• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.69 no.1
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• pp.13-18
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• 1985

Forest soils mixed with organic matters (green needle, flesh needle litter and needle litter in F layer of Pinus koraiensis, and green leaf of Quercus dentata and Q. variabilis) were incubated under a constant $30^{\circ}C({\pm}1)$ for 53 days to measure the changes of inorganic nitrogen and $CO_2$ evolution rate. The results obtained were summarized as follows; 1) In the early incubation period the amounts of total inorganic nitrogen in soils by mixture of organic matters decreased rapidly because of immobilization by microbial uptake, and thereafter their amounts increased with further incubation. 2) The rate of immobilization of organic nitrogen in mixed organic matters was the highest in green needle among green needle, flesh needle litter and needle litter in F layer of P. koraiensis, but lower than that of green leaf of Q. variabilis and Q. dentata. 3) The rates of $CO_2$ evolution from soils mixed with organic matters increased sharply in the early time, and then decreased slowly with increasing time. The order of the $CO_2$ evolution rate was green leaf of Q. variabilis > green leaf of Q. dentata > green needle of P. koraiensis > flesh needle litter of P. koraiensis > needle litter of P. koraiensis in F layer from the largest to the least. 4) Nitrate nitrogen concentrations showed a tendency to increase throughout incubation time, so that their concentrations after 53 days were higher than that of ammonium nitrogen.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.325-333
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• 1992

An investigation was carried out to find out the effects of long-term application (14 and 28 years) of rice straw, compost and wheat straw on changes in soil chemical and physical properities, aspests of releasing potential nitrogen and nitrogen uptake by rice and maize from fine textured paddy soils with double cropping system in warm temperate area. The result obtained were summarized as follows : 1. The long-term application of organic matters improved plow layer and soil physical properties : bulk density and solid phase were decreased, while porosity and gaseous phase were decreased. 2. Average increment of total carbon per year was 0.0371% and 0.0407% for rice straw and compost, respectively, from 1 through 14 years ; it was 0.0007% and 0.0014% for the rice straw and compost, respectively, from 15 years through 28 years. The average increment of total notrogen per year was 0.0025% and 0.038% for the rice straw and compost, respectively, from 1 through 14 years ; 0.0014% and 0.0024% for the same treatments from 15 through 28 years. 3. $NH_4-N$ and amide-N were high in the soils with wheat straw application for 28 years ; the amino sugar-N in the soils with compost application for 28 years ; amino acid -N in the soils with rice straw application for 14 and 28 years ; and unidentified-N, in the control. 4. The released amount of available nitrogen with the submerged condition was higher at $30^{\circ}C$ than at $25^{\circ}C$ during the incubation. The amount of released available nitrogen at the field was aproximately same as that of $25^{\circ}C$ incubation. However, the released amounts from the incubation and the field were always lower than those extracted with reagents. 5. The amount of nitrogen uptake by rice and maize was highly correlated with available nitrogen extracted with phosphate buffer(pH 7.0). 6. The ratio of yield increase(milled rice) was 17, 12 and 7%, respectively, by application of rice straw, compost and wheat straw for 28 years, and 11% by application of rice straw for 14 years.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 1972

The effects of limestone and wollastonite on an acid sulfate soil were studied. In addition, the effect of wollastonite was analyzed in terms of those due to calcium and to silica in the paddy field and in the laboratory with equivalent amounts of lime and wollastonite on a calcium basis. 1. Lime and wollastonite as liming materials were equally effective in neutralizing the soil acidity. 2. Lime, however was more reactive, raising the pH up to neutralization point in three days under waterlogged conditions at $25^{\circ}C$, in the lab study, and introduced alkali damage to transplanted rice seedlings showing marked restrictions of tillering in the field even though lime was applied two weeks before transplanting. On the other hand, wollastonite reacted very slowly, taking one week to two weeks to reach neutralization even when thoroughly mixed, and did not restrict the tillering. 3. Both lime and wollastonite effectively reduced the toxic aluminium in soil as well as in the soil solution but not always in the case of ferrous iron. However the reduction effect of the toxic substances in the experimental field was not so great as expected, because typical toxic symptoms were mild only. 4. Lime considerably increased the availability of silica in soil resulting in an increase of silica content in straw. Wollastonite released extra available silica itself resulting in a greater uptake of silica. 5. Increase of silica uptake by these materials was effective in reducing rate of infection of neck blast and resulted in higher rate of ripening, and in turn increased the paddy yield. 6. Application of either one significantly diminished the effect of the other. 7. Wollastonite markedly increased tillering in the early growing stage, but decreased the rate of effective tillers finally, resulting in about the same number of ears per hill at harvesting. 8. These liming materials appear to increase the number of grains per panicle slightly.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.93-99
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• 2010

