• Journal of the Korean Geophysical Society
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.193-200
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• 2000

The attenuation characteristics($Q^{-1}$) are important factors representing the physical properties of the Earth interiors, and are essential for the quantitative prediction of strong ground-motion. Based on 156 earthquakes including 76 single-station record on the seismic station located Deok-jung Ri, southeastern Korea, we made the simultaneous measurement of P and S wave attenuation($Q_P^{-1}\;and\;Q_S^{-1}$) by means of extended coda-normalization method. Estimated $Q_P^{-1}\;and\;Q_S^{-1}$ decreased from $1{\times}10^{-2}\;and\;9{\times}10^{-3}$ at 1.5 Hz to $6{\times}10^{-4}\;and\;5{\times}10^{-4}$ at 24 Hz, respectively. This can be expressed by $Q_P^{-1}=0.01\;f^{-1.07}\;and\;Q_S^{-1}=0.01\;f^{-1.03}$ which indicate strong frequency dependence.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.720-732
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• 2007

For the Seoul metropolitan area and the eastern Kyeongsang Basin, we simultaneously calculated $Q_P^{-1}$ and $Q_S^{-1}$ by applying the extended coda-normalization method for 98 seismograms of local Earthquakes. As frequency increases from 1.5 Hz to 24 Hz, the result decreased from $(4.0{\pm}9.2){\times}10^{-3}$ to $(4.1{\pm}4.2){\times}10^{-4}$ for $Q_P^{-1}$ and $(5.5{\pm}5.6){\times}10^{-3}$ to $(3.4{\pm}1.3){\times}10^{-4}$ for $Q_S^{-1}$ in Seoul Metropolitan Area. The result of eastern Kyeongsang basin also decreased from $(5.4{\pm}8.8){\times}10^{-3}$ to $(3.7{\pm}3.4){\times}10^{-4}$ for $Q_P^{-1}$ and $(5.7{\pm}4.2){\times}10^{-3}$ to $(3.5{\pm}1.6){\times}10^{-4}$ for $Q_S^{-1}$. If we fit a frequency-dependent power law to the data, the best fits of $Q_P^{-1}$ and $Q_S^{-1}$ are $0.005f^{-0.89}$ and $0.004f^{-0.88}$ in Seoul metropolitan Area, respectively. The value of $Q_P^{-1}$ and $Q_S^{-1}$ in the eastern Kyeongsang basin are $0.007f^{-1.02}$ and $0.006f^{-0.99}$, respectively. The $Q_S^{-1}$ value of the eastern Kyeongsang basin is almost similar to Seoul metropolitan area. But the $Q_P^{-1}$ value of the eastern Kyeongsang basin is a little higher than that of Seoul metropolitan area. This may be that the crustal characteristics of the eastern Kyeongsang basin is seismologically more heterogeneous. However, these $Q_P^{-1}$ values in Korea belong to the range of seismically stable regions all over the world.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.557-561
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• 1994

Q estimates are made by direct measurements of energy loss per cycle from primary P and S waves, as a function of frequency. Assuming that intrinsic Q is frequency independent and scattering Q is frequency dependent over the frequencies of interest, the relative contributions of each, to a total observed Q, may be estimated. Test examples are produced by computing viscoelastic synthetic seismograms using a pseudo spectral solution with inclusion of relaxation mechanisms (for intrinsic Q) and a fractal distribution of scatterers (for scattering Q). The composite theory implies that when the total Q for S-waves is smaller than that for P-waves (the usual situation), intrinsic Q is dominating; when it is larger, scattering Q is dominating. In the inverse problem, performed by a global least squares search, intrinsic $Q_p$ and $Q_s$ estimates are reliable and unique when their absolute values are sufficiently low that their effects are measurable in the data. Large $Q_p$ and $Q_s$ have no measurable effect and hence are not resolvable. Standard deviation of velocity $({\sigma})$ and scatterer size (A) are less unique as they exhibit a tradeoff as predicted by Blair's equation. For the P-waves, intrinsic and scattering contributions are of approximately the same importance, for S-waves, the intrinsic contributions dominate.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.82-92
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• 2000

