesized silica NPs and morphology of selective pattern growth of silica NPs were characterized by FE-SEM. The contact angle by surface functionalization of the substrate was investigated using a contact angle analyzer. As a result, silica NPs were not observed on the hydrophobic surface of the OTS solution treatment, which was coated by spin coating. In contrast, the silica NPs were well coated on the hydrophilic surface after the KOH solution treatment. FE-SEM confirmed the selective pattern growth of silica NPs on a hydrophilic surface, which was functionalized using the micro-contact printing technique. If the characteristics of the selective pattern growth of silica NPs can be applied to dye-doped silica NPs, they will find applications in the bio imaging, and bio sensing fields.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.37-53
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• 2003

Objective : To find risk factor and symptoms for transferred newborn from postpartum care center Method : We performed a follow-up study using medical record. Subjects comprised 188 neonates(include 4 twins) and 184 women in childbed who were hospitalized in oriental postpartum care center from January, 1, 2002 to December, 31, 2002. Result: Transferred newborn was total 24, N.V.D. 17, C.S. 7, male and female were 12 separately. The symptom of transfer was fever(16), diarrhea(4), jaundice(3), convulsion(1) Transferred number and rate was male 12(10.7%), female 12(15.8%). In delivery method, total normal vaginal delivery(N.V.D.) was 136 and transferred 17(12.5%), total cesarean section(C.S.) was 52 and transferred 7(13.5%). Transferred rank was N.V.D. female(17.9%). C.S. male(15.6%), C.S. female(10%), N.V.D.(8.6%). Of the 188 neonates. immature infants were 2 and transferred 1(50%), term infants were 184, transferred 23(12.5%), post-term infants were 2 and transferred none(0%). In age of women in childbed, transferred ratio was 15.4%(over 35), 15.2%(25-29), 10.5%(30-34). In fever,. C.S. infants were more transferred than N.V.D. and male infant had a tendency to transfer in later period of hospitalization and female in early period. It seems that transfer was related to abortion. In diarrhea, all was N.V.D. and their diagnosis was rotavirus. The average age of women in childbed was yonger(28.5). In jaundice, all was 1st, and average birth weight was lighter(3153g). The average age of women in childbed was older(30). In convulsion, birth weight was lighter(3153g), and age of women in childbed was older(30). Conclusion : There's any relation with sex and delivery method, birth weight and mother's age in transfer. But we cannot find any statistically significance. Further prospective studies are needed to find risk factors in transfer.

• Korean System Dynamics Review
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.25-40
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• 2001

This paper describes the forecast of power plant construction in a competitive korean electricity market. In Korea, KEPCO (Korea Electric Power Corporation, fully controlled by government) was responsible for from the production of the electricity to the sale of electricity to customer. However, the generation part is separated from KEPCO and six generation companies were established for whole sale competition from April 1st, 2001. The generation companies consist of five fossil power companies and one nuclear power company in Korea at present time. Fossil power companies are scheduled to be sold to private companies including foreign investors. Nuclear power company is owned and controlled by government. The competition in generation market will start from 2003. ISO (Independence System Operator will purchase the electricity from the power exchange market. The market price is determined by the SMP(System Marginal Price) which is decided by the balance between demand and supply of electricity in power exchange market. Under this uncertain circumstance, the energy policy planners such as government are interested to the construction of the power plant in the future. These interests are accelerated due to the recent shortage of electricity supply in California. In the competitive market, investors are no longer interested in the investment for the capital intensive, long lead time generating technologies such as nuclear and coal plants. Large unclear and coal plants were no longer the top choices. Instead, investors in the competitive market are interested in smaller, more efficient, cheaper, cleaner technologies such as CCGT(Combined Cycle Gas Turbine). Electricity is treated as commodity in the competitive market. The investors behavior in the commodity market shows that the new investment decision is made when the market price exceeds the sum of capital cost and variable cost of the new facility and the existing facility utilization depends on the marginal cost of the facility. This investors behavior can be applied to the new investments for the power plant. Under these postulations, there is the potential for power plant construction to appear in waves causing alternating periods of over and under supply of electricity like commodity production or real estate production. A computer model was developed to sturdy the possibility that construction will appear in waves of boom and bust in Korean electricity market. This model was constructed using System Dynamics method pioneered by Forrester(MIT, 1961) and explained in recent text by Sternman (Business Dynamics, MIT, 2000) and the recent work by Andrew Ford(Energy Policy, 1999). This model was designed based on the Energy Policy results(Ford, 1999) with parameters for loads and resources in Korea. This Korea Market Model was developed and tested in a small scale project to demonstrate the usefulness of the System Dynamics approach. Korea electricity market is isolated and not allowed to import electricity from outsides. In this model, the base load such as unclear and large coal power plant are assumed to be user specified investment and only CCGT is selected for new investment by investors in the market. This model may be used to learn if government investment in new unclear plants could compensate for the unstable actions of private developers. This model can be used to test the policy focused on the role of unclear investments over time. This model also can be used to test whether the future power plant construction can meet the government targets for the mix of generating resources and to test whether to maintain stable price in the spot market.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.60 no.5
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• pp.14.1-14.12
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• 2018

