• 한국간담췌외과학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.258-263
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• 2023

Backgrounds/Aims: Hemangiomas are the most common benign liver lesions; however, they are usually asymptomatic and seldom require surgery. Enucleation and resection are the most commonly performed surgical procedures for symptomatic lesions. This study aims to compare the outcomes of these two surgical techniques. Methods: A retrospective analysis of symptomatic hepatic hemangiomas (HH) operated upon between 2000 and 2021. Patients were categorized into the enucleation and resection groups. Demographic profile, intraoperative bleeding, and morbidity (Clavien-Dindo Grade) were compared. Independent t-test and chi-square tests were used for continuous and categorical variables respectively. p-value of < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Sixteen symptomatic HH patients aged 30 to 66 years underwent surgery (enucleation = 8, resection = 8) and majority were females (n = 10 [62.5%]). Fifteen patients presented with abdominal pain, and one patient had an interval increase in the size of the lesion from 9 to 12 cm. The size of hemangiomas varied from 6 to 23 cm. The median blood loss (enucleation: 350 vs. resection: 600 mL), operative time (enucleation: 5.8 vs. resection: 7.5 hours), and postoperative hospital stay (enucleation: 6.5 vs. resection: 11 days) were greater in the resection group (statistically insignificant). In the resection group, morbidity was significantly higher (62.6% vs. 12.5%, p = 0.05), including one mortality. All patients remained asymptomatic during the follow-up. Conclusions: Enucleation was simpler with less morbidity as compared to resection in our series. However, considering the small number of patients, further studies are needed with comparable groups to confirm the superiority of enucleation over resection.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.272-281
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• 2023

Ecosystem observatories are burgeoning globally in an endeavour to detect national and global scale trends in the state of biodiversity and ecosystems in an era of rapid environmental change. In this paper we highlight the additional importance of regional scale outcomes of such infrastructure, through an introduction to the Great Western Woodlands TERN (Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network) SuperSite, and key findings from three gradient plot networks that are part of this infrastructure. The SuperSite was established in 2012 in the 160,000 km² Great Western Woodlands region, in a collaboration involving 12 organisations. This region is globally significant for its largely intact, diverse landscapes, including the world's largest Mediterranean-climate woodlands and highly diverse sandplain shrublands. The dominant woodland eucalypts are fire-sensitive, requiring hundreds of years to regrow after fire. Old-growth woodlands are highly valued by Indigenous and non-Indigenous communities, and managing impacts of climate change and the increasing extent of intense fires are key regional management challenges. Like other TERN SuperSites, the Great Western Woodlands TERN SuperSite includes a core eddy-covariance flux tower measuring exchanges of carbon, water and energy between the vegetation and atmosphere, along with additional environmental and biodiversity monitoring around the tower. The broader SuperSite incorporates three gradient plot networks. Two of these represent aridity gradients, in sandplains and woodlands, informing regional climate adaptation and biodiversity management by characterising biodiversity turnover along spatial climate gradients and acting as sentinels for ecosystem change over time. For example, the sandplains transect has demonstrated extremely high spatial turnover rates in plant species, that challenge traditional approaches to biodiversity conservation. The third gradient plot network represents a 400-year fire-age gradient in Eucalyptus salubris woodlands. It has enabled characterisation of post-fire recovery of vegetation, birds and invertebrates over multi-century timeframes, and provided tools that are directly informing management to reduce stand-replacing fires in eucalypt woodlands. By building regional partnerships and applying globally or nationally consistent methodologies to regional scale questions, ecological observatories have the power not only to detect national and global scale trends in biodiversity and ecosystems, but to directly inform environmental decisions that are critical at regional scales.

• Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.145-149
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• 2023

BACKGROUND: ¹⁸F-sodium fluoride positron emission tomography/computed tomography (¹⁸F-NaF PET/CT) has been proven to be useful in identification of microcalcifications, which are stimulated by inflammation. Blood speckle imaging (BSI) is a new imaging technology used for tracking the flow of blood cells using transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). We evaluated the relationship between turbulent flow identified by BSI and inflammatory activity of the aortic valve (AV) as indicated by the ¹⁸F-NaF uptake index in moderate aortic stenosis (AS) patients. METHODS: This study enrolled 18 moderate AS patients diagnosed within the past 6 months. BSI within the aortic root was acquired using long-axis view TEE. The duration of laminar flow and the turbulent flow area ratio were calculated by BSI to demonstrate the degree of turbulence. The maximum and mean standardized uptake values (SUVmax, SUVmean) and the total microcalcification burden (TMB) as measured by ¹⁸F-NaF PET/CT were used to demonstrate the degree of inflammatory activity in the AV region. RESULTS: The mean SUVmean, SUVmax, and TMB were 1.90 ± 0.79, 2.60 ± 0.98, and 4.20 ± 2.18 mL, respectively. The mean laminar flow period and the turbulent area ratio were 116.1 ± 61.5 msec and 0.48 ± 0.32. The correlation between SUVmax and turbulent flow area ratio showed the most positive and statistically significant correlation, with a Pearson's correlation coefficient (R²) of 0.658 and a p-value of 0.014. CONCLUSIONS: The high degree of trans-aortic turbulence measured by BSI was correlated with severe AV inflammation.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.48-59
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• 2024