The pH, EC and anion of stemflow in Quercus mongolica and Q. variabilis were surveyed and analyzed in order to examine the relationship between watershed conservation function and flood control function of forest in quality and quantity in the Experiment Forests. College of Forest Sciences, Kangwon National University. The results were as follows: 1. pH values of rainfall ranged from 4.47 to 6.55(average: 5.39), and pH values of throughfall ranged from 4.07 to 6.25(average 5.45) for Q. mongolica and from 4.34 to 6.57(average : 5.62) for Q. variabilis, and thus pH values were not different between these two species. Also, pH values of stemflow from Q. mongolica ranged from 4.08 to 6.13(average 5.17) and those of stemflow from Q. variabilis ranged from 3.62 to 6.11(average : 4.68), and pH values of rainfall gave little influence on pH values of stemflow. But, pH values of stemflow in Q. mongolica and Q. variabilis appeard significantly lower in spring and than those in summer and autumn. 2. EC of rainfall was $3.0{\sim}62.6{\mu}s/cm$(average: $18.8{\mu}s/cm$), and EC of throughfall was $5.4{\sim}85.0{\mu}s/cm$(average : $25.1{\mu}s/cm$) for Q. mongolica and $5.0{\sim}253.0{\mu}s/cm$(average : $31.2{\mu}s/cm$) for Q. variabilis. Also, EC of stemflow from Q. mongolica ranged from 9.5 to $500.0{\mu}s/cm$(average : $81.8{\mu}s/cm$) and that of stemflow from Q. variabilis ranged from 11.5 to $534.5{\mu}s/cm$(average : $80.2{\mu}s/cm$). Seasonal EC of rainfall had little variation in the range of 20 to $30{\mu}s/cm$: EC of stemflow showed more than $100{\mu}s/cm$ from March to April and about $30{\mu}s/cm$ in summer period. Seasonal EC of stemflow varied so much and appeared high again from October to November. 3. $Cl^-$, $NO_3{^-}$ and $SO_4{^{2- }}$ concentrations of rainfall and throughfall were from 1 to 15ppm. and $PO_4{^{2- }}$ concentrations showed 0.57ppm and 0.23ppm in rainfall, 0.08ppm in Q. mongolica and 0.14ppm, 0.12ppm and 1.19ppm in Q. variabilis. Also, $Cl^-$, $NO_3{^-}$ and $SO_4{^{2-}}$ concentrations of stemflow were relatively higher than rainfall, and showed differences among seasons. $PO_4{^{2-}}$ concentration of rainfall and throughfall were not possible to observe, but $PO_4{^{2-}}$ concentrations of stemflow ranged from 0.08 to 31.99ppm(average : 3.22ppm) for Q. mongolica and that of stemflow ranged from 0.06 to 12.28ppm(average : 1.93ppm) for Q. variabilis.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.299-307
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• 1991

The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of dietary coenzyme $Q_{10}$ on mitochondrial coenzyme $Q_{10}$ and fatty acid composition in adriamycin (ADR)-treated rats. Two experiments were conducted in rats. Experiment 1 was undertaken under the condition of simultaneous administration of ADR and coenzyme $Q_{10}$ for 4 weeks. Experiment 2 was undertaken under the same condition as experiment 1 after feeding the experimental diets alone without administration of ADR for 4 weeks. Heart mitochondrial coenzyme $Q_{10}$ level of rats was greatly decreased by ADR treatment. but higher level of dietary coenzyme $Q_{10}$ elevated this decrease to control ranges. Pretreatment with dietary supplementation of coenzyme $Q_{10}$ showed a significant increase in myocardial coenzyme $Q_{10}$ level. With ADR treatment. polyunsaturated fatty acids such as arachidonic acid (20 : 4) and docosahexaenoic acid (22 : 6) were decreased. However, dietary supplementation of coenzyme $Q_{10}$ modified this decrement to some extent. In both experiment 1 and 2. the polyunsaturated fatty acids/saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids (P/S+ M) ratio of ADR-treated rats tended to be lower than that of control rats.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.120-126
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• 2016

This study was carried out to examine the relationships between seasonal variations of soil $CO_2$ efflux rates and soil environmental factors in matured Pinus densiflora and Quercus variabilis stands in the Wola national experimental forests, southern Korea. Soil $CO_2$ efflux rates were measured monthly from March 2015 to February 2016. Mean soil $CO_2$ efflux rates during the study period were significantly higher in the Q. variabilis ($mean{\pm}standard$ error; $2.27{\pm}0.22{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$) than in the P. densiflora ($1.63{\pm}0.12{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$) stands. Mean soil water content and pH were also significantly higher in the Q. variabilis ($26.96{\pm}0.93%$, pH 5.19) than in the P. densiflora ($21.32{\pm}0.89%$, pH 4.87) stands, while soil temperature was not significantly different between the P. densiflora ($13.92{\pm}0.67^{\circ}C$) and in the Q. variabilis ($13.52{\pm}0.70^{\circ}C$) stands. $Q_{10}$ values were higher in the Q. variabilis (3.35) than in the P. densiflora (2.72) stands. The results indicate that soil $CO_2$ efflux rates in Q. variabilis stand could be more sensitive by the change of soil temperature compared with P. densiflora stand under a similar site environmental condition.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.78 no.2
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• pp.151-159
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• 1989

