• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.697-705
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• 2012

Particulate matter (PM) data collected from the Urban Air Monitoring Network in Busan during the period from 2006 through 2010 were statistically examined and analyzed to estimate the probability of exceeding $PM_{2.5}$ 24 hour and annual standard to be implemented from January $1^{st}$, 2015. For Jangrimdong, Yeonsandong, Kijangeup, and Jwadong where simultaneous measurement of $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ was conducted, the probability of exceeding $PM_{2.5}$ standards was estimated using $PM_{2.5}$ data measured on site. For other areas where there were no measured $PM_{2.5}$ data available, the probability of exceeding $PM_{2.5}$ standards was statistically estimated using $PM_{10}$ measured on site and $PM_{2.5}/PM_{10}$ ratios obtained from the four stations where both $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{10}$ were monitored simultaneously. At Jangrimdong, Yeonsandong, Kijangeup, and Jwadong, mean value of annual 99 percentile of 24 hr average $PM_{2.5}$ for 5 years from 2006 through 2010 was 99.3, 74.5. 57.0, and $62.5{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively, and the probability of exceeding $PM_{2.5}$ 24 hr standard was estimated at 100%. For areas where there were no measured $PM_{2.5}$ data available, the estimated probability of exceeding $PM_{2.5}$ 24 hr standard was more than 0.82. Mean value of annual average $PM_{2.5}$ from 2008 through 2010 was 31.7 and $27.6{\mu}g/m^3$ for Jangrimdong and Yeonsandong, respectively, which exceeded $PM_{2.5}$ annual standard of $25{\mu}g/m^3$. Mean value of annual average $PM_{2.5}$ during the same period for Kijangeup and Jwadong was 19.2 and $20.7{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively, which satisfied $PM_{2.5}$ annual standard. For other areas where there were no measured $PM_{2.5}$ data available, the probability of exceeding $PM_{2.5}$ annual standard was more than 0.95 except Taejongdae and Kwangahndong. With $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ data measured at 17 Urban Air Monitoring Stations in Busan, the probability of exceeding $PM_{2.5}$ standards was estimated to be very high for almost all areas. This result indicates that proper measures to mitigate $PM_{2.5}$ in Busan should be investigated and established as soon as possible.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.132-140
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• 2007

Concentrations of atmospheric fine particles in Chungnam were measured at 7 sampling sites during 2005. The daily average concentrations of PM 10, PM2.5, and PM1 ranged from 14.9 to $136.5{\mu}g/m^3$, 8.2 to $113.2{\mu}g/m^3$, and 5.7 to $107.5{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively, and the highest levels were observed at Yeongi site. The lowest concentrations for the all size fractions of particulate were observed at Taean located at the west end of the peninsula. The daily average PM10 concentrations were below the current National Standard at all sites, while the daily average PM2.5 concentrations frequently exceeded the US Standard at Cheonan, Dangjin, Boryeong, and Yeongi sites. The frequencies of PM2.5 concentrations exceeding the US standard at Cheonan, Dangjin, Boryeong, and Yeongi were 10.8%, 6.7%, 6.7%, and 26.7%, respectively. In addition, $68{\sim}80%$ of PM10 was in the PM2.5 fraction indicating that fine particles were the major component of atmospheric particles in Chungnam.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.342-350
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• 2017

We report mass concentration and size fraction of TPM, $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ according to Korea standard test method (ES 01301.1 and ES 01317.1) and ISO 23210 methods. Particulate matters were sampled in large stationary emission sources such as a coal power plant and B-C oil refinery. The Korea standard test method PM mass concentrations showed 3~3.5 times larger than the cascade impactor method. On the other hand, the size fraction results showed less than 5% difference (i.e. $PM_{2.5}/PM_{10}$) between two methods. Moreover, the correlation coefficient ($r^2$) is 0.84 between TPM results of the Korea standard test method and CleanSYS. These results suggested not only improvement of current test criteria in terms of technical and theoretical aspects. Further, additional measurements are required in various large stationary sources to compare current field data.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.173-177
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• 1974

Thirty of healthy non-pregnant Holstein cows being raised in the vicinity of Daejeon, which had been delivered of calves 4 to 6 times since they were imported to Korea, were selected with the purpose of serum chemical analysis. Total protein, albumin, globulin, total cholesterol, urea nitrogen and glucose and A/G ratio were investigated. The results of present investigation were summarized as follows: 1. Ranges and mean values (with standard error) of total protein, albumin and globulin were 6.87~8.58g/100ml, $7.75{\pm}0.60g/100ml$; 2.6~3.5g/100ml(37.1~45.0%), $3.26{\pm}0.27g/100ml$(40.1%); and 3.78~5.48g/100ml(55.1~64.6%), $4.51{\pm}0.43g/100ml$(58.1%), respectively. 2. Range and mean value (with standard error) of A/G ratio were 0.52~0.86 and 0.73~0.093. 3. Range and mean value (with standard error) of glucose were 35~50mg/100ml and $45.2{\pm}9.1mg/100ml$. 4. Range and mean value(with standard error) of total cholesterol were 122~228mg/100ml and $194.6{\pm}11.1mg/100ml$. 5. Serum urea nitrogen showed that the range of 10.5~15.1mg/100ml and the mean value(with standard error) of $12.7{\pm}1.5mg/100ml$.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• 제22권E1호
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• pp.45-48
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• 2006

