• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.119-124
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was investigation of quantitative analysis of marker substances in Paeonia lactiflora extracts by solid fermentation. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the determination of albiflorin and paeoniflorin in P. lactiflora extracts by solid fermentation, the separation method was performed on C18 column ($250\;mm\;{\times}\;4.6\;mm$, $5\;{\mu}m$, RS tech) using gradient solvent mixtures of water-acetonitrile with photodiode array detector (230nm). The flow rate was 1.0 ml/min. Retention time of albiflorin and paeoniflorin was about 28.88, 31.92 min and linearity of calibration was showed good result(r2 = 0.9998, 0.9996), respectively. Content of albiflorin was $0.090\;{\pm}\;0.03%$ in P. lactiflora extract(control), $0.102\;{\pm}\;0.00%$ in P. lactiflora extract fermented with Paecilomyces japonica, $0.056\;{\pm}\;0.01%$ in P. lactiflora extract fermented with Ganoderma lucidum, $0.093\;{\pm}\;0.00%$ in P. lactiflora extract fermented with honey and $0.046\;{\pm}\;0.00%$ in P. lactiflora extract fermented with Nuruk. Content of paeoniflorin was $4.506\;{\pm}\;0.13%$ in control, $2.599\;{\pm}\;0.04%$ in P. lactiflora extract fermented with Paecilomyces japonica, $1.222\;{\pm}\;0.03%$ in P. lactiflora extract fermented with Ganoderma lucidum, $2.750\;{\pm}\;0.05%$ in P. lactiflora extract fermented with honey and $0.847\;{\pm}\;0.00%$ in P. lactiflora extract fermented with Nuruk, respectively. Content of the marker substances did not increase in all fermentation experiment group.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.114-118
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• 2013

Purpose: The aim of this study is to estimate one mouthful volume in a single swallow and average volume per swallow (AVS) in multiple swallows in the situation of toxic liquid poisoning. Methods: Thirty five men and 35 women were included in this study. Each subject was asked to drink one swallow and three consecutive swallows from bottle containing water and a bottle containing saline separately. We calculated one mouthful volume in a single swallow and AVS in three swallows. One mouthful volume and AVS were compared according to sex and content, respectively. One mouthful volume of water and saline was then compared with AVS of each. Results: Sixty seven adults(34 men; $26.9{\pm}3.2$ years, 33 women; $25.6{\pm}2.4$ years) completed the study. Men had larger one mouthful volume of water($49.1{\pm}19.9$ ml vs $39.7{\pm}10.2$ ml, p=0.02) and saline($20.7{\pm}10.9$ ml vs $14.0{\pm}4.6$ ml, p=0.004) and AVS of water($28.5{\pm}11.9$ ml vs $21.5{\pm}5.9$ ml, p=0.004) and saline($11.9{\pm}6.3$ ml vs $7.9{\pm}2.0$ ml, p=0.001) than women. One mouthful volume and AVS of saline swallow were lower than those of water swallow. AVS of three consecutive swallows was lower than one mouthful volume in water and saline swallow. Conclusion: We suggest that one mouthful volume in a single swallow is 21 ml in men and 14 ml in women and AVS in multiple swallows is 12 ml in men and 8 ml in women. AVS in multiple swallows is two-threefold lower than reference values(20~30 ml) commonly used in poisoning study.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.825-831
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• 2016

This study was carried out to investigate the quality characteristics of fermented milk containing Rhus verniciflua seed (RVS) extracts (0.0%, 0.1%, 0.3% and 0.5%) and antioxidant activity of RVS extracts. The proximate composition of RVS was moisture (4.76%), crude ash (1.40%), crude fat (5.33%) and crude protein (11.10%). A total polyphenol content of 70% ethanol extract of RVS ($554{\pm}2.64mg/g$) was higher than that of RVS water extract ($145{\pm}3.47mg/g$). 70% ethanol extract ($1103{\pm}6.42mg/g$) of RVS showed higher content in the total flavonoids ($37{\pm}2.30mg/g$) and activities on DPPH free radical scavenging (73.23%) and ABTS free radical scavenging (83.47%) when compared with water extracted of RVS. The quality characteristics, such as pH, titratable acidity, and the number of lactic acid producing bacteria were not remarkably different between the fermented milk samples subjected to treatments with and without the addition of RVS extracts.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.32 no.7
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• pp.927-937
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• 2022

