• 환경영향평가
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.327-340
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• 2007

The $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ aerosols were collected at Busan from March to May, 2005, and the concentrations of some metallic elements were analysed to study their characteristics. The mean concentration of $PM_{10}$ was $66.5{\pm}23.0{\mu}g/m^3$ with a range of 22.2 to $118.1{\mu}g/m^3$. The mean concentration of $PM_{2.5}$ was $46.1{\pm}17.2{\mu}g/m^3$ with a range of 9.7 to $83.3{\mu}g/m^3$. The ratio of $PM_{2.5}/PM_{10}$ was 0.69 at Busan. The distribution of metallic elements for $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ were Cd${\ldots}$ ${\ldots}$ $PM_{10}$ were $94.9{\mu}g/m^3$ and $63.7{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. And The mean mass concentrations of Asian dust and non Asian dust in $PM_{2.5}$ were $56.9{\mu}g/m^3$ and $45.1{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. The mean values of crustal enrichment factors for five elements (Cd, Cu, Pb, V and Zn) were all higher than 10, possibly suggesting the influence of anthropogenic sources. The soil contribution ratios for $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ were 20.5% and 19.4, respectively.

• 한국환경독성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경독성학회 2002년도 추계국제학술대회
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• pp.169-169
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• 2002

The mobilizable amount of transition metals is a fraction of the total amount of the metal from urban particulate matter. Although the fraction is small, some metals (Fe, Cu) are the major participants in a reaction that generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can damage various biomolecules. Damaging effects of the metals can be measured by the single strand breakage (SSB) of X174 RFI DNA or the carbonyl formation of protein. In another study, we have shown that more metals are mobilized by PM2.5 than by PM10 in general. DNA SSB of >20% for PM2.5 and >15% for PM10 was observed in the presence of chelator (EDTA or citrate)/reductant (ascorbate), compared to the control (<3%) only with the chelator. The carbonyl formation by both PMs was very similar in the presence of the chelator, regardless of the kind of proteins. Compared to the control in the absence of chelator/reductant, 3.3 times and 4.9 times more carbonyl formation for PM2.5 and PM10, respectively, was obtained with BSA in the presence of chelator/reductant, showing that PM10 induced 33% more damage than PM2.5. However, 4.8 times and 1.9 times more carbonyl formation for PM2.5 and PM10, respectively, was observed with lysozyme in the presence of chelator/reductant, showing that PM2.5 induced 250% more damage than PM10. Although different proteins showed different sensitivities toward ROS, all these results indicate that the degrees of the oxidation of or damage to the biomolecules by the mobilized metals were higher with PM2.5 than with PM10. Therefore, it is expected that more metals mobilized from PM2.5 than from PM10, more damage to the biomolecules by PM2.5 than by PM10. We suggest that when the toxicity of the dust particle is considered, the particle size as well as the mobilizable fraction of the metal should be considered in place of the total amounts.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.27-36
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• 2004

Present study analyzed the temporal and spatial characteristics of PM10 pollution in Metropolitan Daegu area based on air pollution monitoring station data and measurements of PM10 concentrations in background area in order to provide essential data for efficient PM10 pollution management. The significant variation of spatial and temporal PM10 concentrations in Daegu area was observed during the study years. The highest maximum PM10 concentration(332 $\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥), average concentration(88 $\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥) and frequency exceeding PM10 daily standard(150 $\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥) were all observed in Namsandong located near a major roadway. The hourly and weekly variations of PM10 concentrations had different pattern for the measurement sites. The monthly and seasonal concentrations exhibited a notable characteristic： the maximum concentration was obtained in spring season, most likely due to Yellow sand effects. Furthermore, this temporal variation of PM10 pollution varied with study site. Meanwhile, the PM10 values measured at the monitoring site, Manchondong, were comparable with those of a control site. The average PM10 concentration ranged from 23 $\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥ to 115 $\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥ with a mean value of 53 $\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥ in the former site and from 22 $\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥ to 91 $\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥ with a mean value of 45 $\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥ in the latter site.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.217-225
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• 2016