Mass size distributions of atmospheric particles in Cheonan were determined using a high volume air sampler equipped with a 5-stage cascade impactor. Bimodal distributions that are typical for urban atmospheric particles were obtained. A MMD of the fine particle mode was $0.47{\pm}0.05{\mu}m$ with a GSD of $2.72{\pm}0.21$, and those of the coarse particles were $5.15{\pm}0.18{\mu}m\;and\;2.09{\pm}0.09$, respectively. The annual average concentrations of TSP, PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 were 74.1, 67.5, 54.2, and $42.3{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. Although the daily PM10 concentrations were under the current National Standard, the daily PM2.5 concentrations frequently exceeded the US Standard even in non asian dust periods. The fractions of PM 10, PM2.5, and PM1 in TSP were $0.905{\pm}0.013,\;0.723{\pm}0.022,\;and\;0.572{\pm}0.029$, respectively, and fine mode particles occupied $57{\sim}72%$ of the total particle mass. The results indicate that fine particles were at the concerning level, and should be the target pollutant for the regional air quality strategy in Cheonan.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제46권5호
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• pp.532-538
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• 2020

Objectives: The study evaluated correlations among monthly PM_2.5, PM₁₀, Cd, Pb concentrations and the number of Asian dust days. Methods: Based on data from 'The annual report on air quality in Korea from 1999 to 2017', concentrations of PM₁₀, PM_2.5, Cd, Pb, and the number of Asian dust days were recalculated to mean, standard deviation, minimum, and maximum. Correlation coefficients were calculated among PM_2.5, PM₁₀, Cd, Pb, and Asian dust days. Results: Asian dust days were correlated only with PM₁₀ among the four factors of PM₁₀, PM_2.5, Cd, and Pb. The four factors of PM₁₀, PM_2.5, Cd, and Pb were very significantly correlated with each other (p<0.01). Their correlation coefficients for PM₁₀ were 0.800 for PM_2.5, 0.823 for Cd, and 0.892 for Pb. PM_2.5 was also correlated strongly with Cd (0.845) and Pb (0.830). Cd had a correlation with Pb of 0.971. The maximums of PM_2.5, PM₁₀, and Pb were shown to exceed the atmospheric environmental standard of Korea, which necessitates national continuous exposure control. Based on exposure data, Asian dust days were thought to be an exposure factor for Cd and Pb. Conclusion: Asian dust might be a factor in Cd and Pb exposure. National exposure controls are required for exposure to PM_2.5, PM₁₀, Cd, and Pb.

• 자원ㆍ환경경제연구
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.469-485
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• 2003

본 연구는 최근 선진국에서 기존의 미세먼지 규제대상인 PM10의 대안으로서 부각되고 있는 PM2.5의 국내 실측자료를 대상으로 미세먼지의 호흡기질환 영향을 투입반응함수를 통해 추정한 것이다. 총 3차에 걸친 110여 일의 조사기간 동안 일별 PM10, PM2.5, 온도, 습도 등을 측정하였으며, 동시에 해당 지역에 거주하는 80여명의 노인들을 대상으로 일별 역학조사 및 설문조사를 통한 각종 호흡기질환 여부를 확인하였다. 미세먼지에 따른 호흡기 반응을 나타내는 최대호기유속량(PEFR)에 대한 투입반응함수 추정 결과 미세먼지인 PM2.5에 대한 계수는 음의 값을 갖는 것으로 추정되어 미세먼지의 증가는 호흡기능의 저하를 통해 호흡기질환을 유발할 수 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 또한 10여 가지 항목에 대한 호흡기질환 증세 유무를 대상으로 이산적 선택모형인 probit모형 추정 결과 PM10은 유의한 추정치를 보이지 않은 반면, PM2.5의 증가는 각종 호흡기질환의 증가를 가져오는 것으로 추정되었다. 이는 PM2.5가 정부의 대기정책에 있어 보다 바람직한 미세먼지 규제대상이 될 수 있음을 시사하는 것이다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제19권8호
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• pp.1013-1023
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to analyze the characteristics of spacio-temporal variation for $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ concentration in Busan. $PM_{10}$ concentration has been reduced for the past three year and exceeded $50\;{\mu}g/m^3$ of the national standard for $PM_{10}$. $PM_{2.5}$ concentration showed gradual decrease or stagnant trends and exceeded the U.S. EPA standard. Seasonal analysis of $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ suggested spring>winter>fall>summer(by Asian dust) and winter>spring>summerenlifall(by anthropogenic effect) in the order of high concentration, respectively. Characterization of diurnal variations suggests that $PM_{10}$ levels at all the three sites consistently exhibited a peak at 1000LST and $PM_{2.5}$ at Jangrimdong experienced the typical $PM_{2.5}$ diurnal trends such that a peak was observed in the morning and the lowest level at 1400LST. In the case of seasonal trends, the $PM_{2.5}/PM_{10}$ ratio was in the order of summer>winter>fall>spring at all the study sites, with a note that spring bears the lowest concentration. During AD events, $PM_{10}$ concentration exhibited the highest level at Jangrimdong and the lowest level at Joadong. And $PM_{2.5}/PM_{10}$ ratio in AD was 0.16~0.28.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.39-46
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• 2005

