• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.71-81
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• 2021

This paper presents a real-time, false-pick filter based on deep learning to reduce false alarms of an onsite Earthquake Early Warning (EEW) system. Most onsite EEW systems use P-wave to predict S-wave. Therefore, it is essential to properly distinguish P-waves from noises or other seismic phases to avoid false alarms. To reduce false-picks causing false alarms, this study made the EEWNet Part 1 'False-Pick Filter' model based on Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). Specifically, it modified the Pick_FP (Lomax et al.) to generate input data such as the amplitude, velocity, and displacement of three components from 2 seconds ahead and 2 seconds after the P-wave arrival following one-second time steps. This model extracts log-mel power spectrum features from this input data, then classifies P-waves and others using these features. The dataset consisted of 3,189,583 samples: 81,394 samples from event data (727 events in the Korean Peninsula, 103 teleseismic events, and 1,734 events in Taiwan) and 3,108,189 samples from continuous data (recorded by seismic stations in South Korea for 27 months from 2018 to 2020). This model was trained with 1,826,357 samples through balancing, then tested on continuous data samples of the year 2019, filtering more than 99% of strong false-picks that could trigger false alarms. This model was developed as a module for USGS Earthworm and is written in C language to operate with minimal computing resources.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.176-183
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• 2023

In this study, we investigated the effect of the extracts of Cyrtomium fortunei J.Sm. (CFJ) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced inflammation in mouse BV-2 microglial cells. Nitric oxide (NO) production and cell viability were measured using the Griess reagent and the (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide) (MTT) assay. Inflammatory cytokines were detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in BV-2 microglial cells with and without CFJ extracts. Subsequently, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and antioxidant markers were assessed by western blot analysis. It was found that the CFJ extract significantly decreased the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]-6, tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α, and IL-1β) and NO in BV-2 microglial cells that were stimulated with LPS. In addition, the expression levels of the phosphorylation of the MAPK family (p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinases [JNK], and extracellular-signal regulated kinase [ERK]) were reduced by CFJ. Also, treatment with CFJ significantly increased the activities of superoxide dismutase type 1(SOD1) and Catalase in BV-2 microglial cells. Our results indicate that CFJ has a potent suppressive effect on the pro-inflammatory responses of activated BV-2 microglia. Therefore, CFJ has the potential to be an effective treatment for neurodegenerative diseases, as it can inhibit the production of inflammatory mediators in activated BV-2 microglial cells.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.398-407
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• 2020

Objective: The Yip1 domain family (YIPF) proteins were proposed to function in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to Golgi transport and maintenance of the morphology of the Golgi, which were homologues of yeast Yip1p and Yif1p. YIPF3, the member 3 of YIPF family was a homolog of Yif1p. The aim of present study was to investigate the expression and regulation mechanism of porcine YIPF3. Methods: Quantitative realtime polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to analyze porcine YIPF3 mRNA expression pattern in different tissues and pig kidney epithelial (PK15) cells stimulated by polyinosine-polycytidylic acid (poly [I:C]). Site-directed mutations combined with dual luciferase reporter assays and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) were employed to reveal transcription regulation mechanism of porcine YIPF3. Results: Results showed that the mRNA of porcine YIPF3 (pYIPF3) was widely expressed with the highest levels in lymph and lung followed by spleen and liver, while weak in heart and skeletal muscle. Subcellular localization results indicated that it expressed in Golgi apparatus and plasma membranes. Upon stimulation with poly (I:C), the level of this gene was dramatically up-regulated in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. pYIPF3 core promoter region harbored three cis-acting elements which were bound by ETS proto-oncogene 2 (ETS2), zinc finger and BTB domain containing 4 (ZBTB4), and zinc finger and BTB domain containing 14 (ZBTB14), respectively. In which, ETS2 and ZBTB4 both promoted pYIPF3 transcription activity while ZBTB14 inhibited it, and these three transcription factors all played important regulation roles in tumorigenesis and apoptosis. Conclusion: The pYIPF3 mRNA expression was regulated by ETS2, ZBTB4, and ZBTB14, and its higher expression in immune organs might contribute to enhancing ER to Golgi transport of proteins, thus adapting to the immune response.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권8호
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• pp.1366-1372
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• 2018