Purpose: Research on rib fracture management has exponentially increased. Predicting fracture patterns based on the mechanism of injury (MOI) and other possible correlations may improve resource allocation and injury prevention strategies. The Chest Injury International Database (CIID) is the largest prospective repository of the operative and nonoperative management of patients with severe chest wall trauma. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the MOI is associated with the resulting rib fracture patterns. We hypothesized that specific MOIs would be associated with distinct rib fracture patterns. Methods: The CIID was queried to analyze fracture patterns based on the MOI. Patients were stratified by MOI: falls, motor vehicle collisions (MVCs), motorcycle collisions (MCCs), automobile-pedestrian collisions, and bicycle collisions. Fracture locations, associated injuries, and patient-specific variables were recorded. Heat maps were created to display the fracture incidence by rib location. Results: The study cohort consisted of 1,121 patients with a median RibScore of 2 (range, 0-3) and 9,353 fractures. The average age was 57±20 years, and 64% of patients were male. By MOI, the number of patients and fractures were as follows: falls (474 patients, 3,360 fractures), MVCs (353 patients, 3,268 fractures), MCCs (165 patients, 1,505 fractures), automobile-pedestrian collisions (70 patients, 713 fractures), and bicycle collisions (59 patients, 507 fractures). The most commonly injured rib was the sixth rib, and the most common fracture location was lateral. Statistically significant differences in the location and patterns of fractures were identified comparing each MOI, except for MCCs versus bicycle collisions. Conclusions: Different mechanisms of injury result in distinct rib fracture patterns. These different patterns should be considered in the workup and management of patients with thoracic injuries. Given these significant differences, future studies should account for both fracture location and the MOI to better define what populations benefit from surgical versus nonoperative management.

• 한국버섯학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.22-26
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• 2024

본 실험은 송이버섯의 인공재배에 있어 기주식물에 대한 의존성을 줄이기 위한 일환으로 송이 균환의 토양 미생물을 활용하여 진행되었다. 이를 위해 송이 자실체가 발달하는 9월을 대상으로 송이 자생지 내 균환으로부터 토양 내 균주들을 분리하였으며, 1점의 세균과 2점의 진균을 대상으로 대조구 대비 생장한 송이 균사체의 크기 퍼센트를 이용한 생장 촉진 결과를 확인하였다. 또한 확보된 균주들에 대한 동정을 위해 NCBI blast 과정과 phylogenetic tree 제작 과정을 거쳤다. 다만 본 실험에서 확보한 미생물과 동일한 동정명의 균을 이용한 동일 조건의 실험 결과와 비교하였을 때, 본 실험에서 확보한 미생물에 의한 송이 균사에 대한 생장촉진 정도가 다소 낮게 나타남을 확인하였다. 그러나 실제 자연계에서 송이와 같은 외근균성 버섯과 작용하는 미생물의 사례가 매우 다양하기 때문에 송이에 대해 균사 생장을 촉진시키는 미생물 데이터베이스 축적에 있어 그 의의가 있다고 볼 수 있다. 또한 축적된 미생물 데이터베이스를 토대로 송이 균사의 생장촉진 나아가 송이 자실체의 발달촉진에 공통적으로 작용하는 미생물 유래 분비물질 고찰에 있어서도 본 실험의 결과가 기여하는 바가 크다고 볼 수 있다. 이에 더해 미생물 군집 내 촉진균 우점도 및 송이 발생지와 미발생지 사이에 있는 미생물 우점도 차이에 대한 추가적인 분석을 통해 향후 송이 발생에 활용할 수 있는 생태모방에 활용할 가능성 또한 존재한다. 추후 지속적인 연구를 통해 균환 유래 토양 미생물에 의한 송이 작용에 대한 실험이 계속 진행되어야 할 필요가 있다.

