• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권18호
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• pp.7959-7964
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• 2014

The significance of the single hormone receptor positive phenotype of breast cancer is still poorly understood. The use of hormone therapy has been found to be less effective for this type, which has a survival outcome midway between double positive and double negative phenotypes. The aim of this study was to investigate differences in patient and tumor characteristics and survival between double-receptor positive (ER+PR+), double receptor negative (ER-PR-) and single receptor positive (ER+PR- and ER-PR+) breast cancer in an Asian setting. A total of 1,992 patients with newly diagnosed stage I to IV breast cancer between 2003 and 2008, and where information on ER and PR were available, were included in this study. The majority of patients had ER+PR+ tumors (n=903: 45.3%), followed by 741 (37.2%) ER-PR-, 247 (12.4%) ER+PR-, and 101 (5.1%) ER-PR+ tumors. Using multivariate analysis, ER+PR- tumors were 2.4 times more likely to be grade 3 compared to ER+PR+ tumors. ER+PR- and ER-PR+ tumors were 82% and 86% respectively less likely to be grade 3 compared with ER-PR- tumors. ER-PR+ tumours were associated with younger age. There were no survival differences between patients with ER+PR+ and ER-PR+ tumors. However, ER+PR- tumors have poorer survival compared with ER+PR+ tumours. ER-PR- tumours had the worst survival. Adjuvant hormonal therapy with tamoxifen was found to have identical survival advantage in patients with ER+PR+ and ER-PR+ tumors whereas impact was slightly lower in patients with ER+PR- tumors. In conclusion, we found ER+PR- tumors to be more aggressive and have poorer survival when compared to ER+PR+ tumors, while patients with ER-PR+ tumours were younger, but had a similar survival to their counterparts with ER+PR+ tumours.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2000년도 영호남학술대회 논문집
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• pp.179-184
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• 2000

The I-V characteristics of $ZnO-Pr_6O_{11}-CoO-Dy_2O_3$ based varistors were investigated in the $Pr_6O_{11}/CoO$ composition ratio range of 0.5/0.5 to 1.0/1.0 and sintering temperature range of 1300 to $1350^{\circ}C$ as the basic study to develop the advanced $Pr_6O_{11}$-based ZnO varistors. All varistors except for $Pr_6O_{11}$/CoO = 0.5/1.0 exhibited the best I-V characteristics at $1350^{\circ}C$. However, the varistors with $Pr_6O_{11}$/CoO= 0.5/1.0 exhibited the best I-V characteristics at $1350^{\circ}C$. The varistors with $Pr_6O_{11}$/CoO= 0.5/1.0 of all varistors exhibited the best I-V characteristics, which the nonlinear exponent is 36.9 and the leakage current is 7.6 ${\mu}A$ Therefore, it was estimated that ZnO-$Pr_6O_{11}-CoO-Dy_2O_3$ ceramics with $Pr_6O_{11}$/CoO= 0.5/1.0 will be usefully used as varistor materials in the future.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.564-567
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• 1990

A lithiated compound $Li_{0.1}Pr^{3+}Ba_2Cu_3O_y$ has been successfully prepared by electrochemical method, which is achieved with a two electrode cell of the type: Metal(Li)/($Li^+\;,\;ClO_4^-$) + propylene carbonate/$PrBa_2Cu_3O_y$. All Pr ions in the lithiated compound are stabilized with a trivalent state as the other rare earths (Ⅲ) substituted in the 90K superconductor lattice ($Y_{1-x}Ln_x^-Ba_2Cu_3O_{7-{\delta}}$). Powder X-ray diffraction analysis shows that both compounds, $PrBa_2Cu_3O_y$ and $Li_{0.1}PrBa_2Cu_3O_y$ are isostructural with the 90 K superconductor, ($YBa_2Cu_3O_{7-{\delta}}$), nevertheless both of them are non-metallic and also non-superconducting down to 10 K. Magnetic susceptibility ${\chi}$ vs. temperature data indicate that Curie contribution from the magnetic ions (Pr and Cu) is weakened on the one hand, but on the other hand temperature-independent part of susceptibility ${\chi}_o$ increases depending upon the rate of lithium intercalation in $PrBa_2Cu_3O_y$ lattice.

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보디스플레이학회 2000년도 제1회 학술대회 논문집
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• pp.33-34
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• 2000

The effect of $Y^{3+}$ addition to $SrTiO_3:Pr^{3+}$ on the photoluminescence and cathodoluminescence was studied. We discovered that light emitting levels of $Pr^{3+}$ vary by addition of $Y^{3+}$. In $(Sr_{1-x}Y_x)TiO_3:Pr^{3+}$, both the green and red emission are discovered while the red emission prevails in $Sr(Ti_{1-x}Y_x)O_3:Pr^{3+}$ . $Sr(Ti_{1-x}Y_x)O_3:Pr^{3+}$ shows enhancement of red emission by two kinds of enhancement process.

• 한국자기학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.126-129
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• 1994

희토류원소 Pr의 첨가가 Fe-B계 비정질합금의 자왜에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 비정질 $Fe_{86-x}B_{14}Pr_{x}(2{\leq}x{\leq}8\;at.%)$ 합금을 급속응고법을 이용하여 제조하였다. 급 속응고상태 비정질 $Fe_{86-x}B_{14}Pr_{x}$ 합금의 포화자왜는 Pr이 증가할 수록 증가하여 x=8에 서 약 50 ppm이 얻어졌다. 특히 $300^{\circ}C$에서 2시간 열처리된 비정질 $Fe_{84}B_{14}Pr_{2}$ 합금의 포화자왜는 70 ppm으로 증가하였다. $300^{\circ}C$에서 2시간 열처리된 비정질 $Fe_{84}B_{14}Pr_{2}$ 합금의 교류 자기이력손실 및 교류투자율$(f=50\;kHz,\;B_{m}=0.1\;T)$은 각각 15 W/kg, $5.5{\times}10^{3}$이었다.

