• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.35-42
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• 2017

This research was conducted to investigate the influence of post-planting fertilizer concentrations on the growth of seedlings and changes of nutrient concentrations of media in tomato seedling production through sub-irrigation. Two root media such as peat moss (grade of 0 to 6 mm, PM06) plus perlite (grade of 1 to 2 mm (PE2)(7:3, v/v) and peat moss (grade of 5 to 15 mm, PM515) plus PE2 (7:3, v/v) were formulated and filled into 72-cell plug trays. After seeds of 'Dotaerang Dia' tomato were sown and germinated at $28^{\circ}C$, the trays were moved to greenhouse and seedlings were raised 35 days. When the cotyledons were emerged, post-planting fertilizers of 13-2-13, 15-0-15 and 20-9-20 ($N-P_2O_5-K_2O$) were applied in a sequence. The fertilizer concentrations based on N in each plug stage were differed with $25mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ in three treatments. The fertilizer solutions were supplied when the weight of plug trays decreased to 40 to 50% compared to container capacity. The root media were collected in 1, 2, 4, and 5 weeks after sowing and were divided into top, middle, and bottom parts, then were analysed for pH, EC and macro-nutrient concentrations. The seedling growth was investigated 5 weeks after sowing. The pH and EC in PM06+PE2 was higher than those of PM515+PE2. The bottom and mid-part had higher pH and lower EC compared to upper part in each medium. The differences of EC between upper and bottom parts were around 2 times in each medium. The $NH_4-N$ and K concentrations in program 3 of PM06+PE2 showed the highest concentrations among all treatments. The $NO_3-N$ concentrations in PM06+PE2 increased gradually and this rising tendency become severe as post-planting fertilizer concentrations were elevated. The seedling growth in terms of fresh and dry weights was the highest in the treatment of program 2 in PM06+PE2 among all treatments tested. Above results indicate that the gradual increases of fertilizer concentrations from 25 to $125mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ in plug stages 2, 3, and 4 plug stages are desirable for

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.509-515
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• 2017

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess the indoor levels of $PM_{10}$, VOCs and aldehydes in nail shop and hair salon. Methods: The field survey was conducted for 52 hair salons 52 nail shops, and 26 shop-in-shops in Seoul and Daegu city. The field technicians investigated characteristics of each shop including operating time, indoor volume, ventilation and so on. Indoor concentrations of $PM_{10}$, VOCs and aldehydes, indoor temperature and humidity were measured in 12 hair salons, 12 nail shops and 6 shop-in shops. MP Surveryor II (Graywolf, USA) was used to measure $CO_2$ concentration, temperature and humidity for 8 hours. $PM_{10}$ concentrations were measured by minivolume air sampler with Teflon quartz filter ($0.2{\mu}m$ pore size, ${\varphi}$ 47 mm, Graseby-Anderson TEF-DISKTM) for 6 hours. VOCs passive sampler (OVM 3500) was used to collect VOCs for 8 hours and analyzed by GC/MSD. Results: The $CO_2$ concentrations were $759.4{\pm}58.2$ ppm in nail shops, $731.0{\pm}72.5$ ppm in hair salons, and $656.4{\pm}31.2$ ppm in shop-in-shops. The $PM_{10}$ concentrations were $27.5{\pm}14.2{\mu}g/m^3$ in nail shops, $33.1{\pm}6.3{\mu}g/m^3$ in hair salons, and $39.0{\pm}26.9{\mu}g/m^3$ in shop-in-shops. TVOCs concentrations were $3085.4{\pm}1667.8{\mu}g/m^3$ in nail shops, $2131.1{\pm}617.3{\mu}g/m^3$ in hair salons, and $1550.3{\pm}529.0{\mu}g/m^3$ in shop-in-shops. TVOCs concentrations in nail shops were significantly higher than those in hair salons and shop-in-shops (p=0.002). Formaldehyde concentrations were $60.8{\pm}36.6{\mu}g/m^3$ in nail shops, $89.1{\pm}55.4{\mu}g/m^3$ in hair salons, and $45.1{\pm}22.5{\mu}g/m^3$ in shop-in-shops. Conclusion: TVOCs concentrations in nail shop were the highest among others. TVOC concentrations in all stores exceeded indoor air quality stand of indoor air quality control in public-use facilities, etc act.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.216-232
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• 2016