The present study has been designed to define the effects of photosynthetically active radiation, leaf temperature, and water stress on photosynthesis and respiration of leaves of four oak species (Quercus mongolica, Quercus aliens, Quercus variabilis, and Quercus serrate). The results obtained are as follows : 1. The estimated light compensation points at which Pn approached zero were 38, 24, 20, and $18{\mu}Em^{-2}s^{-1}$ for Q. aliens, Q. variabilis, Q, mongolica, and Q. serrate, respectively. The light saturation points occurred at $500{\mu}Em^{-2}s^{-1}$ in three oak species except Q, aliens. 2. The maximum rates of Pn were 19.7, 15.2, 11.2, and 11.0 mg $CO_2$ $dm^{-2}h^{-1}$ for Q. variabilis, Q. serrate, Q. monglica, and Q. aliens leaves, respectively. 3. The transpiration rates of Q. variabilis and Q. serrate leaves were slightly higher than those of Q. mongolica and Q. aliens leaves at various photosynthetically active radiations(PAR), but cuticular transpiration rates at dark were similar in four oak species. 4. The optimum photosynthesis occurred at $25^{\circ}C$ in Q. aliens, Q. variabilis, and Q. serrate leaves, but $20^{\circ}C$ in Q. mongolica leaves. In four oak species, the net photosynthesis approached zero at about $40^{\circ}C$. 5. The dark respiration rates of leaves exhibited the following ranking of species : Q, variabilis > Q. mongolica > Q. aliens > Q. serrate. 6. The maximum productive efficiency (Pg/Rd) of leaves occurred highest in Q, serrate at $20^{\circ}C$, then in Q. mongolica at $20^{\circ}C$, then in Q, aliens at $25^{\circ}C$, and finally in Q. variabilis at $15^{\circ}C$. 7. The decrease of net photosynthesis in Q. serrate began at about -1.2 MPa, and then approached zero at -2.9 MPa of leaf water potential. The decrease of net photosynthesis began at 3% of water loss, and then approached zero at 17.5% of water loss. 8. As indicated by tissue-water relations parameters, it may be suggested that Q. aliens and Q. variabilis are more tolerant and favored on xeric forest soils than Q. mongolica and Q. serrate.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.60-65
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• 2000

Two fibrinolytic enzymes were purified from the fruiting bodies of Tricholoma saponaceum. The enzymes have a molecular weight of 18(FE-1) and 18.2(FE-2) kDa, respectively, and include $Zn^{2+}$ ion as determined by ICP/MS. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the two enzymes were exactly the same: A-L-Y-V-G-X-S-P-X-Q-Q-S-L-L-V. The activity of FE-1 was highly inhibited by EDTA and 1,10-phenanthroline, indicating that the enzyme is a metalloprotease. The activity of FE-1 was slightly increased by $Mg^{2+},\;Zn^{2+},\;Fe^{2+}\;and\; Co^{2+}$, however, the enzyme activity was totally inhibited by $Hg^{2+}$. Addition of $Zn^{2+}\;and\;Co^{2+}$ reversed the inhibition caused by 1,10-phenanthroline. It has a pH optimum at pH 7.5, suggested that FE-1 was a neutral protease. It shows the maximum fibrinolytic activity at $55^{\circ}C$, is completely inactivated above at $65^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.207-214
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• 1987

Rates of solvblysis of benzyl chloride in ethanol-water mixtures have been measured at 30 and $40^{\circ}C$ under various pressures up 1.6 kbar. The plots of 1n k as a function of pressure are fitted to a second order function in p, and values of ${\Delta}V^{\neq}$and ${\Delta}{\beta}^{\neq}$ are obtained from the results. Also the values of various pseudo thermodynamic quantities were evaluated from the rate constants. The relationships of the 1n k to $Q_w$ or 1n $C_w$ indicate that the reaction proceeds through $S_N1$ mechanism. A comparison between the present and the previous results gives that the increasing order of ${\mid}{{\Delta}V_0}^{\neq}{\mid}$ and n-values are $p-Cl>p-H>p-CH_3$ and $p-CH_3>p-H.p-Cl$, respectively. From these results, it is believed substituent such as the $p-CH_3$group favors the $S_N1(1)$ character, while the p-Cl group leads to the $S_N1(2)$ character.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.71-79
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• 2018

This study was conducted to compare the physicochemical properties of newly developed artificial medium and conventional plug medium and to investigate the proper irrigation interval to produce the high quality tomato seedlings. The five existing artificial media (organic medium coir, mixed medium Tosilee and Q plug, and inorganic medium LC and rockwool) and four newly developed artificial medium (mixed medium TP-S1 and inorganic medium PU 14-S1, PU-7B, and PU 15-S1) were used to grow tomato 'Yegwang' with irrigation interval of one-day (14 times), two-day (7 times), and three-day (5 times) for 14 days. The pH was the significantly highest in the PU 15-S1. All growing medium measured were in the range of pH 5.17-6.90. EC was the highest in the Q plug. The initial germination rate was the highest in the PU 15-S1. The final germination rate and mean daily germination were not significantly different in all growing medium except for the PU 14-S1. Growth of tomato seedlings at 15 days after sowing was the greatest in the Q plug. At 29 days after sowing, seedlings were also the greatest in the Q plug, followed by rockwool and PU-7B. Also, growth was better in the one-day interval treatment. As a result, we confirmed the applicability of the artificial medium to tomato plug seedlings in this experiment, and seedlings were the greatest in the Q plug. Therefor, it is considered that adding nutrients to the artificial medium of the newly developed medium PU-7B, and applying the irrigation one-day interval can produces high quality tomato seedlings similar to using Q plug.