• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.758-771
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• 1998

Assessment of implant mobility is an important and reliable method to clinically evaluate implant stability. PerioTest is a precise and reproducible device that cam dynamically measure the reaction of damping characteristics of peri-implant tissue. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of amount of implant surface area, diameter, type, implantation site, degrees of cortical engagement, and length of time in function on PTVs and to find out the most determining factor on PTVs. The results are as follows 1. 5.0mm diameter implants show significantly lower PTV than that of 3.75mm diameter implants. 2. PTV in the mandible is significantly lower than that of the maxilla 3. In the maxilla, there is no significant difference in PTV during the first year of implant function, but during the second year a significant decrease in PTV is noted. 4. In the mandible, there is a significant decrease in PTV during the first and second year of implant function. 5. Implantation site seems to be the most determining factor on PTV among the influencing factors in this study. In conclusion, the amount of implant surface area, type, degrees of cortical engagement had no significant effect on PTV, but installation site and diameter influenced significantly on PTV

• Journal of Korean Dental Science
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.4-9
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• 2008

Purpose : This study sought to examine the aspects of crestal bone resorption and to evaluate the clinical outcomes of the TiUnite$^{(R)}$ (Nobel Biocare, Sweden) anodized implant system. Materials and Methods : Among the 67 patients (211 fixtures) who were treated using TiUnite(r) implants at Seoul National University Bundang Hospital between March 2004 and January 2007, 26 (91 fixtures) were considered in this study. Initial and secondary stabilities were measured using Periotest$^{(R)}$ and Ostell(tm) Mentor. The radiographic evaluation of crestal bone resorption was carried out by measuring the change in crestal bone level at the time of surgery compared to that 1 year after loading. Panoramic radiograph and periapical radiograph were used. Based on the radiographic findings, the shapes of crestal bone resorption were classified. Results : The average amount of crestal bone resorption after 1 year of functional implant loading was 0.30 mm. There was no saucerization in 40 implant fixtures (43.9%), although more than 1 thread were exposed in 51 implant fixtures (56.6%). The success rate of the implants was 94.5%, and the survival rate was 100%. Conclusions : Good clinical outcomes and minor crestal bone resorption were noted in this study. Saucerization for the establishment of biological width was not a general finding in the TiUnite$^{(R)}$ anodized implant system.

• 구강회복응용과학지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.197-210
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• 2000

Surface roughness is one of implant surface topography and it's found that surface roughness characterizations, such as surface energy, oxide layer thickness and its chemical composition, are closely correlated if the roughness is changed. Several studies showed the importance of analyzing surface structure so the surface structure of thread implant was analyzed to measure the implant quality exactly. In this study, surface roughness of 4 implants - MK $II^{(R)}$(Nobel Biocare), $RBM^{(R)}$(Life-Core, USA), $Osseotite^{(R)}$(3i, USA), $TPS^{(R)}$(Life-Core, USA) - were measured using $Accura^{(R)}$ and 40 implants were installed into 4 sets of ten bovine ribs based on the parameters from the measurements. From this test, the following conclusions for the initial stability were drawn by measuring and comparing RFA, Periotest Value (PTV), Removal Torgue Value (RTV). 1. $R_a$ value in surface roughness measurement was increasing by the order of $MKII^{(R)}$, $Osseotite^{(R)}$, $RBM^{(R)}$, $TPS^{(R)}$ and $R_q$ value was the same order. 2. $R_q$ value in each section was observed to increase by the order of $MKII^{(R)}$, $Osseotite^{(R)}$, $RBM^{(R)}$, $TPS^{(R)}$ in top and $MKII^{(R)}$, $RBM^{(R)}$, $Osseotite^{(R)}$, $TPS^{(R)}$ in mid-section but the value of $MKII^{(R)}$ bottom was the lowest, followed by $Osseotite^{(R)}$, $RBM^{(R)}$ and $TPS^{(R)}$. 3. RFA increased by the order of $RBM^{(R)}$(7042Hz), $MKII^{(R)}$(7047Hz), $Osseotite^{(R)}$(7076Hz), $TPS^{(R)}$(7168Hz) and there was no significance between each group. 4. PTV was increasing by the order of $MKII^{(R)}$(-1.62), $TPS^{(R)}$(-1.92), $Osseotite^{(R)}$ & $RBM^{(R)}$(-2.08) and there was no significance, either. 5. Removal torque in RTV measurement showed the increasing order of $MKII^{(R)}(5.31kgf{\cdot}cm)$, $Oeeotite^{(R)}(5.71kgf{\cdot}cm)$, $TPS^{(R)}(5.92kgf{\cdot}cm)$ and $RBM^{(R)}(7.24kgf{\cdot}cm)$ and there was no significance among groups. Above observations explains that surface roughness does not make any impact on the initial stability of implants installation.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제32권2호통권91호
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• pp.107-115
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• 2002