The purpose of the study was to initially investigate the concentration patterns of $PM_1$, $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{10}$ in the Seoul subway lines, and then to figure out the PM behaviors of internal and external sources inside subway tunnels. The PMs were monitored by a light scattering real-time monitor during winter (Jan. 8-26 in 2015) and summer (July 2-Aug. 7 in 2015) in tunnel air, in passenger cabin air, and in the ambient air. The daily average $PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$, and $PM_1$ concentrations on these object lines were $101.3{\pm}38.4$, $81.5{\pm}30.2$, and $59.7{\pm}19.9{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. On an average, the PM concentration was about 1.2 times higher in winter than in summer and about 1.5 times higher in underground tunnel sections than in ground sections. In this study, we also calculated extensively the average PM mass ratios for $PM_{2.5}/PM_{10}$, $PM_1/PM_{10}$, and $PM_1/PM_{2.5}$; for example, the range of $PM_{2.5}/PM_{10}$ ratio in tunnel air was 0.82-0.86 in underground tunnel air, while that was 0.48-0.68 in outdoor ground air. The ratio was much higher in tunnel air than in outdoor air and was always higher in summer than in winter in case of outdoor air. It seemed from the results that the in/out air quality as well as a proper amount of subway ventilation must be significant influence factors in terms of fine PM management and control for the tunnel air quality improvement.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.153-160
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• 2009

PM10(공기역학 직경${\leq}$10 ${\mu}m$) 시료채취기는 사람이 부유 먼지에 잠재적으로 노출되는 정도를 정량화하고 정부의 규제에 대응하기 위한 목적으로 사용된다. 본 연구는 동일한 PM10 분리한계 직경을 가지지만 다른 기울기를 가지는 미국 환경청의 PM10 시료채취 기준과 미국산업위생전문가협의회/유럽표준위원회/국제표준기구의 흉곽성 PM10 시료채취 기준을 이론과 실험을 통해 비교 평가하고자 수행되었다. 이를 위해 미국 환경청의 기준을 따르는 4개의 PM10 시료채취기와 흉곽성 PM10 기준과 일치하는 1개의 RespiCon 시료채취기를 비교 평가 수단으로 사용하였으며, 1개의 DustTrak 측정기를 PM10의 실시간 질량농도를 확인하기 위하여 사용하였다. 6개 시료채취기를 다양한 크기 분포를 가지는 비산재를 이용하여 입자 발생 챔버안에서 실험하였다. 이론적 질량농도는 측정된 비산재의 입자크기 분포 특성(기하평균 = 6.6 ${\mu}m$, 기하표준편차= 1.9)을 각 시료채취 기준에 적용하여 계산하였다. 챔버 실험을 통하여 측정된 질량농도 결과는 흉곽성 PM10 시료채취 기준을 가지는 RespiCon 시료채취기가 미국 환경청의 PM10 기준을 가지는 PM10 시료채취기보다 상대적으로 작은 질량농도를 측정함으로써 이론적 질량농도와 일치하였다. 전체적 챔버 실험 결과는 PM10 시료채취기를 기준 시료채취기로 사용하였을 때, (1) RespiCon 시료채취기는 PM10 시료채취기로 포집된 PM10 먼지 질량농도에 비해 평균 60% 정도 낮게 측정한 것을 의미하는 정규화계수 1.6으로 나타났으며 (2) PM10 유입구를 사용한 DustTrak 실시간 채취기는 2.1의 보정계수를 가지는 것으로 분석되었다.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제37권6_2호
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• pp.1793-1801
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• 2021

