• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.11-29
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• 1992

In 1963, Toomre built up classes of mass models for the highly flattened galaxies which have free parameters n, $a_n$ and $C_n$. In order to keep the universal dimension, we adopt parameters $b_n({C_n}^2={a_n}^{2n}+^2{b_n}^2/(n-1)!)$ insteal of $C_n$. Series of the normalized Toomre's mass models (G = $V_{max}$ =$R_{max}$ = 1, n = 1 to 7) are derived and the normalized parameters $a_n$ and $b_n$ are determined by the iteration method. Replacing parameters $a_n$ and $b_n$ to ${a_n}^l(=a_nr_{max})$ and ${b_n}^l(=b_n\cdotV_{max}/r_{max})$, we can get the generalization of Toomre's mass model.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.385-390
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• 1995

The analytical methods for the analysis of cyclosporine (CsA), a fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) and HPLC method, were compared in a pharmacokinetic study of two CsA soft capsule formultaions ($Sandimmun^{\circledR}$; Sandoz, $Implanta^{\circledR}$; Hanmi). Sixteen healthy volunteers completed the study and each subjected single doses ($4{\tiems}100$ mg) of the test and the reference formulations in a two-way crossover design with a one-week drug-free interval between doses. Following each administration, whole blood concentrations of CsA were monitored over a period of 24 hour by both FPIA and HPLC methods. Blood concentrations nad pharmacokinetic parameters determined by either analytical method showed large intersubject variation, with the FPIA data showing relatively higher magnitude of intersubjecte variation than the HPLC data. The blood concentrations determined by FPIA were 1.1-1.3 times higher than those determined by HPLC. There were strong and significant correlations between the two methods (r>0.83 : p<0.0001). Intersubuject variation for the $AUC_{inf}{\;}and{\;}AUC_{24hr}$ of the test formulation was slightly reduced without statistical significance (paried -t test : p>0.05 $t_{max}$ was earlier nad $C_{max}$ was slightly lower for the test formulation, $AUC_{24h}, {\;}C_{max}, {\;}T_{max}$ and MRT determined separately from the data obtained by the two methods for the two formulations were examined by analyses of variance (ANOVA) for the bioequivalency evaluation. Results of ANOVA and confidence limits of terst/reference ratios of $AUC_{24th}$, $C_{max}$, $t_{max}$ and MRT, and statistical tests indicated the bioequivalence of the two formulations (i.e., test/reference ratio was within $100{\times}20%$) except for $C_{max}$ and $t_{max}$. The mean of tmax also showed 11.1% and 9.3% differences but the detection limit were 29.2% and 29.6% as determined by FPIA and HPLC resepctively. This experiments suggest that the data yielded for the two formulations demonstrated that they were bioequivalent.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.119-125
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• 2002

A rapid, selective and reproducible high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the determination of terazocin in human plasma. Terazocin plus the internal standard, prazocin hydrochloride, were extracted from alkalified plasma with tert-butylmethyl ether, back-extracted into 0.05% phosphoric acid. Fifty ${\mu}l-portions$ of extract were injected onto a octadecylsilane column and eluted with a mixture of acetonitrile, water and triethylamine (30 : 70 : 0.1 v/v, adjusted to pH 5.0 with dilute phosphoric acid) at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. The fluorescence intensity of column eluents was monitored at excitation wavelength of 250 nm and emission wavelength of 370 nm. No interference peaks were observed. The practical limit of quantitation was 5 ng/ml for terazocin. The average intraday and interday coefficients of variation were 4.15 and 3.54%, respectively. Also intraday and interday precisions over the range $5{\sim}60\;ng/ml$ were $0.49{\sim}2.92\;and\;0.38{\sim}5.12%$, respectively. The bioequivalence of two terazosin tablets, the $Hytrine^{\circledR}$ (Il Yang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.) and the $Teratonin^{\circledR}$ (Sam-A Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.), was evaluated according to the guideline of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). Sixteen healthy male volunteers $(24.6{\pm}2.0\;years\;old)$ were divided into two groups and a randomized $2{\times}2$ cross-over study was employed. After one tablet containing 2 mg of terazosin was orally administered, blood was taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentration of terazosin in plasma was determined with a HPLC method using spectrofluorometric detector. AUC was calculated by the linear trapezoidal method. $C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ were compiled from the plasma drug concentration-time data. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters. The results showed that the differences in $AUC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ between the two preparations were 0.21 %, 5.53% and 8.82%, respectively. The powers $(1-{\beta})\;for\;AUC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ were >99%, 97.49%, and 33.26%, respectively. Minimum detectable differences $({\Delta},\;%)\;at\;{\alpha}=0.1\;and\;1-{\beta}=0.8$ and the 90% confidence intervals were all less than ${\pm}20%$ except for $T_{max}.\;AUC_t\;and\;C_{max}$ met the criteria of KDFA for bioequivalence, indicating that $Teratonin^{circledR}$ tablets are bioequivalent to $Hytrine^{circledR}$ tablets.