To confirm the therapeutic effect of the water extract from Ecklonia cava (WEE) against PM_2.5 induced systemic health damage, we evaluated gut health with a focus on the microbiota and metabolites. Systemic damage in mice was induced through PM_2.5 exposure for 12 weeks in a whole-body chamber. After exposure for 12 weeks, body weight and food intake decreased, and WEE at 200 mg/kg body weight (mpk) alleviated these metabolic efficiency changes. In addition, PM_2.5 induced changes in the length of the colon and fecal water content. The administration of the WEE at 200 mpk oral dose effectively reduced changes in the colon caused by PM_2.5 exposure. We also attempted to confirm whether the effect of the WEE is mediated via regulation of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in mice with PM_2.5 induced systemic damage. We examined changes in the fecal microbiota and gut metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and kynurenine metabolites. In the PM_2.5 exposed group, a decrease in the abundance of Lactobacillus (Family: Lactobacillaceae) and an increase in the abundance of Alistipes (Family: Rikenellaceae) were observed, and the administration of the WEE showed a beneficial effect on the gut microbiota. In addition, the WEE effectively increased the levels of SCFAs (acetate, propionate, and butyrate). Furthermore, kynurenic acid (KYNA), which is a critical neuroprotective metabolite in the gut-brain axis, was increased by the administration of the WEE. Our findings suggest that the WEE could be used as a potential therapeutic against PM_2.5 induced health damage by regulating gut function.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.138-145
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• 2003

The effects of adding egg white, bovine plasma protein(bpp), gelatin and gluten on the rheological properties of squid meat paste product(squid meat kamaboko) were examined by the measurements of jelly strength, texture, moisture content, water holding capacity(WHC) and folding test. The optimum added levels for jelly strength of squid meat kamaboko were 4% of egg white, 5% of bovine plasma protein, 3% of gelatin and 4% for gluten. However, it is no increase that at added additives of over this concentrations were. Bovine plasma protein gave the highest jelly strength among the all additives at every concentration. Folding tests value of the optimum added levels were all B value. In this case moisture content and water holding capacity were 72.06∼73.78% and 88.53∼91.11% in jumbo squid, also flying squid were 71.91∼72.89% and 90.21∼93.25%, respectively. The additives were increased the jelly strength, hardness and water holding capacity(WHC), and these effects were eliminated by adjusting the water-content to the value of the control sample without additives.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.743-746
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• 2004

This research investigates experimentally an effect on the properties of the high flowing concrete according to variations of concrete materials and site conditions. Variations of sensitivity test are selected items as followings; (1)Concrete temperature, (2)Unit water(Surface moisture of fine aggregate), (3)Fineness modulus of fine aggregate, (4)Addition ratio of high-range water reducing agent. And fresh conditions of the high flowing concrete should be satisfied with required range including slump flow$(65{\pm}5cm)$, 50cm reaching time of slump flow$(4\~10sec)$, V-box flowing time$(10\~20sec)$, U-box height(min.300mm) and air content$(4{\pm}1\%)$. As results of sensitivity test, material variations and site conditions should be satisfied with the range as followings; (1)Concrete temperature is $10\~20^{\circ}C$ (below $30^{\circ}C$), (2)Surface moisture of fine aggregate is within ${\pm}0.6\%$, (3)Fineness modulus of fine aggregate is $2.6{\pm}0.2$ and (4)addition ratio of high range water reducing agent is within $1\%$ considered flow-ability, self-compaction and segregation resistance of the high flowing concrete.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.269-275
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• 1989