This study was performed to investigate the concentration of $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ in inside train and platform of subway 1, 2, 4 and 5 in Seoul, KOREA. $PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$, temperature, humidity and carbon dioxide were monitored using Portable Aerosol Spectrometer at afternoon (between 13:00 and 16:00). The concentrations of $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ in inside train were monitored to be higher than those measured in platform. In addition, $PM_{10}$ concentration in both platform and inside train were found to be greatly higher than range of from 35 ${\mu}g/m^3$ to 81${\mu}g/m^3$ in ambient air reported by Ministry of Environment. This study found that there were many inside train in subway 1, 2, 4 line where exceeded 150 ${\mu}g/m^3$ of Korean PM10 standard. The average percentage that exceeded PM10 standard was 83.3% in line 1, 37.9% in line 2 and 63.1% in line 4, respectively. In particular, most of inside train in subway line 1 were over PM10 limit. PM2.5 concentration ranged from 77.7 ${\mu}g/m^3$ to 158.2 ${\mu}g/m^3$, which were found to be greatly higher than ambient air PM2.5 standard promulgated by United States Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA) (24 hours arithmatic mean : 65 ${\mu}g/m^3$, year average : 15 ${\mu}g/m^3$). The percentage of $PM_{2.5}$ in $PM_{10}$ was 86.2% in platform, 81.7% in inside train, 80.2% in underground and 90.2% in ground. These results indicated that fine particles ($PM_{2.5}$) accounted for most of $PM_{10}$.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.48-54
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• 2007

본 연구는 MOSFET (Metal Oxide Semiconductors Fleid Effect Transistors) 선량계의 교정과 특성분석을 위해서, 자체 팬톰을 개발하고 이 팬톰을 적용하여 표준감도와 고감도 두 종류의 MOSFET선량계의 특성을 비교 평가하는 것이다. 본 연구에서 개발한 팬톰은 직경 10cm의 반구형 모양인 팬톰과 1cm 두께 $30{\times}30cm^2$의 평판형의 팬톰으로 아크릴로 제작되었다. 평판형 팬톰은 MOSFET 선량계의 교정과 선량재현성, 선량직선성, 선량률 의존성을 측정하는데 사용하였으며 반구형 팬톰은 빔 입사각도 및 선량계 방향에 대한 MOSFET 선량계 특성을 분석하기 위해서 사용하였다. 모든 측정과정은 선형가속기(CL21EX, Varian, USA)의 6 MV 광자선, SSD 100cm, 조사면 $10{\times}10 cm^2$에서 수행하였다 선량계 교정과 선량재현성 평가에 사용된 5개의 표준감도와 고감도 MOSFET 선량계에 각각 200 cGy로 5번 반복 조사하여 $1.09{\pm}0.01{\sim}1.12{\pm}0.02,\;2.81{\pm}0.03{\sim}2.85{\pm}0.04mV/cGy$. 범위의 평균 교정계수가 결정되었고 선론쌔현성은 두 선량계 모두 2%이내로 거의 동일하였다. $5{\sim}600\;cGy$ 범위에서의 선량직선성은 두 MOSFET 선량계 모두 결정계수 $R^2=0.997$, 0.999인 좋은 선량직선성을 나타내었다. 200 cGy로 $100{\sim}600\;MU/min$ 범위의 선량률 의존성도 1%이내로 두 선량계가 동일하게 나타났다. 그러나 빔 입사각도와 선량계 방향의 의존성 평가에서, 표준감도와 고감도 MOSFET선량계는 평균적으로 빔 입사각도에 대해 13%, 10%의 변동폭과 ${\pm}4.4%$와 ${\pm}2.1%$의 표준편차가 있었으며, 선량계 방향에 대해 5%, 2%의 변동폭, ${\pm}2.1%$와 ${\pm}1.5%$의 표준편차로 두 선량계 간 현저한 차이를 나타났다 그러므로 여러 방향의 치료빔을 사용하는 방사선 치료의 선량검증을 위해서는 빔 입사각도와 선량계 방향의 의존성이 적은 고감도 MOSFET 선량계를 사용하는 것이 표준감도 WOSFET 선량계를 사용하는 것보다는 더 정확한 선량검증을 수행할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.