• Proceedings of the KOSOMBE Conference
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• v.1996 no.05
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• pp.161-163
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• 1996

The correlation coefficients among hepatic extraction fraction(HEF), DISIDA-K, and ICG Rmax methods were found using two normal rabbits and four rabbits with damaged liver. The correlation coefficient between HEF and ICG R-max which is a standard technique in evaluating liver function was found to be 0.93. Therefore HEF is a valuable diagnostic method since it is not only accurate, but possible to estimate remaining liver function after surgical of cancerous hepatic tissue.

• Journal of KIISE:Databases
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.132-139
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• 2004

A range $Top-\kappa$ query returns top k records in order of a measure attribute within a specified region on multi-dimensional data, and it is a powerful tool for analysis in spatial databases and data warehouse environments. In this paper, we propose an algorithm for answering the query via selective traverse of a Hierarchical Max R-Tree(HMR-tree). It is possible to execute the query by accessing only a small part of the leaf nodes in the query region, and the query performance is nearly constant regardless of the size of the query region. The algorithm manages the priority queue efficiently to reduce cost of handling the queue and the proposed HMR-tree can guarantee the same fan-out as the original R-tree.

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2001

We have synthesized $^{99m}$Tc-mercaptoacetyltriglycine (MAG3)-biocytin as a new imaging agent for hepatobiliary scintigraphy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of $^{99m}$Tc-MAG3-biocytin scintigraphy in differentiating carbon tetrachloride ( $CCl_4$)-induced hepatotoxicity from $\alpha$-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT)-induced cholestasis in mice, which reflecting the differential diagnosis of neonatal jaundice caused by neonatal hepatitis from congenital biliary atresia in humans. Methods: Balb/c mice (female, 20 g, n=4-6) were pretreated with $CCl_4$(0.5 or $1.0m\ell$/kg) and ANIT ($150 or 300 m\ell$/kg) 18 h before scintigraphy. Biochemical and histopathological examinations showed a pattern of typical acute hepatitis (increase of transaminases and hepatocellular necnsis) in $CCl_4$-treated mice and cholestasis (increase of alkaline phosphatase and ${\gamma}$-glutamyltransferase, and biliary hyperplasia) in ANIT-treated mice, respectively, Mice were fasted at least 4 hr prior to the intravenous injection of $^{99m}$Tc-MAG3-biocytin (18.5 MBq/20$\mu\textrm{g}$) in 2% human serum albumin in saline. Scintigraphy was performed with a ${\gamma}$-camera equipped with a 1-mm diameter pin-hole collimator for 30 min and images were acquired every 15 s. We compared the values of physical parameters, such as peak liver/heart ratio ($${\gamma}$_{max}$) and peak ratio time ($t_{max}$) far $^{99m}$Tc-MAG3-biocytin scintigraphy. Results: Scintigraphic parameters of the $CCl_4$-pretreated (0.5 $m\ell$/kg) group showed a 81.9% decrease of r$_{max}$, and 42.2% decrease of $t_{max}$, whereas the ANIT-pretreated ( $150m\ell$/kg) group showed a 53% decrease of $r_{max}$, and 2.36-fold increase of $t_{max}$, (P<0.05). These results demonstrate that the decrease of $r_{max}$ and the shortening of $t_{max}$ are characteristic features for hepatotoxicity, in contrast to the increase of $t_{max}$ and decrease of $r_{max}$ for biliary hyperplasia. Conclusion: $^{99m}$Tc-MAG3-biocytin hepatobiliary scintigraphy can distinguish hepatitis from cholestasis in mice model and may be similarly useful in humans which differentiating the cause of neonatal jaundice in clinical study.cal study.cal study.cal study.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.241-245
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• 1999