본 연구는 교정적 고정원을 얻기 위하여 micro-implant(Osas$^{(R)}$, Epoch medical)를 drill method와 drill-free method로 매식시, 조기 교정력에 대한 각각의 경우 micro-implant의 역학적 안정성 및 조직학적 생체 적합도의 차이를 알아보고자 시행하였다. 두 마리의 실험견(beagle dog)을 대상으로 상, 하악 협측과 구개부위에 좌우측을 구분하여 drill method 군과drill-free method 군으로 나누어 매식하였다. 매식 한 재료는 직경 1.6 mm의 micro-implant를 사용하였으며, drill method 군 16개, drill-free method 군 16개, 총32개의 micro-implant를 식립하였다. 교정력은 매식 후 1주 뒤에 Ni-Ti coil spring(Ni-Ti springs-extension$^{(R)}$, Ormco)으로 200 gm - 300 gm의 힘을 적용하였다. 동요도 검사는 희생 전에 Periotest$^{(R)}$(Siemens)로 측정하였다. 매식 12주 후에 관류고정 하였으며 시편은 레진 포매하여 Exakt system$^{(R)}$(Exakt)을 이용하여 비탈회 표본을 제작하였다. 표본은 H-E 염색한 뒤, 광학 현미경 상에서 검경하여 조직학적 소견을 분석하였고 조직계측학적 측정은 골접촉률과 골밀도로 분석하였다. 위와 같은 실험을 통하여 매식한 micro-implant의 탈락률과 동요도, 골접촉률 및 골밀도로 drill method 군과 drill-free method 군의 역학적 안정성 및 조직학적 생체 적합도를 비교, 분석한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. micro-implant와 골의 계면은 기계적 접촉 뿐만 아니라 골유착도 있었다. 2. micro-implant의 탈락은 drill method 군이 더 높았다. 3. 동요도는 drill method 군이 전반적으로 더 컸다. 4. micro-implant와 골접촉 정도는 전반적으로 drill-free method 군에서 양호했다. 5. micro-implant 나사산 사이 내에 존재하는 골밀도는 전반적으로 drill-free method 군에서 더 높았다. 결론적으로, micro-implant는 매식시 drill-free method가 drill method보다 탈락률과 동요도 및 골접촉률과, 골밀도에서 더 우수한 결과를 보여 drilling 과정이 안정성과 골조직 치유 및 골유착에 영향을 미친다고 판단된다.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.345-351
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• 1993

Various alloplastic materials have been used on the periodontally diseased ossous defects. Hydroxyapatite, which is used the most common alloplastic material is a non-resorbable form of calcium phosphate and natural coral which is a biodegradable by carbonic anhydrase in osteoclast was introduced recently. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the clinical effects of porous hydoxyapatite and natural coral on the human periodontal defects. Four males and three females who had adult periodontitis were selected for this study. The teeth that had similar bone loss radiographically and periodontal pocket deeper than 5mm were selected. Gingival recession, pocket depth, plaque index(Silness & Loe), sulcus bleeding index and tooth mobility (measured by Periotest$^{(r)}$) were examined before graft. Before insertion of alloplastic materials, the depth from CEJ to bone crest and from CEJ to base of the osseous defect was recorded. Porous particulate hydroxyapatite(Interpore 200$^{(r)}$, A group) was place on the defect and natural coral(Biocoral$^{(r)}$, B group) was placed on the defect of the opposing tooth. Six months post-surgically the same parameters were recorded by reentry procedures. A and B group showed 0.6mm of mean recession. Mean reduction of pocket depth were 5mm for A group and 4.9mm of B group. Reduced SBI and tooth mobility were recorded. Osseous defect fills of the original defects were 2.9mm for A and 3mm for B group. Percentage defect fills were 71% for A and 59% for B group. The difference of defect fill between pre- and post-insertion was statstically significant(p<0.05). But the difference between the two groups was not significant statistically(p<0.05). The clinical impression at 6 month re-entry and the numerical date indicate that natural coral as well as porous particulate hydoxyapatite has a definite potential as an alloplastic implant in the treatment of periodontal osseous defects.