Purpose: Currently, PET/CT scan has been known to provide useful information to both preoperative and postoperative examination of cancer patients. Contracted stomach by the long fasting could cause difficulties of interpretation because of its size on reconstructed image data. To solve this problem, after the whole body PET/CT scan, patients were administrated in drinking 300 mL of water to expand stomach and performed additional scan on stomach region. Not only PET/CT scan but also CT performs this water-administration, and patients were take oral solution to make stomach expand for stomach cancer. When this scan performed, patients lay supine position. In this study, we evaluated the capacity of stomach through PET/CT scan with drinking water performed in supine and prone position so that we can distinguish exact location of cancer around pylorus and inferior wall of stomach. Furthermore, image data from supine and prone positions were analyzed the difference of volume of stomach through the change of standardized uptake values. Materials and Methods: From July 2009 to January 2010 in severance hospital, 30 patients who were diagnosed as early gastric cancer or advanced gastric cancer were chosen. All patients had PET/CT scan before the operation and have had follow-up PET/CT. The patients fast for at least 8 hours, and had an injection intravenously with $^{18}F$-FDG, 7.4 MBq (0.2 mCi/kg) per kilogram. They were rested for 60 minutes. Before the examination, all patients were administrated to drink water for 300 mL Patients had PET/CT scan with supine position around the region of stomach, whole body, and around the region of stomach with prone position after drinking another 300 mL of water respectively. Results: As a results of comparison between stomach capacity of 30 patients in supine and prone position, the study draw results that average capacity of stomach body was 460.29 $mm^2$ in supine position, and 641.39 $mm^2$ in prone position for 30 patients. The change of capacity shows 41.3% expanded in prone position. And there was no noticeable difference at maximum standardized uptake values in supine position and prone position. Conclusion: As results, stomach would have more expanded capacity in prone position than supine position. For patients who have physical disabilities to move freely, additional scan in prone position will be obstacle to perform. However, if additional scan in supine position add with the scan in prone position, it will be easier to diagnose stomach cancer. Moreover, we believe that this study will help the research for inventing support tools for patients who have physical disabilities in prone position.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.10-16
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• 2011

Purpose: The partial volume effect occurs because of limit of the spatial resolution. It makes partial loss of intensity and causes SUV to be lower than it should actually be. So the purpose of this study is to calculate recovery coefficient for correcting PVE from phantom study and to compare before and after SUV correction applying to PET/CT examination. Materials and Methods: The flangeless Esser PET phantom consisting of four hot cylinders was used for this study. All of the hot cylinders were filled with FDG solution of 20.72 MBq per 1000 ml, and the phantom background was filled with FDG solution of different concentrations (33.30, 22.20, 16.65 MBq per 6440 ml) to yield H/B ratios of around 4:1, 6:1 and 8:1. Using the Biograph Truepoint 40(SIEMENS, Germany), we applied recovery coefficient method to 30 patients who were diagnosed with lung cancer after PET/CT exam. And then we analyzed and compared SUV before and after correcting partial volume effect. Results: The smaller the diameter of hot cylinder becomes, the more recovery coefficient decreased. When we applied recovery coefficient to clinical patients and compared SUV before and after correcting PVE, before the correction all lesions gave an average max SUV of 7.83. And after the correction, the average max SUV increases to 10.31. The differences in the max SUV between before and after correction were analyzed by paired t test. As a result, there were statistically significant differences (t=7.21, p=0.000). Conclusion: The SUV for quantification should be measured precisely to give consistent information of tumor uptake. But PVE is one of factors that causes SUV to be lower and to be underestimated. We can correct this PVE and calculate corrected SUV using the recovery coefficient from phantom study. And if we apply this correction method to clinical patients, we can finally assess and provide quantitative analysis more accurately.