Objective: A disintegrin and metallopeptidase with thrombospondin motifs type 8 (ADAMTS8) is crucial for diverse physiological processes, such as inflammation, tissue morphogenesis, and tumorigenesis. The chicken ADAMTS8 (chADAMTS8) gene was differentially expressed in the kidney following exposure to different calcium concentrations, suggesting a pathological role of this protein in metabolic diseases. We aimed to examine the molecular characteristics of chADAMTS8 and analyze the gene-expression differences in response to toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) stimulation. Methods: The ADAMTS8 mRNA and amino acid sequences of various species (chicken, duck, cow, mouse, rat, human, chimpanzee, pig, and horse) were retrieved from the Ensembl database and subjected to bioinformatics analyses. Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and quantitative PCR (qPCR) experiments were performed with various chicken tissues and the chicken fibroblast DF-1 cell line, which was stimulated with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly[I:C]; a TLR3 ligand). Results: The chADAMTS8 gene was predicted to contain three thrombospondin type 1 (TSP1) domains, whose amino acid sequences shared homology among the different species, whereas sequences outside the TSP1 domains (especially the amino-terminal region) were very dif­ferent. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that chADAMTS8 is evolutionarily clustered in the same clade with that of the duck. chADAMTS8 mRNA was broadly expressed in chicken tissues, and the expression was significantly up-regulated in the DF-1 cells in response to poly(I:C) stimulation (p<0.05). These results showed that chADAMTS8 may be a target gene for TLR3 signaling. Conclusion: In this report, the genetic information of chADAMTS8 gene, its expression in chicken tissues, and chicken DF-1 cells under the stimulation of TLR3 were shown. The result suggests that chADAMTS8 expression may be induced by viral infection and correlated with TLR3-mediated signaling pathway. Further study of the function of chADAMTS8 during TLR3-dependent inflammation (which represents RNA viral infection) is needed and it will also be important to examine the molecular mechanisms during different regulation, depending on innate immune receptor activation.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.4296-4311
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• 1977

