• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.42.1-42.11
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• 2022

Objective: This study investigated the effects of various concentrations of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) on human whole-blood clotting kinetics, the structure of the blood clots formed, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 release. Materials and Methods: Human whole blood was collected from 5 healthy volunteers and divided into 4 groups: CG (control, 0.5 mL of blood), BN_0.5 (0.5 mL of blood with 0.5 mL of 0.5% NaOCl), BN₃ (0.5 mL of blood with 0.5 mL of 3% NaOCl), and BN_5.25 (0.5 mL of blood with 0.5 mL of 5.25% NaOCl). The effects of NaOCl on clotting kinetics, structure of fibrin and cells, and release of TGF-β1 were assessed using thromboelastography (TEG), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and enzyme-linked immunosobent assay, respectively. Statistical analysis was conducted using the Kruskal Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests, followed by the post hoc Dunn test. A p value < 0.05 indicated statistical significance. Results: The blood samples in BN_0.5 and BN₃ did not clot, whereas the TEG of BN_5.25 showed altered clot formation. Samples from the CG and BN₃ groups could only be processed with SEM, which showed that the latter lacked fibrin formation and branching of fibers, as well as clumping of red blood cells with surface roughening and distortion. TGF-β1 release was significantly highest in BN₃ when all groups were compared to CG (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Each concentration of NaOCl affected the release of TGF-β1 from blood clots and altered the clotting mechanism of blood by affecting clotting kinetics and cell structure.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제21권9호
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• pp.1346-1353
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• 2011

산두근(Sophora tonkinensis Gapnep)은 예로부터 동양지역에서 전통적인 약용식물로 사용되어 왔다. 본 연구에서는 3T3-L1 지방전구세포의 성숙지방세포로의 분화와 세포 내 지방생성에 대한 산두근 메탄올 추출물(STME)의 효과와 메커니즘에 대해 조사하였다. STME를 0-200 ${\mu}g$/ml의 농도로 처리한 다음, Oil Red O 염색으로 세포 내축적되는 지방구와 지질의 양을 측정한 결과 농도의존적으로 크게 감소됨을 확인하였으며 3T3-L1 지방전구세포의 분화와 관련된 단백질의 발현의 변화를 조사하였다. 지방세포의 특이적 marker인 peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ${\gamma}$ (PPAR${\gamma}$), cytidine-cytidine-adenosine-adenosine-thymine (CCAAT)/enhancer-binding proteins ${\alpha}$, ${\beta}$ (C/EBP${\alpha}$, C/EBP${\beta}$) 그리고 sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP)의 발현이 STME를 처리하였을 때 현저하게 저해됨을 확인하였다. 세포주기의 변화를 분석한 결과 STME는 지방세포 분화초기 단계인 mitotic clonal expansion 단계에서 G1기로 세포주기를 정지시켰다. 더불어 G1 arrest와 관련된 단백질의 변화를 조사 한 결과, 3T3-L1 세포에 STME를 처리하였을 때 p21의 발현량이 확연하게 증가하였으며, Cdk2, E2F-1 그리고 phosphor-Rb의 발현량은 농도의존적으로 감소하였다. 이러한 결과들에 의하여 STME은 메탄올 추출물임에도 불구하고 3T3-L1 지방전구세포가 성숙지방세포로 분화할 때 G1 arrest를 통하여 지방세포 분화를 억제하며 관련 유전자의 발현 억제도 확연하게 확인할 수 있었으며, 이러한 결과는 항 비만 천연물 소재 탐구의 기초자료로 유용하게 쓰일 것으로 사료된다.

• ALGAE
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.343-353
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• 2014

Despite the extensive literature on marine algae over the past few decades, a paucity of published research and studies exists on red algae. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential therapeutic properties of the ethanol extract of the red alga Callophyllis japonica against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophage inflammation. The C. japonica extract (CJE) significantly inhibited the nitric oxide (NO) production and the induced dose-dependent reduction of the protein and mRNA levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2. Additionally, the CJE reduced the mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$, interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$, and IL-6. We investigated the mechanism by which the CJE inhibits NO by examining the level of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) activation, which is an inflammation-induced signaling pathway in macrophages. The CJE significantly suppressed the LPS-induced phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase and p38 MAPK. Taken together, the results of this study demonstrate that the CJE inhibits LPS-induced inflammation by blocking the MAPK pathway in macrophages.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.790-798
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• 2020