Background: Sheep production is a major component of the livestock sector in Ethiopia. The country owing to the large population of 30.70 million estimated numbers of sheep in the country and out of which about 72.14% are females, and 27.86% are males with diverse genetic resources. The real value of indigenous breeds was often under-estimated mostly due to their poor appearance and relatively low productivity. Developing countries in most cases opt for exotic breeds to increase animal productivity through crossbreeding or breed substitution without properly investigating the production potential of the indigenous breeds. The main objective of the research was to identify sheep flock composition and structure, farmers' traits of interest and breeding objective of Wollo highland sheep, and their $F_1$ crossbreed progenies. Results: Smallholder farmers' flock synthesized from breeding ewes, breeding rams, pre-weaned ewe lambs, pre-weaned ram lambs, unproductive ewes, castrated and fattened rams, with the percentage coverage of 29.2, 13.3, 15.5, 16.5, 12.4, and 12.5%, respectively. The maximum number of flock size was 289.0 sheep per flock and higher in the third stratum. The off-take rate percentage of the three strata presented as 21.9% in 1st stratum, 12% in the 2nd stratum, and 16.4% in the 3rd stratum and higher off-take rate recorded in the first stratum. Sheep producer's traits of interest ranked by growth rate (first), body size (second) and marketing value was third rank. Communal breeding (random mating), village based controlled breeding, mixed type and private ram controlled breeding practice were comprised of 39.7, 61.7, 52 and 71.3%, respectively. The percentages of ewes per flock composition were presented as 36.5, 27.1 and 25.5%, respectively in the 3rd stratum, 2nd stratum and 3rd stratum in the order of their importance's. Conclusion: Genetic improvement practices at smallholder sheep producers situation was showing promising outcome with indigenous Washera $F_1$ crossbred lambs and which designated for weaning rate, body size, marketing age, age at first lambing, good temperament and large litter size in the order of their rank. The contemporary breeding practice tendency indicated that, reduced flock size to improve flock productivity via crossbreeding practices.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.349-355
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• 2007

Phylogeny of the species mainly from the genus Amynthas in family Megascolecidae was inferred at the molecular level using ITS regions in rDNA. With 26 species of earthworms from 10 genera in 2 families, a stretch comprising the 3'-end of the 18S rRNA, ITS1, 5.8S rRNA, ITS2, and 5' end of 28S rRNA was amplified by applying the primers ITS-1, ITS-2. Phylogenetic analyses of nucleotide sequences with a help of MP, NJ, and QP yielded 5 groups similarly. Genus Amynthas was separated largely into two groups, Korean and Philippine origins. Species grouped into the 1st were Amynthas jirensis, A. agrestis, A. gucheonensis, A. sopaikensis, A. bubonis, A. multimaculatus, A. koreanus, A. dageletensis, A. heteropodus, A. odaesanensis, Pontoscolex sp., Pheretima sp. 1, and Dendropheretima banahawensis. Amynthas halconensis, A. isarogensis, A. mindrooensis, Pithemera sp. 2, Pithmera sp. 1, and Pleionogaster sp. clustered into one clade forming the 2nd group. Polypheretima sp. 1 and polypheretima. sp. 2 stayed closely together representing a separate monophyletic status, forming the 3rd group, apart from species in other genera. Archipheretima sp. falls into the 4th group. Distinct morphological characteristics from Archipheretima also coinsides with its branching away from others in the previously reported molecular analyses. Similar to Perionyx excavatus that has been selected as an outgroup, Aporrectodea tuberculata also showed a long branch in the phylogram, but it differed from other 24 species included in the analyses. Unlike others, for example, its habitat is very closely related to that of man.