This study was conducted to derive an Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph for the accurate and reliable unitgraph which can be used to the estimation and control of flood for the development of agricultural water resources and rational design of hydraulic structures. Eight small watersheds were selected as studying basins from Han, Geum, Nakdong, Yeongsan and Inchon River systems which may be considered as a main river systems in Korea. The area of small watersheds are within the range of 85 to 470$\textrm{km}^2$. It is to derive an accurate Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph under the condition of having a short duration of heavy rain and uniform rainfall intensity with the basic and reliable data of rainfall records, pluviographs, records of river stages and of the main river systems mentioned above. Investigation was carried out for the relations between measurable unitgraph and watershed characteristics such as watershed area, A, river length L, and centroid distance of the watershed area, Lca. Especially, this study laid emphasis on the derivation and application of Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph (IUH) by applying Nash's conceptual model and by using an electronic computer. I U H by Nash's conceptual model and I U H by flood routing which can be applied to the ungaged small watersheds were derived and compared with each other to the observed unitgraph. 1 U H for each small watersheds can be solved by using an electronic computer. The results summarized for these studies are as follows; 1. Distribution of uniform rainfall intensity appears in the analysis for the temporal rainfall pattern of selected heavy rainfall event. 2. Mean value of recession constants, Kl, is 0.931 in all watersheds observed. 3. Time to peak discharge, Tp, occurs at the position of 0.02 Tb, base length of hlrdrograph with an indication of lower value than that in larger watersheds. 4. Peak discharge, Qp, in relation to the watershed area, A, and effective rainfall, R, is found to be {{{{ { Q}_{ p} = { 0.895} over { { A}^{0.145 } } }}}} AR having high significance of correlation coefficient, 0.927, between peak discharge, Qp, and effective rainfall, R. Design chart for the peak discharge (refer to Fig. 15) with watershed area and effective rainfall was established by the author. 5. The mean slopes of main streams within the range of 1.46 meters per kilometer to 13.6 meter per kilometer. These indicate higher slopes in the small watersheds than those in larger watersheds. Lengths of main streams are within the range of 9.4 kilometer to 41.75 kilometer, which can be regarded as a short distance. It is remarkable thing that the time of flood concentration was more rapid in the small watersheds than that in the other larger watersheds. 6. Length of main stream, L, in relation to the watershed area, A, is found to be L=2.044A0.48 having a high significance of correlation coefficient, 0.968. 7. Watershed lag, Lg, in hrs in relation to the watershed area, A, and length of main stream, L, was derived as Lg=3.228 A0.904 L-1.293 with a high significance. On the other hand, It was found that watershed lag, Lg, could also be expressed as {{{{Lg=0.247 { ( { LLca} over { SQRT { S} } )}^{ 0.604} }}}} in connection with the product of main stream length and the centroid length of the basin of the watershed area, LLca which could be expressed as a measure of the shape and the size of the watershed with the slopes except watershed area, A. But the latter showed a lower correlation than that of the former in the significance test. Therefore, it can be concluded that watershed lag, Lg, is more closely related with the such watersheds characteristics as watershed area and length of main stream in the small watersheds. Empirical formula for the peak discharge per unit area, qp, ㎥/sec/$\textrm{km}^2$, was derived as qp=10-0.389-0.0424Lg with a high significance, r=0.91. This indicates that the peak discharge per unit area of the unitgraph is in inverse proportion to the watershed lag time. 8. The base length of the unitgraph, Tb, in connection with the watershed lag, Lg, was extra.essed as {{{{ { T}_{ b} =1.14+0.564( { Lg} over {24 } )}}}} which has defined with a high significance. 9. For the derivation of IUH by applying linear conceptual model, the storage constant, K, with the length of main stream, L, and slopes, S, was adopted as {{{{K=0.1197( {L } over { SQRT {S } } )}}}} with a highly significant correlation coefficient, 0.90. Gamma function argument, N, derived with such watershed characteristics as watershed area, A, river length, L, centroid distance of the basin of the watershed area, Lca, and slopes, S, was found to be N=49.2 A1.481L-2.202 Lca-1.297 S-0.112 with a high significance having the F value, 4.83, through analysis of variance. 10. According to the linear conceptual model, Formular established in relation to the time distribution, Peak discharge and time to peak discharge for instantaneous Unit Hydrograph when unit effective rainfall of unitgraph and dimension of watershed area are applied as 10mm, and $\textrm{km}^2$ respectively are as follows; Time distribution of IUH {{{{u(0, t)= { 2.78A} over {K GAMMA (N) } { e}^{-t/k } { (t.K)}^{N-1 } }}}} (㎥/sec) Peak discharge of IUH {{{{ {u(0, t) }_{max } = { 2.78A} over {K GAMMA (N) } { e}^{-(N-1) } { (N-1)}^{N-1 } }}}} (㎥/sec) Time to peak discharge of IUH tp=(N-1)K (hrs) 11. Through mathematical analysis in the recession curve of Hydrograph, It was confirmed that empirical formula of Gamma function argument, N, had connection with recession constant, Kl, peak discharge, QP, and time to peak discharge, tp, as {{{{{ K'} over { { t}_{ p} } = { 1} over {N-1 } - { ln { t} over { { t}_{p } } } over {ln { Q} over { { Q}_{p } } } }}}} where {{{{K'= { 1} over { { lnK}_{1 } } }}}} 12. Linking the two, empirical formulars for storage constant, K, and Gamma function argument, N, into closer relations with each other, derivation of unit hydrograph for the ungaged small watersheds can be established by having formulars for the time distribution and peak discharge of IUH as follows. Time distribution of IUH u(0, t)=23.2 A L-1S1/2 F(N, K, t) (㎥/sec) where {{{{F(N, K, t)= { { e}^{-t/k } { (t/K)}^{N-1 } } over { GAMMA (N) } }}}} Peak discharge of IUH) u(0, t)max=23.2 A L-1S1/2 F(N) (㎥/sec) where {{{{F(N)= { { e}^{-(N-1) } { (N-1)}^{N-1 } } over { GAMMA (N) } }}}} 13. The base length of the Time-Area Diagram for the IUH was given by {{{{C=0.778 { ( { LLca} over { SQRT { S} } )}^{0.423 } }}}} with correlation coefficient, 0.85, which has an indication of the relations to the length of main stream, L, centroid distance of the basin of the watershed area, Lca, and slopes, S. 14. Relative errors in the peak discharge of the IUH by using linear conceptual model and IUH by routing showed to be 2.5 and 16.9 percent respectively to the peak of observed unitgraph. Therefore, it confirmed that the accuracy of IUH using linear conceptual model was approaching more closely to the observed unitgraph than that of the flood routing in the small watersheds.

• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.48-59
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• 2023

본 연구에서는 새롭게 개발된 식생의 BVOCs 배출계수를 기반으로 MEGANv2.1을 구동 후 BVOCs 배출량을 산출하여 질소산화물과의 결합을 통해 대류권 오존농도에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 분석하고 그에 대한 신뢰성을 검토하고자 한다. BVOCs 대상물질은 이소프렌(Isoprene)과 모노테르펜(Monoterpenes)으로 한정하였고, 모델링 도메인의 공간적 범위는 남한지역을 포함하는 한반도의 남부(위도 : 32.8N~39.3N, 경도 : 123.4E~130.9E)와, 시간은 2008년 5월 1일부터 6월 30일까지를 대상으로 하였다. 식생 BVOCs 배출 모델의 입력자료를 생성하기 위해 토지피복 자료는 MODIS (MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)의 MCD12Q1 (Land Cover type 5, PFT)와 환경부의 중분류 토지피복도를 사용하였고, 엽면적지수 자료는 MODIS의 MCD15A2를 사용하였다. 또한, 인위적 활동에 의한 배출량을 산출하기 위해 사용된 모델은 SMOKE-Asia 1.20 버전(Woo et al., 2009)이며, 오존농도를 모의하기 위해 CAMx v6.0 모델을 사용하였다. 연구의 진행은 1) 기존에 우리나라에서 측정된 식생 배출 값들을 조사하여 새로운 식생 배출계수를 BVOCs 배출모델에 적용하고, 2) GIS S/W을 이용하여 식생 배출모델(MEGAN)에 사용되는 입력자료를 생성하고, 3) MEGANv2.1을 구동하여 식생 배출량을 산출하고, 4) 인위적 배출을 산출하는 모델(SMOKE-Asia)을 구동하여 나온 인위적 배출량과 식생 배출량을 결합하여 대기화학 수송 모델(CAMx)의 입력자료로 사용하고, 5) 대기화학 수송 모델에서 구동된 오존농도의 결과 값을 실제 측정 값과 비교하여 식생 배출량 결과의 적정성에 대해 검토하였다. CAMx 모델을 통해 5개의 시나리오(인위적+식생 VOCs 배출 시나리오 4개 : A, B, C, D / 인위적 VOCs 배출 시나리오 1개 : E)에 대해 오존 생성농도를 비교한 결과, 본 연구에서 새롭게 적용한 식생 배출계수와 MODIS PFT를 사용한 시나리오 C에서 오존농도가 가장 높게 모의되었고, 인위적 VOCs 배출만을 고려한 시나리오 E보다 지역별로는 최대 53ppb, 도메인 평균으로는 2ppb 정도 높게 오존농도를 모의하고 있었다. 배출계수와 토지피복지도의 변화로 인한 오존농도의 차이 중에서는 배출계수의 변화로 인한 오존농도의 변화가 더 큰 것으로 확인되었다. 오존농도에 대해 모델링한 결과를 6개 도시지역의 오존 측정망 값과 비교한 결과, 자연적 VOCs 배출량이 상대적으로 작은 대도시와 주변 도시지역에서는 시나리오에 따른 모델과 측정 값과의 결정계수 값의 변화가 작게 나타났고, 자연적 VOCs 배출량이 높은 중소 도시지역에서는 시나리오에 따른 모델과 측정 값과의 결정계수 변화가 높게 나타났다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.287-294
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• 2008