2015년 1월부터 2020년 6월까지 라이다를 이용하여 측정된 532와 1064 nm의 후방산란계수와 532 nm의 편광소멸도를 이용하여 532 nm의 후방산란계수를 PM₁₀, PM_2.5-10, PM_2.5에 해당하는 세 유형으로 구분하고 지상에서 측정된 질량 농도를 이용하여 각각의 질량소산효율을 산출하였다. 산출된 질량소산효율의 전체 평균값은 PM₁₀, PM_2.5-10, PM_2.5에서 각각 5.1±2.5, 1.7±3.7, 9.3±6.3 m²/g으로 PM_2.5가 가장 높은 값을 보였다. PM₁₀과 PM_2.5의 질량 농도가 낮을 때 평균 이상의 높은 질량소산효율이 산출되었으며 질량 농도가 높아질수록 질량소산효율이 감소되는 경향을 확인하였다. 황사의 혼합 정도에 따른 유형별로 질량소산효율을 산출하였을 때, PM_2.5-10는 황사의 영향으로 오염입자(pollution aerosol, PA)가 2.1±2.8 m²/g으로 오염입자가 주요한 혼합입자(pollution-dominated mixture, PDM), 황사가 주요한 혼합입자 (dust-dominated mixture, DDM), 순수황사 (pure dust, PD)의 1.1±1.8, 1.4±3.3, 1.1±1.5 m²/g보다 두 배 정도 높은 값을 보였다. 하지만, PM_2.5는 9.4±6.5, 9.0±5.8, 10.3±7.5, 9.1±9.0 m²/g으로 유형 구분 없이 비슷한 값을 보였다. PM₁₀의 질량소산효율은 PA, PDM, DDM, PD 에서 각각 5.6±2.9, 4.4±2.0, 3.6±2.9, 2.8±2.4 m²/g으로 황사의 비율이 감소할수록 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 동일한 질량 농도 또는 황사 혼합에 따른 동일한 유형을 보이더라도 PM_2.5/PM₁₀ 값이 낮아질수록 PM_2.5-10의 질량소산효율은 감소하고, PM_2.5의 질량소산효율은 증가하는 경향을 보였다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.408-421
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• 2007

The concentration characteristics of atmospheric particle matters (PM) including $PM_{2.5},\;PM_{10}$, and TSP were evaluated through the measurement data of PM_{2.5}$ (fine particulate), PM_{10-2.5}$ (coarse particulate), and PM_{over-10}$ collected using a MCI (multi-nozzle cascade impactor) sampler of a three-stage filter pack in spring of 2006 in Iksan area. During the sampling period of 10-15 March and 24 days from 8 April to 2 May, 32 samples for PM of each size fractions were collected, and then measured for PM mass concentrations and water-soluble inorganic ion species. Average concentrations of $PM_{2.5},\;PM_{10}$, TSP were $57.9{\pm}44.1mg/m^3$, $96.6{\pm}89.1mg/m^3$, and $114.8{\pm}99.7mg/m^3$, respectively. Water-soluble inorganic ion fractions to PM mass were found to be 36.5%, 18.0%, and 11.1% for $PM_{2.5}$, $PM_{10-2.5}$ and $PM_{over-10}$, respectively. By showing the high concentrations of PM samples during Asian dust events, those three fractions of PM were distinguished between the samples of Asian dust event and the samples of no event. However, the increase of PM concentrations observed during Asian dust events showed a different pattern for some Asian dust events. The differences of those three fractions in the size distribution may depend on differences on place of occurrence of Asian dust storm and course of transport from China continent to Iksan area in Korea. However, the extent of PM mass contribution during Asian dust events was generally dominated by the coarse particles rather than the fine fraction of PM. The variations of water-soluble inorganic ion species concentration in those three PM fractions between the samples of Asian dust event and the samples of no event were also discussed in this study.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.216-232
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• 2016