• Advances in aircraft and spacecraft science
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.83-103
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• 2024

Adhesive bonding is currently widely used in many industrial fields, particularly in the aeronautics sector. Despite its advantages over mechanical joints such as riveting and welding, adhesive bonding is mostly used for secondary structures due to its low peel strength; especially if it is simultaneously exposed to temperature and humidity; and often presence of bonding defects. In fact, during joint preparation, several types of defects can be introduced into the adhesive layer such as air bubbles, cavities, or cracks, which induce stress concentrations potentially leading to premature failure. Indeed, the presence of defects in the adhesive joint has a significant effect on adhesive stresses, which emphasizes the need for a good surface treatment. The research in this field is aimed at minimizing the stresses in the adhesive joint at its free edges by geometric modifications of the ovelapping part and/or by changing the nature of the substrates. In this study, the finite element method is used to describe the mechanical behavior of bonded joints. Thus, a three-dimensional model is made to analyze the effect of defects in the adhesive joint at areas of high stress concentrations. The analysis consists of estimating the different stresses in an adhesive joint between two 2024-T3 aluminum plates. Two types of single lap joints(SLJ) were analyzed: a standard SLJ and another modified by removing 0.2 mm of material from the thickness of one plate along the overlap length, taking into account several factors such as the applied load, shape, size and position of the defect. The obtained results clearly show that the presence of a bonding defect significantly affects stresses in the adhesive joint, which become important if the joint is subjected to a higher applied load. On the other hand, the geometric modification made to the plate considerably reduces the various stresses in the adhesive joint even in the presence of a bonding defect.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제51권2호
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• pp.187-192
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• 2024

This research aimed to investigate the relationship between meat quality and muscle-to-fat ratio in specific cuts of pork (pork belly and Boston butt) utilizing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Twenty-eight pigs were selected, and 24 hours post-slaughter, pork belly and Boston butt samples were individually extracted from the left half carcass for MRI assessment. The MRI scans were reviewed using the Picture Archiving and Communications System. Muscle and fat volumes in the pork belly and Boston butt from the cross-sectional images captured by MRI were estimated using Vitrea workstation version 7. Subsequently, these data were processed using Vitrea post-processing software to automatically determine the volumes, measured in milliliters (mL). Additionally, a three-dimensional reconstruction of the organ being studied was generated. The relationship between regions (pork belly and Boston butt) was assessed using Pearson's correlation coefficient, and statistical analysis was conducted using Graph Pad Prism 8. The muscle-to-fat ratio determined by MRI for pork belly was 1 : 0.64, whereas for Boston butt it was 1 : 0.35. Results of comparing the muscle-fat ratio, the correlation coefficient between pork belly and Boston butt was found to be 0.6127 (R² = 0.3754, p < 0.001) based on MRI analysis. As a result of measuring the muscle-to-fat ratio using MRI as a non-destructive approach, there was a positive correlation between the muscle-to-fat ratios of pork belly and Boston butt.

• 철학연구
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• 제105권
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• pp.49-74
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• 2008