Bioequivalence study of two cefpodoxime preparations, the test drug ($Banan^{\circledR}$: Hanil Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.) and the reference drug ($Podox^{\circledR}$: Chong Kun Dang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.), was conducted according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). Sixteen healthy male volunteers, $23.8{\pm}2.13$ years old and $63.34{\pm}4.84kg$ of body weight in average, were divided randomly into two groups and administered the drug orally at the dose of 200 mg as cefpodoxime proxetil in a $2{\times}2$ crossover study. Plasma concentrations of cefpodoxime were analysed by HPLC method for 12 hr after administration. The $AUC_{0-12hr}$ was calculated by the linear trapezoidal rule method. The $C_{max}$, and $T_{max}$ were compiled directly from the plasma drug concentration-time data. Student's t-test indicated no significant differences between the formulations in these parameters. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that there were no differences in AUC, $C_{max}$, and $T_{max}$ between the formulations. The apparent differences between the formulations were far less than 20% (e.g., 4.31, 1.99 and 4.30% for AUC, $C_{max}$, and $T_{max}$, respectively). Minimum detectable differences (%) between the formulations at ${\alpha}=\;0.05$ and $1-{\beta}=\;0.8$ were less than 20% (e.g., 13.89, 13.88, and 16.97% for AUC, $C_{max}$, and $T_{max}$, respectively). The 90% confidence intervals for these parameters were also within ${\times}20%$ (e.g., $-5,58{\sim}14.20$, $-7.89{\sim}11.88$, and $-7.78{\sim}16.38%$ for AUC, $C_{max}$, and $T_{max}$, respectively). These results satisfied the bioequivalence criteria of KFDA guidelines, indicating that the two formulations of cefpodoxime were bioequivalent.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.324-330
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• 2022

We measured the Dill and Mack model parameters that determine the exposure and development characteristics of photoresists, respectively. First, photoresist samples were prepared while altering the exposure dose, and changes in transmittance were measured. Analyzing these results, the Dill model parameters A, B, and C were determined. In particular, the exact solution of the Dill model equation was used to determine the C parameter. In addition, changes in thickness were measured as a function of development time for different exposure doses, and the Mack model parameters R_min, R_max, a, and n were determined using the results. We also determined parameter values for the reduced Mack model that uses only three parameters, R_min, R_max, and n. The root mean square error between the model predictions and the measured values for the photoresist thickness was found to increase slightly compared to the case using the original Mack model with four parameters.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.107-113
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• 2014

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between craniovertebral angle (CVA) and cardiorespiratory function ($VO_2max$ and $VCO_2max$) in young adults. METHODS: For this study, the students of D college were questioned and 50 members of D college were participated in our research.. Side-view pictures of each subject were taken in standing positions, in order to assess forward head posture (FHP) by measuring the craniovertebral angle. The craniovertebral angle was measured as the angle between a horizontal line at C7 and a line from the tragus of the ear to the spinous process of C7. And $VO_2max$ and $VCO_2max$ were measured by Quark CPET (cosmed co, USA) while the subjects were performed the treadmill running task of a intensity to set with respiratory mask. Subjucts were Then Pearson's correlation coefficient was calculated to estimate the relationship between craniovertebral and cardiorespiratory function ($VO_2max$ and $VCO_2max$) using SPSS for window. RESULTS: There was a significant positive correlation between craniovertebral angle and $VO_2max$ during treadmill running task (r=0.528, p<0.05). And there was a significant positive correlation between craniovertebral angle and $VO_2max$ during treadmill running task (r=0.566, p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Foreward head posture is related to cardiorespiratory function, and it has a negative correlation with cardiorespiratory function.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.340-345
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• 1995

A nebumetone tablet in development $(Navuton^R)$ was tested for its bioequivalence to the erference tablet $(Uniton^R)$. Seventeen healthy Korean male subjects participated in this study. Each subject received a 1-g dose of nabumetone (2tables each) in an unbalanced, randomized, two-way crossover investigation. Serum concentrations of 6-methoxy-2-na-phthylacetic acid (6-MNA), a major metabolite of nebumetone, were measured over 120 hr interval by a high-performance liquid chromatography. The maximum serum concentration $(C_{max})$ and time to reach the maximum concentration$(T_{max})$ were read directly, but area under the serum concentration time curve from time 0 to 120 hr (AUC) and mean residence time serum curves showed multiple peaks of 6-MNA in most subjects, and the $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$ were read from the highest serum peaks. calculated bioavailability parameters for test and reference tablets were 148.6 : 1377.9 $\mug \cdot hr/ml$ for AUC; 25.2:23.1 $\mu/ml$ for $C_{max}$; 11.8:16.4 hr for $T_{max}$, and 42.6 : 43.8 hr for MRT, respectively. The paired t-test revealed no significant differences in all the parameters between the two tablets. Analysis ofl variance (ANOVA) revealed no significant differences between groups and formulations in all the parameters ($C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$, AUC and MRT) indicating the crossover design of the experiment was properly performed. But significant differences (p<0.05) between subject/groups and periods were found for all the parameters indicating substantial intersubject and interperiodic variations for these parameters.