The study was conducted to compare the components such as proximate composition, total dietary fiber(TDF) content, acid detergent fiber(ADF) content, lignin, water binding capacity(WBC), amino acid composition and lipid components from brown Job's tears, dehulled Job's tears, brown Yeomjoo and bran of Job's tears. The results from this study are summerized as follows: Total dietary fiber(TDF) content of Job's tears, brown Job's tears, brown Yeomjoo and bran of Job's tears were 2.70%, 3.86%, 4.33% and 13.3% each. Water-binding capacity(WBC) of TDF and ADF were $2.63{\pm}0.02g\;H_2O/g$ TDF and $5.89{\pm}0.15g\;H_2O/g$ ADF each. In amono acids composition of samples, glutamic acid content was the highest and the next was leucine. Chemical score of leucine in dehulled Job's tears was very high(189), in contrast lysine was very low$(22{\sim}23)$ So lysine was a first limitting amino acid in Job's tears and Yeomjoo. Neutral lipid contents were 90.89%-96.55%, glycolipid contents were 2.35%-7.48% and phospholipid contents were very low. The major fatty acids of lipid fractions were palmitic acid. oleic acid and linoleic acid.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.396-402
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• 2010

This study was designed to investigate the effects of 4 kinds of plant water extract mixture and garlic extract (PMC) administration on serum lipid metabolism in hypercholestrolemic rats. The normal group was administered a cholesterol free diet, the control group a 1% cholesterol diet, and each experimental group was given a diet of 1% cholesterol, 1% plant mixture and 0.3, 0.5, 0.7% garlic extract (PMC-I, PMC-II, PMC-III), respectively. Each diet was administered orally to SD-male rats for 4 weeks. Total cholesterol content decreased by about 20% with administration of PMC. Triglyceride content also decreased from 9.3 to 15.0% compared to the control group, and phospholipid was similar to triglyceride. There was no significant difference in HDL-cholesterol content between the control and experimental groups. LDL-cholesterol content of the normal group was 9.4 times lower than the control group and its content was significantly lower in the PMC-II ($68.45{\pm}12.83\;mg/dl$) and PMC-III ($66.35{\pm}5.18\;mg/dl$) groups than the PMC-I group. VLDL-cholesterol content of the PMC-II and III groups were similar to the normal group. Atherogenic index (AI) and cardiac risk factor (CRF) were significantly lower in the PMC group. Blood glucose content was the lowest in the PMC-II ($189.37{\pm}12.02\;mg/dl$) group among all groups tested. Total protein content was $9.56{\pm}0.87{\sim}10.05{\pm}2.69\;mg/dl$ in the PMC-I~III groups and was significantly higher than the normal group. CPT activity did not show a significant difference among the experimental groups, while COT activity was effective only in the PMC-I group. Serum TBARS content in the PMC-III group was lower than in the normal group. Serum antioxidant activity by DPPH radical scavenging was $83.75{\pm}2.32%$ in the PMC-III group, which was significantly higher than the control group.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.129-135
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• 2017

This study examined the antioxidant activity of the water extract from graviola leaves to develop a harmless and highly stable natural antioxidant. The total polyphenol content, total flavonoid content, DPPH radical scavenging activity, and MTT assay activity were measured. As a result, 62.3 g of the water extract from graviola leaves was obtained at $98^{\circ}C$ using 300 g of graviola leaf powder. The total polyphenol content was $291.97+2.39{\mu}g/mL$ and the total flavnoid content was $161{\pm}7.85{\mu}g/mL$ in a 1 mg/mL water extract from graviola leaves. The DPPH radical scavenging activity showed 51.6%, 67.8%, 79%, 82.4% and 83.9% at concentrations of 1, 2.5, 5, 10 and 15 mg/mL. This shows concentration-dependent scavenging activity and significant antioxidant activity. As a result of measuring the toxicity about HDF cells, a HDF cell survival rate of 100% was observed at a 150 mg /mL concentration, which was the same as that of the control group and a higher cell survival rate at a lower concentration. In conclusion, the graviola leaf extract can be developed as a material of food or cosmetics containing natural antioxidants.

• Particle and aerosol research
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.151-164
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• 2010

Inorganic ions and water are major components of ambient fine particles. Water content in fine particles is mainly determined by ambient meteorological conditions and the concentrations of hygroscopic species such as inorganic ions. Thus, to reduce fine particle mass concentration, it is important to accurately estimate the relationship between water content and the concentration of ions in fine particles. Water content in fine particles in Seoul are estimated by using a gas/particle equilibrium model to understand the characteristics of fine particle mass concentration. In addition, sensitivity of fine particle mass concentration to the changes of particulate ionic species (sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium) is estimated. It was found that water content in Seoul is mostly determined by the concentrations of the hygroscopic ionic species, especially, sulfate and ammonium, and ambient relative humidity.