• Journal of Medicine and Life Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.57-65
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• 2022

This study aimed to compare the Korean Activity Status Index (KASI) with the cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) among patients with acute myocardial infarction. A total of 2,268 patients (85.4% male; mean age, 59.3±10.2 years; range, 23-90 years) diagnosed with acute myocardial infarction were enrolled in the Regional Center Myocardial Infarction Registry between July 2016 and June 2019. The KASI is a tool used to measure functional capacity by asking patients about their ability to perform specific activities and then scoring their responses. In contrast, CPET is the gold standard for assessing the objective functional capacity in patients undergoing cardiac rehabilitation. Peak oxygen uptake (VO_2peak) was used to analyze the correlation. Patients who completed two consecutive KASI and CPET evaluations during their first (KASI_1, VO_2peak_1) and second visits (KASI_2, VO_2peak_2) for cardiac rehabilitation were included in the study. The mean KASI_1 and KASI_2 scores were 43.3±14.3 and 49.8±13.9, respectively, and the mean VO_2peak_1 and VO_2peak_2 scores were 25.9±8.0 and 28.5±8.3, respectively. Both the KASI scores were significantly correlated with the measured VO_2peak during each visit, with correlation coefficients of 0.385 (P<0.001) and 0.346 (P<0.001), respectively. Moreover, the KASI score and VO_2peak had a linear relationship (VO_2peak_1=0.22×KASI_1+16.5, P<0.001; VO_2peak_2=0.21×KASI_2+18.2,VO_2peak_2=0.21×KASI_2+18.2, P<0.001). This study revealed that the KASI is a valid measure for the follow-up evaluation of the functional capacity of patients. These findings suggest that VO_2peak can be predicted using the KASI score in patients who do not undergo CPET.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.105-111
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• 1975

Nitrogen efficiency for grain yield(E) and its relation to grain yield(Y), harvesting index(HI), percent translocation of nitrogen from straw to grain(T), nitrogen uptake amount(N), concentration in grain (GN%) or straw (SN%) and total dry matter yield (TY) among rice varieties (Oryza sativa, old and new varieties) were investigated at four nitrogen nutritional status (high and low fertilizer levels in high and low fertility fields) by simple correlation analysis. Relation between any two of above parameters or total dry matter yield (TY) and nitrogen efficiency for total dry matter yield (TE) was also investigated. 1. E is significantly and positively correlated with T, Y, HI but negatively with SN%, N, GN% and in negative trend with TY. 2. T is significantly and positively with GN% or Y, but negatively with SN%. 3. TE is significantly and positively correlated with TY but negatively with N. 4. The order of E among varieties showed consistency among different nitrogen nutritional environments. 5. From the above facts it was concluded that high yielding varieties have high nitrogen efficiency due to high percent translocation of nitrogen from straw to grain, subsequent low nitrogen concentration in straw and that translocated nitrogen in grain is greatly diluted with photosynthates. 6. Reported physiological characteristics of newly bred high yielding IR lines are well accordance with their high nitrogen efficiency and rice breeding was a selection on the basis of nitrogen efficiency. 7. It is postulated that high nitrogen efficiency varieties for yields have high nitrogen efficiency for root growth in early stage so that uptake more efficient soil nitrogen in later growth stage.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.16
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• pp.6633-6638
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• 2014