Background: Beneficial effects of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) on polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) remains unclear. Methods: We examined whether pretreatment (daily from 2 hours before PCOS induction) with KRG extract in water (KRGE; 75 and 150 mg/kg/day, p.o.) could exert a favorable effect in a dehydroepian-drosterone (DHEA)-induced PCOS rat model. Results: Pretreatment with KRGE significantly inhibited the elevation of body and ovary weights, the increase in number and size of ovarian cysts, and the elevation of serum testosterone and estradiol levels induced by DHEA. Pretreatment with KRGE also inhibited macrophage infiltration and enhanced mRNA expression levels of chemokines [interleukin (IL)-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1), proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6), and inducible nitric oxide synthase in ovaries induced by DHEA. It also prevented the reduction in mRNA expression of growth factors (epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor-beta (EGF, TGF-β)) related to inhibition of the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell pathway and stimulation of the nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-related factor 2 pathway. Interestingly, KRGE or representative ginsenosides (Rb1, Rg1, and Rg3(s)) inhibited the activity of inflammatory enzymes cyclooxygenase-2 and iNOS, cytosolic p-IκB, and nuclear p-nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 cells, whereas they increased nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-related factor 2 nuclear translocation. Conclusion: These results provide that KRGE could prevent DHEA-induced PCOS via antiinflammatory and antioxidant activities. Thus, KRGE may be used in preventive and therapeutic strategies for PCOS-like symptoms.

• 한국동물학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.6-12
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• 1964

The present paper deals with the changes in serum protein fraction, total serum protein, hematocrit, red blood cell, haemoglobin, and weight of liver or kidney : body weight ratio of irradiated and non-irradiated snake head, Ophicephalus argus(CANTOR) . Irrardiation doses are 2537$\AA$-7 minutes (7M) and 2537$\AA$-15 minutes (15M). Serum electrophoretic patterns showed a marked decrease in albumin fraction at 1, 3, 9, 12 and 15 days on 7M group and 15 M group. On both experimental groups percentage increases in $\alpha$1 and $\beta$ fractions occurred at different time periods in general but are interpreted as only apparent changes accompanying the greater albumin fall. ${\gamma}$-Globulin decreased at 1, 6 and 15 days on 7M group. and at 1, 3, 6 and 9 days on 15M group. Also, A/G ratio was significantly low in groups subjected to above conditions as compared to the controls. A/G ratio decreased at 3 and 15 days remarkably on both groups. On the average, the reductions in the A/G ratio were not proportional to themagnitude of ultraviolet-light. Total protein of serum changed according to suggestive changes in electrophoretic patterns of serum . Total protein of serum declined at 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 day periods on 7M groups and at 1, 3, 9, 12 and 15 day-periods on 15 M group, and increased approaching control values at 15 and 18 day-periods on both groups. Hematocrit increased remarkably at 1, 3, 6 and 12 days and decreased at 9 and 15 days on 7M group, and increased throughout the sampling period on 15M . Red blood cell decreased throughout the sampling period and increased slightly at 6 days on 7 M group and decreased at 1, 6, 9, 15 and 18 days and increased remarkably at 3 and 12 days on 15M group. Hemoglobin decreased remarkably at 1 day-period and increased at other days on both groups. The liver weight was not remarkably changed after whole body irradiation on both groups. and kidney was increased from 1st day on 7M group and 3 rd day on 15M group respectively. It appears that changes in electropphoretic patterns of serum, A/G ratio, total protein of serum, hematocrit, red blood cell, hemoglobin, and liver or kidney weight act to the detriment of the animal following non-ionizing irradiation.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.161-166
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• 1981