In present, the Seoul City is undergoing traffic congestion problems caused by rapid urbanization and population growth. Thus the City government has reorganized the mass transportation system since 2004 and the subway has become a very important means for public transit. Since the subway system is typically a closed environment, the indoor air quality issues have often raised by the public. Especially since a huge amount of PM (particulate matter) is emitted from ground tunnels passing through the subway train, it is now necessary to assess the characteristics and behaviors of fine PM inside the tunnel. In this study, the concentration patterns of $PM_1$, $PM_{2.5}$, and $PM_{10}$ in the Seoul subway line-2 were analyzed by real-time measurement during winter (Jan 13, 2015) and summer (Aug 7, 2015). The line-2 consisting of 51 stations is the most busy circular line in Seoul having the railway of 60.2 km length. The the one-day average $PM_{10}$ concentrations were $148{\mu}g/m^3$ in winter and $66.3{\mu}g/m^3$ in summer and $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations were $118{\mu}g/m^3$ and $58.5{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. The $PM_{2.5}/PM_{10}$ ratio in the underground tunnel was lower than the outdoor ratio and also the ratio in summer is higher than in winter. Further the study examined structural types of underground subsections to explain the patterns of elevated PM concentrations in the line-2. The subsections showing high PM concentration have longer track, shorter curvature radius, and farther from the outdoor stations. We also estimated the outdoor PM concentrations near each station by a spatial statistical analysis using the $PM_{10}$ data obtained from the 40 Seoul Monitoring Sites, and further we calculated $PM_{2.5}/PM_{10}$ and $PM_1/PM_{10}$ mass ratios near the outdoor subway stations by using our observed outdoor $PM_1$, $PM_{2.5}$, and $PM_{10}$ data. Finally, we could develop pollution maps for outdoor $PM_1$ and $PM_{2.5}$ near the line-2 by using the kriging method in spatial analysis. This methodology may help to utilize existing $PM_{10}$ database when managing and control fine particle problems in Korea.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.25 no.10
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• pp.1349-1368
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• 2016

Concentrations of fine particulate matter ($PM_{2.5}$) and several of its particle constituents measured outside homes in Houston, Texas, and Los Angeles, California, were characterized using multiple regression analysis with proximity to point and mobile sources and meteorological factors as the independent variables. $PM_{2.5}$ mass and the concentrations of organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), benzo-[a]-pyrene (BaP), perylene (Per), benzo-[g,h,i]-perylene (BghiP), and coronene (Cor) were examined. Negative associations of wind speed with concentrations demonstrated the effect of dilution by high wind speed. Atmospheric stability increase was associated with concentration increase. Petrochemical source proximity was included in the EC model in Houston. Area source proximity was not selected for any of the $PM_{2.5}$ constituents' regression models. When the median values of the meteorological factors were used and the proximity to sources varied, the air concentrations calculated using the models for the eleven $PM_{2.5}$ constituents outside the homes closest to influential highways were 1.5-15.8 fold higher than those outside homes furthest from the highway emission sources. When the median distance to the sources was used in the models, the concentrations of the $PM_{2.5}$ constituents varied 2 to 82 fold, as the meteorological conditions varied over the observed range. We found different relationships between the two urban areas, illustrating the unique nature of urban sources and suggesting that localized sources need to be evaluated carefully to understand their potential contributions to $PM_{2.5}$ mass and its particle constituents concentrations near residences, which influence baseline indoor air concentrations and personal exposures. The results of this study could assist in the appropriate design of monitoring networks for community-level sampling and help improve the accuracy of exposure models linking emission sources with estimated pollutant concentrations at the residential level.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.408-421
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• 2007

The concentration characteristics of atmospheric particle matters (PM) including $PM_{2.5},\;PM_{10}$, and TSP were evaluated through the measurement data of PM_{2.5}$ (fine particulate), PM_{10-2.5}$ (coarse particulate), and PM_{over-10}$ collected using a MCI (multi-nozzle cascade impactor) sampler of a three-stage filter pack in spring of 2006 in Iksan area. During the sampling period of 10-15 March and 24 days from 8 April to 2 May, 32 samples for PM of each size fractions were collected, and then measured for PM mass concentrations and water-soluble inorganic ion species. Average concentrations of $PM_{2.5},\;PM_{10}$, TSP were $57.9{\pm}44.1mg/m^3$, $96.6{\pm}89.1mg/m^3$, and $114.8{\pm}99.7mg/m^3$, respectively. Water-soluble inorganic ion fractions to PM mass were found to be 36.5%, 18.0%, and 11.1% for $PM_{2.5}$, $PM_{10-2.5}$ and $PM_{over-10}$, respectively. By showing the high concentrations of PM samples during Asian dust events, those three fractions of PM were distinguished between the samples of Asian dust event and the samples of no event. However, the increase of PM concentrations observed during Asian dust events showed a different pattern for some Asian dust events. The differences of those three fractions in the size distribution may depend on differences on place of occurrence of Asian dust storm and course of transport from China continent to Iksan area in Korea. However, the extent of PM mass contribution during Asian dust events was generally dominated by the coarse particles rather than the fine fraction of PM. The variations of water-soluble inorganic ion species concentration in those three PM fractions between the samples of Asian dust event and the samples of no event were also discussed in this study.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.568-579
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• 2019