• Journal of Korean Dental Science
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.35-41
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• 2009

Objective : This study sought to investigate the clinical survival rate of two implants with different surfaces: resorbable blasting media (RBM)-treated and calcium metaphosphate (CMP)-coated implant. Study design : SSII non-submerged implants (Osstem, Seoul, Korea) were placed in a total of 48 patients with mean age of 38.8. At least 31 patients in the experimental group had a CMP-coated implant, and 1 patient in the control group received a, RBM surface implant. The evaluation period was between April 2006 and December 2007. Radiographs, periotest, clinical periodontal examination, and prosthetic adjustment and occlusion were used. Results : The survival rate of the experimental and control groups after 1 year was 97.2% and 100%, respectively. The Wald confidence interval reported for the experimental group was not inferior to the control group. Conclusion : No significant differences were found between the RBM and CMP groups. The observed data suggest that CMP-coated methods can provide favorable clinical results for the functioning and healing of dental implants.

• 대한통합의학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.41-47
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• 2014

Purpose : The aim was to compare the implant success rate according to membrane type through a clinical case of patients, who used bio-resorbable membrane and non-resorbable membrane. Methods : A survey was conducted targeting patients with the use of bio-resorbable membrane and non-resorbable membrane who visited H dental clinic in Busan for implant surgery and bone graft for 1 year from May 2010 to May 2011. A chart was made and surveyed for 100 people with non-resorbable membrane and for 75 people with bio-resorbable membrane. Results were compared. Results : 1. As for the measurement value of Periotest M${(R)}$, the value of -8~0 was measured with 92% in case of surgery by using non-resorbable membrane. The value of +1~+9 was measured with 8.0%. In case of surgery by using bio-resorbable membrane, Peiotest M(R) was measured with 78.7% as for the value of -8~0 and 16(21.3%) as for the value of +1~+9. In light of this, a case of using non-resorbable membrane was indicated to be higher(p=0.021) in success rate than a case of using bio-resorbable membrane. 2. As a result of periodontal conditions, namely, bleeding(p=0.914), swelling(p=0.500), inflammation(p=0.074), pain(p=0.571), and itch appearance(p=0.475) according to membrane type, all were insignificant. Conclusions : A case of using non-resorbable membrane is considered to be likely to be more effective than using bio-resorbable membrane during GBR(Guided Bone Regeneration) with the use of membrane in implant surgery.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.416-426
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• 2008

본 연구는 비글견에 식립된 sandblasted, large grit and acid-etched (SLA) 표면처리된 교정용 마이크로임플랜트와 평활면 마이크로임플랜트에 교정력을 가한 후 시간 경과에 따른 동요도와 골접촉률의 차이를 규명하기 위해 시행되었다. 비글 성견 네 마리를 이용하여 상, 하악 협측과 구개측 골에 대해 SLA 표면처리된 표면처리군 48개, 평활면의 비처리군 48개의 마이크로임 플랜트 96개를 식립하고 2주의 치유기간 후 교정력(150 - 200 g)을 지속적 으로 가했으며 식립 4주 후에 두 마리를 희생시키고, 12주 후에 나머지 2마리를 희생시켰다. 표면처리군과 비처리군 간의 마이크로 임플랜트의 동요도와 골과 임플랜트 간 접촉률을 조직학적인 측면에서 측정 비교하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 상악 협측과 구개측에서는 표면처리군과 미처리군의 동요도에서 유의성 있는 차이가 없었으나 하악협측에서는 표면 처리군이 유의하게 안정적인 동요도를 보였다. 마이크로임플랜트와 인접골 간 접촉률은 상악 협측에서는 4주와 12주 모두 표면처리군과 미처리군 간에 유의 한 차이가 없었으나 하악 협측과 구개측의 경우 4주와 12주 모두 표면처리군이 비처리군에 비해 유의하게 높은 접촉률을 보였다. 표면처리군은 비처리군에 비해 임플랜트 주변에서 활발한 골개조가 관찰되었으며 모든 군에서 이물반응은 관찰되지 않았다. 본 연구를 통해 SLA 표면처리된 마이크로임플랜트는 평활면 마이크로임플랜트에 비하여 식립 초기에는 식립 부위에 따라 유의하게 높은 인접골 간 접촉률과 동요도의 안정성을 보임으로써 다양한 크기와 방향의 교정력의 적용이 가능할 것이라 생각한다.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.415-433
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• 1999