홍삼(紅蔘)의 특징(特徵)이라고 할 수 있는 갈색화반응(褐色化反應)에 의(依)해서 생성(生成)된 갈변물질(褐變物質)의 항산화효과(抗酸化?果)와 여러가지 기본적(基本的)인 성질(性質)을 조사(調査)하였다. 인삼(人蔘) model system을 이용(利用)하여 갈변반응(褐變反應)을 시킨 결과(結果) 갈색도(褐色度)는 반응시간(反應時間)에 비례(比例)하여 증가(增加)하였으나 항산화효과(抗酸化?果)는 반응시간(反應時間) 17시간(時間)까지 갈색도(褐色度)에 비례(比例)하여 증가(增加)하였으나 그 이후에는 일정(一定)한 level을 유지하였다. 증삼시간별(蒸蔘時間別)로 실제(實際) 홍삼(紅蔘)을 제조(製造)하여 갈색도(褐色度) 및 항산화능(抗酸化能)을 조사(調査)한 바 model system에서 얻은 결과(結果)와 유사(類似)하였다. 투석(透析)에 의해서 분리(分離)된 인삼갈변반응물질(人蔘褐變反應物質)은 외액(外液)이 내액(內液)보다 갈색도(褐色度)가 낮았지만 더 강(强)한 항산화효과(抗酸化效果)를 보였다. 인삼갈변물질(人蔘褐變物質)을 Amberlite 이온교환수지(交換樹脂)를 사용(使用)하여 3개의 peak로 분리(分離)하였으며 유출(流出)차례에 따라 fraction I, II 및 III으로 명명(命名)하였다. 가장 갈색도(褐色度)가 강(强)한 fraction II는 전체(全體) peak의 80.7%로 강(强)한 항산화효과(抗酸化效果)를 나타냈으며 Somogyi-Nelson시약(試藥)에 대(對)하여 환원능(還元能)을 보였고 ninhydrin반응(反應)에 양성(陽性)이었다. 인삼갈변반응물질(人蔘褐變反應物質)과 백삼(白蔘) 및 홍삼(紅蔘)의 75% ethanol 추출물(抽出物)이 DPPH에 대(對)한 수소공여성(水素供與性)을 측정(測定)한 바 백삼(白蔘)은 수소공여성(水素供與性)이 거의 없었으나 홍삼추출물(紅蔘抽出物)은 수소공여성(水素供與性)이 강(强)하였다. 특히 인삼갈변반응물질(人蔘褐變反應物質)은 5mg/ml의 농도(濃度)에서 BHA와 같은 level의 수소공여성(水素供與性)을 나타냈다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.437-444
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• 2016

Background: Although Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) has been traditionally used for a long time, its anti-inflammatory role and underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms have been poorly understood. In this study, the anti-inflammatory roles of KRG-derived components, namely, water extract (KRG-WE), saponin fraction (KRG-SF), and nonsaponin fraction (KRG-NSF), were investigated. Methods: To check saponin levels in the test fractions, KRG-WE, KRG-NSF, and KRG-SF were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography. The anti-inflammatory roles and underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of these components were investigated using a macrophage-like cell line (RAW264.7 cells) and an acute gastritis model in mice. Results: Of the tested fractions, KGR-SF (but not KRG-NSF and KRG-WE) markedly inhibited the viability of RAW264.7 cells, and splenocytes at more than 500 mg/mL significantly suppressed NO production at $100{\mu}g/mL$, diminished mRNA expression of inflammatory genes such as inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$, and interferon-${\beta}$ at $200{\mu}g/mL$, and completely blocked phagocytic uptake by RAW264.7 cells. All three fractions suppressed luciferase activity triggered by interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), but not that triggered by activator protein-1 and nuclear factor-kappa B. Phospho-IRF3 and phospho-TBK1 were simultaneously decreased in KRG-SF. Interestingly, all these fractions, when orally administered, clearly ameliorated the symptoms of gastric ulcer in HCl/ethanol-induced gastritis mice. Conclusion: These results suggest that KRG-WE, KRG-NSF, and KRG-SF might have anti-inflammatory properties, mostly because of the suppression of the IRF3 pathway.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제59권4호
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• pp.365-372
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• 2016