In present, the Seoul City is undergoing traffic congestion problems caused by rapid urbanization and population growth. Thus the City government has reorganized the mass transportation system since 2004 and the subway has become a very important means for public transit. Since the subway system is typically a closed environment, the indoor air quality issues have often raised by the public. Especially since a huge amount of PM (particulate matter) is emitted from ground tunnels passing through the subway train, it is now necessary to assess the characteristics and behaviors of fine PM inside the tunnel. In this study, the concentration patterns of $PM_1$, $PM_{2.5}$, and $PM_{10}$ in the Seoul subway line-2 were analyzed by real-time measurement during winter (Jan 13, 2015) and summer (Aug 7, 2015). The line-2 consisting of 51 stations is the most busy circular line in Seoul having the railway of 60.2 km length. The the one-day average $PM_{10}$ concentrations were $148{\mu}g/m^3$ in winter and $66.3{\mu}g/m^3$ in summer and $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations were $118{\mu}g/m^3$ and $58.5{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. The $PM_{2.5}/PM_{10}$ ratio in the underground tunnel was lower than the outdoor ratio and also the ratio in summer is higher than in winter. Further the study examined structural types of underground subsections to explain the patterns of elevated PM concentrations in the line-2. The subsections showing high PM concentration have longer track, shorter curvature radius, and farther from the outdoor stations. We also estimated the outdoor PM concentrations near each station by a spatial statistical analysis using the $PM_{10}$ data obtained from the 40 Seoul Monitoring Sites, and further we calculated $PM_{2.5}/PM_{10}$ and $PM_1/PM_{10}$ mass ratios near the outdoor subway stations by using our observed outdoor $PM_1$, $PM_{2.5}$, and $PM_{10}$ data. Finally, we could develop pollution maps for outdoor $PM_1$ and $PM_{2.5}$ near the line-2 by using the kriging method in spatial analysis. This methodology may help to utilize existing $PM_{10}$ database when managing and control fine particle problems in Korea.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.251-264
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• 2017

Recently, Jeollabuk-do has been reported as a province where the $PM_{10}$concentration is one of the highest levels in South Korea. To explore the characteristics and origins of the $PM_{10}$in Jeollabuk-do, we present one of the first long-term datasets including a statistical analysis of $PM_{10}$concentrations obtained from six cities in the province from 2010 to 2015. During the entire periods, the mean hourly $PM_{10}$concentration was $49.3{\mu}g/m^3$, which correspond to the annual ambient air quality standards for $PM_{10}$in South Korea, and the annual $PM_{10}$concentration of each city showed a similarity in year-to-year variations. In the monthly variation of $PM_{10}$, the $PM_{10}$concentrations showed a maximum value in May that was one of the top levels among the provinces of Korea while the concentrations were dramatically decreased in August showing one of the lowest levels among the provinces in Korea. For the diurnal variation of $PM_{10}$, the $PM_{10}$concentration was enhanced during the rush hours together with gaseous species of $NO_2$, and CO. When the high concentrations of $PM_{10}$were observed (the highest 10% of the $PM_{10}$mass contribution), temperature and relative humidity were low. Using HYSPLIT backward trajectories and cluster analysis for the high $PM_{10}$concentrations, we found that the pollution plumes were transported mainly from China.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.445-450
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• 2012

2015년 대기환경기준에 추가되는 PM2.5의 천안시 대기 중 오염도를 조사하기 위해, 2010년 2월부터 2011년 1월까지 천안시 상명대학교에 광산란방식의 Dust Monitor를 설치하여 대기 중 연간 PM2.5 농도 특성을 PM10 농도와 같이 조사하였다. 측정 기간 중 연평균 PM2.5 농도는 $40.45{\mu}g/m^3$으로 시행예정인 연평균 기준인 $25{\mu}g/m^3$을 초과하였다. 일평균 PM2.5 농도는 $2.43{\sim}174.84{\mu}g/m^3$으로, 전체 측정 기간 중 약 26%의 측정일이 일평균 기준치인 $50{\mu}g/m^3$을 초과하였다. 같은 기간 중 일평균 PM10 농도 기준을 초과하는 측정일 수는 11%로 나타나, PM2.5의 오염도가 PM10에 비해 상대적으로 심각함을 나타냈다. 계절별로는 봄과 겨울철에 높은 PM2.5 농도를 보였으며, 강우의 영향을 많이 받는 여름철의 PM2.5 오염도가 다른 계절에 비해 상대적으로 낮았다. 일 중 PM2.5의 농도 분포는 출퇴근 시간대에 높은 농도를 나타내는 전형적인 도시형 특성을 나타냈으며, 이는 인위적 배출원 중 이동오염원에 의해 생성되는 미세 입자가 PM2.5의 주요 성분임을 시사한다.