• 한국결정성장학회지
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.228-232
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• 2021

페로브스카이트 구조를 가지는 Ca_1-xZrO₃:xPr 형광체를 스컬용융법으로 합성하였다. 합성한 형광체의 결정구조, 형태 및 광학적 특성은 XRD, SEM, 자외선 형광반응 및 광발광을 통해 분석하였다. XRD 측정에서는 CaZrO₃:Pr³⁺의 단결정이 페로브스카이트 구조의 사방정계로 분석되었다. 합성된 형광체는 254 nm의 UV 광에 의해 여기 될 수 있고 방출 스펙트럼 결과는 506, 536 및 548 nm에서 전하전이 ³P₀ → ³H₄, ³P₁ → ³H₅ 및 ³P₀ → ³H₅로 인해 CaZrO₃:Pr³⁺는 녹색 발광이 우세하였다.

• Journal of Magnetics
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.74-77
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• 1998

A method to analyze the anisotropy constants of a two sublattice system with uniaxial anisotropy has been investigated by extending the Sucksmith and Thompson's method to higher order anisotropy terms. Using the method, a set of anisotropy constants for Pr-sublattice of $Pr_2Fe_{14}B at 4.2K has been obtained as K_{1Pr}=5210 J/kg, K_{2Pr}=-7200 J/kg, K_{3Pr}=-770 J/kg, K_{4Pr}=4940 J/kg and K_{SPr}=700 J/kg for N_{PrFe}=2.2 T/Am^2kg^{-1}.$ The magnetization calculated by an energy minimum method by using the sublattice anisotropy constants well reproduced the experimental results and satisfied the simulation assumptions.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.97-105
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• 2001

$1.6\;{\mu}m$ emission originated from $Pr^{3+}:\;(^3F_3,\;^3F_4)\;{\longrightarrow}\;^3H_4$ transition in $Pr^{3+}-\;and\;Pr^{3+}/Er^{3+}$-doped selenide glasses was investigated under an optical pump of a conventional 1480 nm laser diode. The measured peak wavelength and fullwidth at half-maximum of the fluorescent emission are ~1650nm and 120nm, respectively. A moderate lifetime of the thermally coupled upper manifolds of ${\sim}212{\pm}10{\mu}s$ together with a high stimulated emission cross-section of ${\sim}(3{\pm}1){\times}10^{-20}\;cm^2$ promises to be useful for $1.6{\mu}m$ band fiber-optic amplifiers that can be pumped with an existing high-power 1480 nm laser diode. Codoping $Er^{3+}$ enhances the emission intensity by way of a nonradiative $Er^{3+}:\;^4I_{13/2}\;{\longrightarrow}\;Pr^{3+}:\;(^3F_3,\;^3F_4)$ energy transfer. The Dexter model based on the spectral overlap between donor emission and acceptor absorption describes well the energy transfer from $Er^{3+}$ to $Pr^{3+}$ in these glasses. Also discussed in this paper are major transmission loss mechanisms of a selenide glass optical fiber.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.684-694
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• 2009

본 연구에서는 지적재조사사업의 추진이 지연되고 있는 원인을 사업의 홍보부족에 의한 국민공감대 형성미흡에 있다고 판단하였다. 그래서 이러한 문제를 해결하고자 허들의 PR모델을 이용하여 지적재조사사업의 홍보 방안을 제시하여 보고자 하였다. 연구의 성과로서, 3차원의 6개 PR 실무 모델을 기초로 하여 각각의 홍보 실무에 적합하도록 총 31가지의 홍보수단에 따른 방법이 제시되었다. 그런데 일부 허들의 PR모델이 지적재조사사업의 성격과 부합되지 않는 부분이 도출되어 이를 재조사사업의 성격에 부합하도록 새로이 모델을 재정립하여 제시하였다. 본 연구의 성과는 향후 지적재조사사업의 조속한 시행을 위한 대국민 공감대 형성에 기반을 마련하는데 일조 할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.248-254
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• 1992

에탄올 용매 중에서, 착물 $[({\eta}^5-C_5Me_5)RuCl_2]_2$ (1)에 대하여 과량의 포스핀을 반응시켜 비스(포스핀)루테늄 유도체$({\eta}^5-C_5Me_5)Ru(PR_3)_2Cl(PR_3=PMe_3,\; PMe_2Ph,\;PEt_3,\;PMePh_2$, 1/2DPPE, 1/2DPPB) (2a${\sim}$2f)를 합성하였다. 이 유도체들은 에탄올 용매 중에서 $NaBH_4$와 반응하여 상응하는 황색의 착수소화물 $({\eta}^5-C_5Me_5)Ru(PR_3)_2Hl(PR_3=PMe_3,\;PEt_3,\;PMePh_2$, 1/2 DPPE, 1/2DPPB) (3a${\sim}$3e)을 생성한다. 착염화물 (2a${\sim}$2f)와 착수소화물 (3a∼3e)는 모두 결정으로 얻어졌으며, IR, $^1H-NMR$ 그리고 원소분석으로 동정되었다.