The present study aims to identify the effect of land cover categories on particulate matter (PM) concentrations by analyzing the correlation between monthly PM concentrations in Seoul's air quality monitoring network and the percentages of land cover categories by buffers around air quality monitoring stations. According to a monthly correlation analysis between land cover categories and PM concentrations, in the buffer 3km, PM₁₀ showed a better correlation than PM_2.5, there was a clear negative correlation with the forest area, the grassland and the urbanized area had some positive correlation with PM₁₀, and the barren land and the urbanized area had some positive correlation with PM_2.5. According to a monthly correlation analysis of dominant land cover sub-categories and sub-sub-categories within the buffer 3km, PM₁₀ showed a clear negative correlation with the broad-leaved forest, and some positive correlation with the road was dominant. PM_2.5 showed partly negative correlation with the broad-leaved forest and partly positive correlation with the commercial area. There was a very low or no correlation with other grassland and bare land subcategories. A monthly stepwise regression analysis on noticeable land cover sub-categories and sub-sub-categories with positive or negative correlations revealed that an increasing percentage of the broad-leaved forest had a clear effect on reducing PM₁₀ concentrations, and the road was excluded from the selected variables. Although an increasing percentage of the commercial area had some effect on increasing monthly PM_2.5 concentrations and an increasing percentage of the broad-leaved forest had an effect on decreasing the PM_2.5 concentrations, their effect size was smaller than that on PM₁₀. The forest area around the city center had the largest and clearest effect on reducing PM concentrations. The urbanized area's sub-categories and sub-sub-categories were also confirmed to have some effect on increasing PM concentrations.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.31 no.5 s.86
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• pp.379-386
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• 2005

[ $PM_{10},\;PM_{2.5},\;CO_2\;and\;CO$ ] in driver cabins of subway line from 5 to 8 were monitored from 07:00 through 21:00 (or 19:30 or 20:00) on May. Driver cabin of subway line 7 showed the highest $PM_{10},\;PM_{2.5},\;CO_2\;and\;CO$ concentrations. General Linear Model indicated that subway line, subway location (ground and underground track) and running time (morning and afternoon) significantly influenced the concentrations of $PM_{10},\;PM_{2.5},\;CO_2\;and\;CO$ (p=0.000). Daily profile of $PM_{10},\;PM_{2.5},\;CO_2\;and\;CO$, expressed as an 30 minutes average, showed similar variation pattern over day period. These concentrations showed the highest concentrations between 07:00 and 09:00 of rush hour, slightly dropped and again rose slightly after 18:00. In correlation analysis, significant relations among $PM_{10},\;PM_{2.5},\;CO_2\;and\;CO$ were detected (p<0.01). In particular, correlation coefficient between $PM_{10}\;and\;PM_{2.5}$ was highly significant (r=0.884). Regression analysis also concluded that $PM_{10}$ concentration significantly explained 71.4% of variation of $PM_{2.5}$ concentration (p=0.000, $R^2=0.714$). Correlations by CO with $PM_{10}\;and\;PM_{2.5}$ were 0.451 and 0.520, which were higher than those by $CO_2$. Further study is needed to examine the sources of $PM_{2.5}$ and CO in subway and to compare pollutants concentration among subway lines.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.29-43
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• 2011