The Pharmacological potential, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activities of Portulaca oleracea (PO) and Petroselinum sativum (PS) extracts are well known. However, the preventive properties against hepatocellular carcinoma cells have not been explored so far. Therefore, the present investigation was designed to study the anticancer activity of seed extracts of PO and PS on the human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2). The HepG2 cells were exposed with $5-500{\mu}g/ml$ of PO and PS for 24 h. After the exposure, cell viability by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2,5-biphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, neutral red uptake (NRU) assay, and cellular morphology by phase contrast inverted microscope were studied. The results showed that PO and PS extracts significantly reduced the cell viability of HepG2 in a concentration dependent manner. The cell viability was recorded to be 67%, 31%, 21%, and 17% at 50, 100, 250, and $500{\mu}g/ml$ of PO, respectively by MTT assay and 91%, 62%, 27%, and 18% at 50, 100, 250, and $500{\mu}g/ml$ of PO, respectively by NRU assay. PS exposed HepG2 cells with $100{\mu}g/ml$ and higher concentrations were also found to be cytotoxic. The decrease in the cell viability at 100, 250, and $500{\mu}g/ml$ of PS was recorded as 70%, 33%, and 15% by MTT assay and 63%, 29%, and 17%, respectively by NRU assay. Results also showed that PO and PS exposed cells reduced the normal morphology and adhesion capacity of HepG2 cells. HepG2 cells exposed with $50{\mu}g/ml$ and higher concentrations of PO and PS lost their typical morphology, become smaller in size, and appeared in rounded bodies. Our results demonstrated preliminary screening of anticancer activity of Portulaca oleracea and Petroselinum sativum extracts against HepG2 cells, which can be further used for the development of a potential therapeutic anticancer agent.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.305-321
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• 2006

Atmospheric Acid Deposition: Nitrogen Saturation of Forests: Volume weighted annual average wet deposition of nitroge at 33 sites in Korea during 1999-2004 ranged 7.28 to $21.05kgN{\cdot}ha^{-1}{\cdot}yr^{-1}$ with average $12.78kgN{\cdot}ha^{-1}{\cdot}yr^{-1}$, which values are similar level with nitrogen deposition of Europe and North America. The temperate forests that suffered long-term high atmospheric nitrogen deposition are gradually saturated with nitrogen. Such nitrogen saturated forest watersheds usually leach nitrate ion ($NO_3^-$) in stream water and soil solution. It may be likely that Korean forest ecosystems are saturated by much nitrogen deposition. In leaves with nitrogen saturation ratios of N/P, N/K and N/Mg are so enhanced that mineral nutrient system is disturbed, suffered easily frost damage and blight disease, reduced fine-root vitality and mycorrhizal activity. Consequently nitrogen saturated forests decrease primary productivity and finally become forest decline. Futhermore understory species are replaced the nitrophobous species by the nitrophilous one. In soil with nitrogen saturation uptake of methane ($CH_4$) is reduced and emission of nitrogen monoxide (NO) and nitrous oxide ($N_{2}O$) are increased, which gases are greenhouse gas accelerating global warming.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.359-367
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• 1985

This experiment was conducted to study effect of cold water damage on some growth characters related to source and sink at reproductive growth stage in Jinan (sea level 303m). The cold water irrigation duration had irrigated 4, 8 and 12 days at panicle formation stage and reproduction division stage compared to perennial water irrigation. Cold water irrigation shortened culm length and panicle length and degree of panicle exsertion. The shortening effect appeared great at lower internodes when treated at panicle formation stage but at higher internodes when treated at reduction division stage. Cold water irrigation decreased the number of secondary branches and spikelets per panicle, and increased the number of degenerated spikelets being high degeneration when treated at panicle formation stage. Spikelet sterility and impediment of grain filling were affected by duration of cold water irrigation being great when treated at spikelet primodium differentiation stage and reduction division stage in particular. Grain weight was also reduced. Significant relationship existed between spikelets sterility, grain filling and yield. The degeneration of secondary branches and spikelets correlated with leaf area but spikelet sterility and yield with culm length, panicle length and panicle exsertion.