본 연구의 목적은 토미즘에 있어서 '인간적 행위'가 가지는 '자기초월의 성격'을 조명하는 데에 있다. 토미즘에 있어서 이성과 의지를 가진 인간의 본성은 궁극적인 목적에로 지향성을 가진 것이며, 따라서 '인간의 행위'가 아닌 '인간적 행위'란 이러한 본성에 적합한 행위를 말하며, 현재의 상태보다 더 낳은 상태를 지향하는 '자기초월'을 성격을 가지는 것이다. 물론 이러한 자기초월적 성격을 본질적으로 가지게 되는 인간적 행위의 근거는 인간의 형상인 이성혼(理性魂)이 '자립적인 형상'이라는 데에 있다. 토마스 아퀴나스에게 있어서 이러한 인간적 행위의 자기초월의 성격은 크게 세 가지 단계를 거친다고 볼 수 있는데, (1)자연적 진보의 질서 안에서의 초월, (2)도덕적 질서 안에서의 자기초월 그리고 (3)종교적 삶에 있어서 자기초월이 그것이다. 자연적 진보에서는 우선적으로 이성적 영혼의 특성에서 드러나는데, 아퀴나스는 인간의 이성적인 덕을 '나약함 안에서의 충만함'이라고 규정하는데, 이는 이성적인 덕이란 '외적 감각능력들의 목적지($finalit{\acute{e}}$)'로서 고려하기 때문이다. 외적 감각을 통해서 인간은 '감각적 상(especies sensibilis)'들을 수용하며, 이미지들을 보존하고, 이 이미지들은 기억 혹은 추억이라는 형태로 그의 실존의 일부가 되며, 자기의식을 의미하는 정신적인 실재가 되는 것이다. 따라서 토마스에게 있어서 이성의 덕은 단순히 사변적인 능력이 아니라, '되어짐'의 질서, 충만함의 질서 안에 있는 것이다. 바로 이 때문에 토마스는 이성(ratio)의 능력을 '생성(generatio)'에 비유하고 있으며, 지성(intellectus)을 존재(esse)에 비유하고 있는 것이다. 즉 이성은 감각을 초월하고, 지성은 이성을 초월하는 것이다. 도덕적 질서 안에서의 자기초월은 의식의 진보와 관련되어 있는데, 인간의 의식은 언제나 이중적인데, 일차적으로 외부대상에 대한 인식이요, 이차적으로 이러한 외부대상에 대한 인식의 결과라 할 수 있는 자기의식(contientia)이다. 즉 이러한 외부대상에 대한 인식은 근본적으로 자기의식 혹은 자기인식을 목적으로 하며, 자기인식에서 완성된다. 자기의식은 '자기동일성'에 대한 의식을 말하는데, 여기서 인간의 특유한 도덕적 행위가 발생한다. 즉 당위 혹은 의무라는 것은 언제나 '자기동일성'에 대한 적합성을 의미하는 것이며, 이러한 행위가 지속적일 때, 도덕적 삶이 발생하는 것이다. 도덕적 삶이 그 자체 초월적인 성격을 가지는 것은 '자기동일성'에 적합한 인간적 행위란 언제나 '보다 나은 것' 보다 '이상적인 삶'을 지향하기 때문이다. 종교적 삶에 있어서 토미즘의 특성을 보다 잘 부각하기 위해서 본 논문에서는 키엘케고올의 종교적 삶에 대한 초월성을 우선적으로 고찰하고 있는데, 그에 의하면 종교적 삶에 있어서 초월적 성격은 '절대적 차원의 초월'로서 근본적으로 합리적으로 기술되거나 표현될 수 있는 모든 문화적인 인간적인 지평을 넘어서는 '초월' 즉 '절대적 초월($d{\acute{e}}passement$ absolu)을 의미하는 것이다. 반면 아퀴나스에게 있어서 신과 인간 사이의 '친근성($affinit{\acute{e}}$)'은 수용된 덕들(virtutes infusas)이 있는 곳에는 반드시 일종의 종교적인 초월이 수반된다. '가능태'중에 있는 하나의 (수용된)덕이 '현실태'가 되는 곳에는 반드시 '자기초월'의 행위가 수반되는 것이다. 왜냐하면 이러한 수용된 덕의 국면은 신과 인간 사이의 소통을 말해주고 있기 때문이며, 이는 곧 '인간적인 것'에서 '신성한 것'에로의 초월을 암시하고 있기 때문이다. 이러한 아퀴나스의 사유는 구체적이고 개별적인 한 인간의 종교적인 삶 안에서 '자기초월'이 이루어지는 곳에는 언제나 신의 섭리가 개입하고 있다는 실재론적인 사유를 가능하게 하고 있는 것이다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권7호
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• pp.965-973
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• 2014