The seasonal characteristics of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) were evaluated through the measurement of $PM_{10}$ (particles with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 10 ${\mu}m$) and $PM_{2.5}$ (particles with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 ${\mu}m$) collected in the downtown area of Iksan city over roughly two weeks in each season of 2004. During the sampling period, 54 samples of $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ were collected and then measured for mass concentrations of PM and its water-soluble inorganic ion species. The concentrations of $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ were highly variable on a daily time scale in all seasons, especially in fall. Annual concentrations of $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ were $54.7{\pm}21.6\;{\mu}g/m^3$ and $34.0{\pm}13.4\;{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. The daily concentrations of the analyzed ions similarly showed a pronounced variation, although a difference between seasons existed. Among them, $SO_4^{2-}$, $NO_3^-$ and $NH_4^+$ were the most abundant ions in all seasons, contributing up to 32% of $PM_{10}$ and 39% of $PM_{2.5}$. The contribution of $SO_4^{2-}$ and $NO_3^-$ showed a seasonal variation, as $SO_4^{2-}$ was the highest during spring and summer and $NO_3^-$ was the highest during fall and winter. Non-seasalt $SO_4^{2-}$ and $NO_3^-$ were found to exist mainly as neutralized chemical components of $(NH_4)_2SO_4$ and $NH_4NO_3$ due to the high concentration of $NH_4^+$ in PM samples, which were a major form of airborne PM in all seasons. Seasonal characteristics of $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ in Iksan were described in relation to the temporal variations of daily concentration of PM and its inorganic ion species including inter-particle reactions.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.20-28
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• 2014

The three air quality monitoring sites, analysed simultaneously PM-10 and PM-2.5, ie. Ihyeondong in industrial area, Manchondong in residential area, Pyeongnidong in streetside, among 13 air quality monitoring sites in Daegu area, were investigated the concentration distribution characteristics of PM-2.5 and PM-10 in the last 2 years (2011~2012). PM-10 concentrations exceeded annual average reference value ($50{\mu}g/m^3$) in Ihyeondong ($52.5{\mu}g/m^3$) and Pyeongnidong ($60.9{\mu}g/m^3$) but satisfied in Manchondong ($44.9{\mu}g/m^3$). All PM-2.5 concentrations exceeded EPA annual standard value of the United States ($15{\mu}g/m^3$) in three points, but also exceeded new control annual standard value ($25{\mu}g/m^3$) coming into effect in 2015. Seasonal concentration of PM-10 appeared the order of spring > winter > fall > summer, and in the case of PM-2.5, the order was winter > spring > fall > summer. Monthly concentrations of PM-10 and PM-2.5 were highest in February and lowest in September. Diurnal concentrations of PM-10 and PM-2.5 increased from 7:00 AM, and recorded the highest concentration between 10:00 AM and 11:00 AM. And after 6:00 PM it lowered continuously and tended to show fixed concentrations from evening until early morning. In addition, the concentration of fine particles during the week was higher than the weekend. The fluctuation in industrial area was larger than the residential area. At the PM-2.5/PM-10 ratio, summer was generally high, spring was the lowest. And, when yellow sand occurred, it was 0.32 to 0.42. It was very low compared to 0.54 to 0.64 during non-yellow sand times. This paper for the state and the characteristics of Daegu' fine particles (PM-10, PM-2.5) will be valuable to future researches of fine particles and air pollution management.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.119-125
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• 1999

The concentration of serum proteins, lipoproteins, leukocytes and lymphocytes in bursectomy and thymectomy Ogol chickens were examined from 5 days to 150 days of age. Concentration of serum proteins and lipoproteins were measured by cellulose acetate electrophoresis. The results summarized as follows : 1. The gamma-globulin concentrations in growing Korean native chickens and Ogol chickens were increased 0.41$\pm$0.01~0.85$\pm$0.05 mg/㎗ and 0.50$\pm$0.01~0.98$\pm$0.08 mg/㎗ from 1 day after to 5 days of age and gradually decreased at 10 days of age, and thereafter increased 0.82$\pm$0.06 mg/㎗, 1.09$\pm$0.04 mg/㎗ at 100 days of age. 2. The serum apha-, beta-, gamma-lipoprotein concentrations of growing Ogol chickens were 74.1$\pm$6.8~240.2$\pm$9.7 mg/㎗, 89.7 5.7~225.8$\pm$11.3 mg/㎗ and 87.6$\pm$4.7-220.3$\pm$10 mg/㎗, respectively. The serum -lipoprotein concentrations from 5 days to 150 days of age Ogol chickens were significantly decreased. 3. The leukocyte and lymphocyte counts in bursectomy and thymectomy Ogol chickens slightly increased from 10 to 100 days of age. However the leukocyte and lymphocyte counts in thymectomy chickens were lower than in untreated chickens. 4. The Ig concentrations of 1 day to 50 days(0.30$\pm$0.03~0.58$\pm$0.04 g/㎗) in bursectomy chickens were similar to those found in untreated chickens and thereafer increased from 50 to 150 days of age(0.58$\pm$0.04~1.21$\pm$0.05 g/㎗). The Ig concentrations in thymectomy chickens increased significantly.