본 연구에서는 150 mM HCl/60 % ethanol로 급성 위염을 유발한 마우스에서 증숙 시간에 따른 홍삼의 위염 보효 효과에 대해 살펴보고자 하였다. 백삼과 홍삼의 증숙 시간에 따른 성분을 분석한 결과 사포닌, total polyphenol과 total flavonoid의 총 함량이 증숙 시간에 따라 증가하였고 6시간 증숙한 홍삼에서 가장 높은 함량을 보였다. 또한 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl와 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid radical 소거능 실험을 통해 항산화 활성을 측정한 결과 RG 6에서 가장 높은 활성을 나타냈다. In vitro 실험 결과를 바탕으로 시료를 선택하였고 in vivo 실험을 진행하였다. 급성 위염 마우스 모델에 백삼과 6시간 증숙한 홍삼을 투여하였을 때, RG 6에서 위 점막 손상의 개선을 육안적으로 확인할 수 있었으며, 혈액에서 측정한 ROS 수치도 대조군에 비해 유의적인 감소를 보였다. 또한 염증성 사이토카인을 확인한 결과 대조군에 비해 RG6에서 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 이러한 결과들을 종합해 볼 때 증숙 시간에 따른 홍삼은 급성 위염 유발 마우스 모델에서 위염 보호 효과가 있는 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.236-242
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• 2005

방사선 조사된 고춧가루의 휘발성 화합물로부터 방사선 조사 표지물질의 선정에 의한 새로운 검지방법의 개발 가능성을 검토하기 위해, 각 선량별(0, 1, 3, 5, 10 kGy)로 조사된 고춧가루를 시료로 하여 SPME법 및 P&T법으로 휘발성 화합물을 추출한 후 GC/MS법으로 분석하였다. 그 결과 SPME법 및 P&T법에 의해 각각 51종과 34종의 휘발성 화합물이 검출되었다. 이 중 방사선 조사선량과 유의 적 상관성 (p<0.05 또는 p<0.01)을 가지는 총 25종의 화합물이 SPME법 및 P&T법에 선별되었으며 이는 주로 탄화수소류(4종, dodecane, tridecane, tetradecene, pentadecane), 알데히드류(7종: propanal, 2-methylpropanal, 2-propenal, hexanal, (E)-2-octenal, benzaldehyde, (E)-2-noneal), 케톤류(1종: 2,2,6-trimethyl-cyclohexanone), 알콜류(3종: 1-ponton-3-ol, hexanol, 1-octen-3-ol), 방향족화합물류(4종: toluene, ethyl benzene, o-xylene, 1,3-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)benzene), 에스테르 화합물류(2종, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate) 및 기타 화합물(4종: p-cymene, tetramethyl-pyrazine, dimethyl disulfide, $\beta$-ocimene)로 구성되어 있었다. 하지만 방사선 조사선량과 화합물의 함량 간의 회귀분석에 의한 결정계수($R^2$) 0.80 이상을 나타내며, 방사선 조사된 시료에서만 검출되는 조건을 만족하는 화합물은 1,3-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)benzene 1종 뿐이었으며, 1,3-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)benzene이 SPME법 과 P&T법에 의한 고춧가루의 방사선 조사 판별을 위한 휘발성 표지물질로 선정되었다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.433-441
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• 2021

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), are primarily characterized as dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Ginsenoside-Rg3-enriched Korean Red Ginseng extract (Rg3-KRGE) is known to exert neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidative effects on neurological disorders. However, effects of Rg3-KRGE in EAE remain unclear. Methods: Here, we investigated whether Rg3-KRGE may improve the symptoms and pathological features of myelin oligodendroglial glycoprotein (MOG)_35-55 peptide - induced chronic EAE mice through improving the integrity of the BBB. Results: Rg3-KRGE decreased EAE score and spinal demyelination. Rg3-KRGE inhibited Evan's blue dye leakage in spinal cord, suppressed increases of adhesion molecule platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1, extracellular matrix proteins fibronection, and matrix metallopeptidase-9, and prevented decreases of tight junction proteins zonula occludens-1, claudin-3, and claudin-5 in spinal cord following EAE induction. Rg3-KRGE repressed increases of proinflammatory transcripts cyclooxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, but enhanced expression levels of anti-inflammatory transcripts arginase-1 and IL-10 in the spinal cord following EAE induction. Rg3-KRGE inhibited the expression of oxidative stress markers (MitoSOX and 4-hydroxynonenal), the enhancement of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase 2 (NOX2) and NOX4, and NADPH activity in the spinal cord of chronic EAE mice. Furthermore, apocynin, a NOX inhibitor, mimicked beneficial effects of Rg3-KRGE in chronic EAE mice. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that Rg3-KRGE might alleviate behavioral symptoms and pathological features of MS by improving BBB integrity through modulation of NOX2/4 expression.