Three amino acid residues (His119, Glu164, and Glu338) in the active site of Thermus caldophilus GK24 ${\beta}$-glycosidase (Tca ${\beta}$-glycosidase), a family 1 glycosyl hydrolase, were mutated by site-directed mutagenesis. To verify the key catalytic residues, Glu164 and Glu338 were changed to Gly and Gln, respectively. The E164G mutation resulted in drastic reductions of both ${\beta}$-galactosidase and ${\beta}$-glucosidase activities, and the E338Q mutation caused complete loss of activity, confirming that the two residues are essential for the reaction process of glycosidic linkage hydrolysis. To investigate the role of His119 in substrate binding and enzyme activity, the residue was substituted with Gly. The H119G mutant showed 53-fold reduced activity on 5mM p-nitrophenyl ${\beta}$-D-galactopyranoside, when compared with the wild type; however, both the wild-type and mutant enzymes showed similar activity on 5mM p-nitrophenyl ${\beta}$-D-glucopyranoside at $75^{\circ}C$. Kinetic analysis with p-nitrophenyl ${\beta}$-D-galactopyranoside revealed that the $k_{cat}$ value of the H119G mutant was 76.3-fold lower than that of the wild type, but the $K_m$ of the mutant was 15.3-fold higher than that of the wild type owing to the much lower affinity of the mutant. Thus, the catalytic efficiency $(k_{cat}/K_m)$ of the mutant decreased to 0.08% to that of the wild type. The $k_{cat}$ value of the H119G mutant for p-nitrophenyl ${\beta}$-D-glucopyranoside was 5.l-fold higher than that of the wild type, but the catalytic efficiency of the mutant was 2.5% of that of the wild type. The H119G mutation gave rise to changes in optima pH (from 5.5-6.5 to 5.5) and temperature (from $90^{\circ}C\;to\;80-85^{\circ}C$). This difference of temperature optima originated in the decrease of H119G's thermostability. These results indicate that His119 is a crucial residue in ${\beta}$-galactosidase and ${\beta}$-glucosidase activities and also influences the enzyme's substrate binding affinity and thermostability.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.690-698
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• 2006

Statement of problems. The heat produced during polymerization of polymer-based provisional materials may cause thermal damage to the vital pulp. Purpose. This study was performed to evaluate the exotherm reaction of the polymerbased provisional materials during polymerization by differential scanning calorimetry and to compare the temperature changes of different types of resins. Material and methods. Three dimethacrylate-based materials (Protemp 3 Garant, Luxatemp Plus, Luxatemp Fluorescence) and five monomethacrylate- based material (Snap, Alike, Unifast TRAD, Duralay, Jet) were selected. Temperature changes of polymer-based provisional materials during polymerization in this study were evaluated by D.S.C Q-1000 (TA Instrument, Wilmington, DE, USA). The following three measurements were determined from the temperature versus time plot: (1) peak temperature, (2) time to reach peak temperature, (3) heat capacity. The data were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA and multiple comparison Bonferroni test at the significance level of 0.05. Results. The mean peak temperature was $39.5^{\circ}C({\pm}\;1.0)$. The peak temperature of the polymer-based provisional materials decreased in the following order: Duralay > Unifast TRAD, Alike > Jet > Luxatemp Plus, Protemp 3 Garant, Snap, Luxatemp Fluorescence. The mean time to reach peak temperature was 95.95 sec $({\pm}\;64.0)$. The mean time to reach peak temperature of the polymer-based provisional materials decreased in the following order: Snap, Jet > Duralay > Alike > Unifast TRAD > Luxatemp Plus, Protemp 3 Garant, Luxatemp Fluorescence. The mean heat capacity was 287.2 J/g $({\pm}\;107.68)$. The heat capacity of the polymer-based provisional materials decreased in the following order: Duralay > TRAD, Jet, Alike > Snap, Luxatemp Fluorescence, Protemp 3 Garant, Luxatemp Plus. Conclusion. The heat capacity of materials, determined by D.S.C., is a factor in determining the thermal insulating properties of restorative materials. The peak temperature of PMMA was significantly higher than others (PEMA, dimethacrylate). No significant differences were found among PEMA (Snap) and dimethacrylate (P >0.05). The time to reach peak temperature was greatest with PEMA, followed by PMMA and dimethacrylate. The heat capacity of PMMA was significantly higher than others (PEMA, dimethacrylate). No significant differences were found among PEMA and dimethacrylate (P >0.05).