Implant stability is the key to long-term successful outcome for osseointegrated implants. To evaluate the initial healing response of bone around HA-coated implants without primary bone contact. 21 HA-coated thread type implants(STERI-OSS?) were placed in the femurs of 5 mongrel dogs, about 1-year old. Implants, 8 mm in length and 3.8mm(experimental 1group), 5.0mm(experimental 2group) and 6.0mm(control group) in diameter, were inserted after 3 holes of 6.0mm in diameter and 10mm in depth were prepared in the surgical sites each dog. Implants were supported by only nonresorbable membrane($Teflon^{(R)}$), in order to prevent the ingrowth of upper soft tissue into the gap between bone and implant, and to maintain each implant to be positioned in the center of the drilled hole. 9 implants with different diameters were inserted in 3 dogs for histologic observation, and 12 implants were inserted in 2 dogs for mobility test and removal torque test. Fluorescent dyes were injected for the observation of new bone formation in order of $Terramycin^{(R)}$, Arizarin $Red^{(R)}$, and $Calcein^{(R)}$ at an interval of 2 weeks. 3 dogs were sacrificed for histologic observation at 4, 8, and 12-week after placement. Light microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy were used to qualitatively characterize the bone around HA-coated implant. 2 dogs were sacrificed for mobility test($Periotest^{(R)}$, Simens AG, Bensheim, Germany) and removal torque test($Autograph^{(R)}$ AGS-1000D series, Japan) at 8 and 12-week after placement The results were as follows: 1. Histologic observation showed that osseointegration occurred to both control and experimental groups as time lapse, but delayed bone healing was revealed in 3.8mm group (experimental 1group), compared to contrtol group and 5.0mm group (experimental 2group). 2. The mobility test showed that the experimental groups had no distinguishable movement during experimental periods of 8 and 12-week, and there was no difference in mobility depending on the gap between bone and implant, and time lapse. 3. The removal torque forces were increased depended on the gaps decreasing between bone and implant, and time lapse. The results suggest that HA-coated implant without primary bone contact, based on guided bone regeneration could obtain its stability in all experimental groups as time lapse, but bone healing was delayed in experimental group of 3.8mm. And the results suggested that studies on correlationship between mobility test and removal torque test for implant stability would be necessary.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.233-249
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• 1999

Primary fixation is one of the most important factor in establishing adequate osseointegration between implant and bone. To evaluate the initial healing response of bone around implants without primary bone contact, this study was designed to create considerable space between implant and bone in 5 mongrel dogs, about 1-year old. After 3 holes of 6.0mm in diameter were prepared at the femur neck of the dogs, commercially pure titanium thread type implants(STERI-$OSS^{(R)}$), 8mm in length and 3.8mm, 5.0mm and 6.0mm in diameter, were inserted. Implants were supported by only nonresorbable membrane($Teflon^{(R)}$), and the penetration of upper soft tissue into the gap was inhibited by it. The each implant was positioned in the center of the drilled hole. 9 implants with different diameters were inserted in 3 dogs for histologic observation, and 12 were inserted in 2 dogs for mobility test and removal torque test.Fluorescent dyes were injected in order of Doxycycline, Alizarin Red S, and Calcein at intervals of 2 weeks. At 4-, 8-, and 12-week after placement, 3 dogs were sacrificed for histologic observation, and at 8- and 12-week after placement, 2 dogs were sacrificed for mobility test using $Periotest^{(R)}$ (Simens AG, Bensheim, Germany) and torque test using Autograph AGS-1000D $series^{(R)}$(Japan). The result were as follows: 1. The wider the gap between bone and implant was, the less bone maturity was, and the later osseointegration was occurred. Trabecular direction of new bone around implant was changed from parallel to perpendicular to the implant, and the gap was filled with new bone, over time. 2. There was a decreasing tendency over time in the mobility of all implants, but the wider gap between bone and implant was, the smaller decrease of the mobility was. 3. There was a increasing tendency over time in the removal torque gauge of all implants, and the wider gap was, the smaller increase of the removal torque gauge was. The results suggest that osseointegration in case of implant without primary bone contact may be obtained by guided bone regeneration technique with prolonged healing period, but the time of second surgery should be considered carefully.