Three studies were conducted to investigate whether a chelated Cu can replace $CuSO_4$ as a growth promoter in pigs. In Exp. 1, a total of 240 piglets (Large White${\times}$Landrace, $7.36{\pm}0.10kg$) were randomly allocated to 1 of 3 treatments with 8 replicates and 10 piglets per pen. Treatments included a NRC control ($CuSO_4$, 6 mg/kg), two Cu supplementations from either $CuSO_4$ or $Cu(HMTBa)_2$ at 170 mg/kg. Pigs fed $Cu(HMTBa)_2$ were 6.0% heavier than pigs fed either the NRC control or 170 mg/kg $CuSO_4$ (p = 0.03) at the end of the experiment. During the 42 days of experimental period, pigs fed $Cu(HMTBa)_2$ gained 9.0% more (p = 0.01), tended to eat more feed (p = 0.09), and had better feed efficiency (p = 0.06) than those fed $CuSO_4$. Compared with the 6 mg/kg $CuSO_4$ NRC control, liver Cu was increased 2.7 times with 170 mg/kg $CuSO_4$ supplementation, and was further increased with $Cu(HMTBa)_2$ (4.5 times, p<0.05). In Exp. 2, a total of 616 crossbred piglets (PIC, $5.01{\pm}0.25kg$) were randomly allocated to 1 of 4 treatments with 7 replicates and 22 piglets per pen. Treatments included a NRC control (from $CuSO_4$), and three pharmaceutical levels of Cu (150 mg/kg) supplemented either from C$CuSO_4$, tri-basic copper chloride ($Cu_2[OH]_3C1$), or $Cu(HMTBa)_2$. Pigs fed $CuSO_4$ or $Cu(HMTBa)_2$ had better feed efficiency (p = 0.01) and tended to gain more (p = 0.08) compared with those fed the NRC control. Pigs fed $Cu_2[OH]_2C1$ were intermediate. Pigs fed $Cu(HMTBa)_2$ had the highest liver Cu, which was significantly higher than those fed ($Cu_2[OH]_3C1$) or the negative control (p = 0.01). In Exp. 3, a total of 1,048 pigs (PIC, $32.36{\pm}0.29kg$) were allotted to 6 treatments with 8 replicates per treatment and 20 to 22 pigs per pen. The treatments included a NRC control with 4 mg/kg Cu from $CuSO_4$, a positive control with 160 mg/kg Cu from $CuSO_4$, and incremental levels of $Cu(HMTBa)_2$ at 20, 40, 80, and 160 mg/kg. During the overall experimental period of 100 days, no benefit from 160 mg/kg $CuSO_4$ was observed. Pigs fed $Cu(HMTBa)_2$ had increased ADG (linear and quadratic, $p{\leq}0.05$) and feed efficiency (linear and quadratic, $p{\leq}0.05$) up to 80 mg/kg and no further improvement was observed at 160 mg/kg for the whole experimental period. Pigs fed 80 mg/kg $Cu(HMTBa)_2$ weighed 1.8 kg more (p = 0.07) and were 2.3 kg heavier in carcass (p<0.01) compared with pigs fed 160 mg/kg $CuSO_4$. In addition, loin depth was increased with increased $Cu(HMTBa)_2$ supplementation with pigs fed 80 mg/kg $Cu(HMTBa)_2$ had the greatest loin depth (p<0.05). In summary, $Cu(HMTBa)_2$ can be used to replace high $CuSO_4$ as a growth promoter in nursery and grower-finisher pigs.

• 한국패류학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.189-198
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• 2007

충청남도 서천군 비인만 앞바다 조간대에서 채집된 큰구슬 우렁이, Glossaulax didyma를 대상으로 생식소발달단계에 따른 생식주기, 난괴 내의 난낭, 그리고 군성숙도와 성비 등을 조직학적 관찰과 형태측정 자료에 의해 조사하였다. 생식소중량지수 (GSI) 암, 수의 월별 변화는 암컷의 경우, 2월부터 증가하기 시작하여 5월에 최대값을 이룬 후, 6월부터 8월까지 감소하였다. 수컷의 경우도 5월에 최고값을 나타낸 후, 6월부터 8월까지 감소하여 암컷과 유사한 경향을 보였다. 따라서 암, 수 개체의 산란기는 5월 하순-8월로 추정되었다. 비만도 지수(CI) 의 월별 변화는 암컷의 경우, 2월부터 4월까지 서서히 증가하기 시작하여 5월에 최대값을 나타낸 후, 6월부터 8월까지 감소하였다. 그리고 9월부터 12월까지 다시 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 수컷의 경우도 암컷과 같이 2월에 서서히 증가하기 시작하여 5월에 최고값을 나타낸 후, 6-8월까지 감소하였다. 따라서 비만도 지수에 의해 산란기를 판정하여 볼 때, 5월 하순-8월로 추정되었다. 산란기는 암컷의 경우, 5월 하순-8월 말 사이이었고, 수컷은 5월 초-8월 말까지 이었으며, 주산란은 수온이 $19^{\circ}C$ 이상인 7-8월에 일어났다. 생식주기는 암컷의 경우, 초기 활성기 (12-2월), 후기활성기 (2-3월), 완숙기 (4-7월), 산란기 (5월 하순-8월), 회복기 (8-11월)의 연속적인 5단계로 구분되었고, 수컷의 경우는 활성기 (12-3월), 완숙기 (3-7월), 교미기 (5월 초-8월), 회복기 (8-1월) 의 연속적인 4단계로 구분되었다. 완숙난모세포의 크기는 직경이 250-270 ${\mu}m$이었다. 난괴는 모자 모양이었고, 한 개의 난괴 속에서 수많은 난낭(0.53-0.57 mm) 들이 발견되었다. 한 개의 난낭에서 한 개의 배 (veliger 유생) 가 부화되었다. 큰구슬우렁이의 군성숙도는 각경 40.1-45.0 mm인 암, 수 개체 모두 군성숙도(%) 50% 이상이었고, 각경 45.1 mm 이상의 개체는 군성숙도가 100%였다. 암, 수의 성비는 1:1이 아닌 것으로 확인되었다 $(x^2\;=\;57.22,\;p\;<\;0.05)$.