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.489-496
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• 2014

High levels of extracellular xylanase activity (211.79 IU/mg) produced by Paenibacillus sp. NF1 were detected when it was submerged-cultured. After three consecutive purification steps using Octyl-Sepharose, Sephadex G75, and Q-Sepharose columns, a thermostable xylanase (XynNF) was purified to homogeneity and showed a molecular mass of 37 kDa according to SDS-PAGE. The specific activity of the purified XynNF was up to 3,081.05 IU/mg with a 14.55-fold purification. The activity of XynNF was stimulated by $Ca^{2+}$, $Ba^{2+}$, DTT, and ${\beta}$-mercaptoethanol, but was inhibited by $Fe^{2+}$, $Zn^{2+}$, $Fe^{2+}$, $Cu^{2+}$, SDS, and EDTA. The purified XynNF displayed a greater affinity for oat spelt xylan with the maximal enzymatic activity at $60^{\circ}C$ and pH 6.0. XynNF, which was shown to be cellulose-free, with high stability at high temperature ($70^{\circ}C-80^{\circ}C$) and low pH range (pH 4.0-7.0), is potentially valuable for various industrial applications. The enzyme hydrolyzed oat spelt xylan to yield mainly xylooligosaccharides (95.8%) of 2-4 degree of polymerization (DP2-4). Moreover, the majority of the xylooligosacharides (DP2-4) products was xylobiose (61.5%). The thermostable xylanase (XynNF) thus seems potentially usefull in the production of xylooligosaccharides.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.303-312
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• 2022

본 연구에서는 향부자를 이용하여 에틸아세테이트로 분획물을 제조하고, 지표물질 α-cyperone의 함량을 확인하였다. 또한, 향부자 에틸아세테이트 분획물(EAFC) 및 α-cyperone의 항염증 및 가려움증 완화 효능평가를 통하여 기능성 소재로서의 가능성을 확인하였다. EAFC 내의 α-cyperone의 함량을 확인하기 위해 HPLC 분석을 실시한 결과, α-cyperone의 함량이 5.243%임을 확인하였다. EAFC 및 지표성분인 α-cyperone의 염증 완화 효과를 검증하기 위해 lipopolysaccharide (LPS)로 염증반응을 유도시킨 RAW 264.7 대식세포에서의 nitric oxide (NO) 생성 저해능을 확인한 결과, 농도의존적으로 NO 생성을 저해하였다. 추가적인 염증염증 유발 인자인 IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, COX-2 및 iNOS의 mRNA 발현 역시 농도의존적으로 저해하였다. EAFC를 함유한 간단한 화장품 제형을 이용하여 임상시험을 실시한 결과, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS)로 유발된 피부 자극이 진정되는 효과 및 가려움증이 완화되는 효과를 확인하였다. 이를 통하여 향부자는 염증 저해 및 가려움증 완화 효과를 가지는 천연 화장품 원료로 사용 가능할 것으로 사료된다.