• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.171-187
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• 2023

Objectives: Aircraft cabin cleaning work is characterized by being performed within a limited time in a narrow and enclosed space. The objective of this study was to evaluate the exposure levels to dust, ultra fine dust(PM2.5) and black carbon(BC) among aircraft cabin cleaners. Methods: Active personal air sampling for respirable dust(n=73) and BC(n=47) was conducted during quick transit cleaning(cabin general and vacuum-specific) and seat cover replacement and total dust and PM2.5 were area-air-sampled as well. Also, size distribution of particle was identified with the cleaning workers targeted. Dusts were collected with PVC filters using gravimetric analysis. The concentration of PM2.5 and the particle size distribution were measured with real-time direct reading portable equipment using light scattering analysis. The concentration of BC was measured by aethalometer(filter-based real-time light absorption analysis instrument). Results: The geometric mean of respirable dust was the highest at vacuum cleaning as 74.4 ㎍/m³, following by replacing seat covers as 49.3 ㎍/m³ and cabin general cleaning as 47.8 ㎍/m³ . The arithmetic mean of PM2.5 was 4.83 ~ 9.89 ㎍/m³ inside the cabin, and 28.5~44.5 ㎍/m³ outside the cabin(from bus and outdoor waiting space). From size distribution, PM_2.5/PM₁₀ ratio was 0.54 at quick transit cleaning and 0.41 at replacing seat covers. The average concentration of BC was 2~7 ㎍/m³, showing a high correlation with the PM2.5 concentration. Conclusions: The hazards concentration levels of aircraft cabin cleaners were very similar to those of roadside outdoor workers. As the main source of pollution is estimated to be diesel vehicles operating at airports, and it is necessary to replace older vehicles, strengthen pollutant emission control regulations, and introduce electric vehicles. In addition, it is necessary to provide as part of airport-inftastructure a stable standby waiting space for aircraft cabin cleaners and introduce a systematic safety and health management system for all workers in the aviation industry.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.33-36
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• 2017

China is suffering from severe air pollution especially fine $PM_{2.5}$ pollution. In 2015, the annual average $PM_{2.5}$ concentration of the 338 municipal cities was $50{\mu}g/m^3$, 78% cities at or above the prefectural level failed to comply with the $PM_{2.5}$ concentration standards. The $13^{th}$ Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development set the goal that the annual average concentration of $PM_{2.5}$ in the municipal cities which failed to attain the ambient air quality standards shall be decreased by 18% by 2020 (CCCPC, 2016). In this study, an air pollution control scenario during the $13^{th}$ Five-Year Plan period was proposed and the $SO_2$, $NO_x$ and PM emission reductions in response to different measures in 31 provincial-level regions mainland China by 2020 were estimated. The air quality in the target year (2020) was simulated using the WRF-CMAQ model. The results showed that by 2020, the emissions of $SO_2$, $NO_x$ and primary PM in mainland China will be reduced by 4.19 million tons, 3.94 million tons and 4.41 million tons, a drop of 23%, 21% and 25% respectively compared with that in 2015, and the annual average concentration of $PM_{2.5}$ will decrease by 19%. Coal-fired power plant contributes the most pollutant emission reduction.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.31 no.5 s.86
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• pp.379-386
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• 2005

[ $PM_{10},\;PM_{2.5},\;CO_2\;and\;CO$ ] in driver cabins of subway line from 5 to 8 were monitored from 07:00 through 21:00 (or 19:30 or 20:00) on May. Driver cabin of subway line 7 showed the highest $PM_{10},\;PM_{2.5},\;CO_2\;and\;CO$ concentrations. General Linear Model indicated that subway line, subway location (ground and underground track) and running time (morning and afternoon) significantly influenced the concentrations of $PM_{10},\;PM_{2.5},\;CO_2\;and\;CO$ (p=0.000). Daily profile of $PM_{10},\;PM_{2.5},\;CO_2\;and\;CO$, expressed as an 30 minutes average, showed similar variation pattern over day period. These concentrations showed the highest concentrations between 07:00 and 09:00 of rush hour, slightly dropped and again rose slightly after 18:00. In correlation analysis, significant relations among $PM_{10},\;PM_{2.5},\;CO_2\;and\;CO$ were detected (p<0.01). In particular, correlation coefficient between $PM_{10}\;and\;PM_{2.5}$ was highly significant (r=0.884). Regression analysis also concluded that $PM_{10}$ concentration significantly explained 71.4% of variation of $PM_{2.5}$ concentration (p=0.000, $R^2=0.714$). Correlations by CO with $PM_{10}\;and\;PM_{2.5}$ were 0.451 and 0.520, which were higher than those by $CO_2$. Further study is needed to examine the sources of $PM_{2.5}$ and CO in subway and to compare pollutants concentration among subway lines.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.315-321
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• 2009

Under-fired charbroiling cooking processes are known as important contributors of particulate matter (PM). In this study, we characterized the emission of particulate matters from under-fired charbroiling cooking processes using the hood method. Accumulated mass concentration of $PM_{10}$ was 92.2~99.5% and particle size of 2.0~2.5 ${\mu}m$ was highest. The concentration of PM increased very sharply at the beginning of charbroiling meats and then gradually decreased as the charbroiling continued. PM concentration also increased very sharply when gravy from meat spilled onto the frame of fire. However, mass concentration during charbroiling using only charcoals was very low compared to that of meats. We estimated the emission factors of charcoal, pork belly and pork shoulder respectively; 0.01~0.02 g/kg, 5.02~6.26 g/kg, 2.86~4.15 g/kg of $PM_{2.5}$, 0.01~0.03 g/kg, 7.44~7.91 g/kg, 4.54~5.56 g/kg of $PM_{10}$, and 0.02~0.05 g/kg, 7.59~7.95 g/kg, 4.93~5.68 g/kg of TSP. The emission factors of charcoal were negligible and the emission factors of pork belly were higher than that of pork shoulder. Emission rates of particulate matters from under-fired charbroiling cooking process were estimated as 578,009~1,265,152 kg/yr of $PM_{2.5}$, 917,539~1,598,619 kg/yr of $PM_{10}$ and 996.358~1,606,703 kg/yr of TSP. But emission factors should be verified with an in-stack cascade impactor because the reported method involves some assumptions.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.346-354
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• 2014

Objectives: Although a number of epidemiologic studies have examined the association between air pollution and mortality, data limitations have resulted in fewer studies of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of ${\leq}2.5{\mu}m$ ($PM_{2.5}$). We conducted a time-series study of the acute effects of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of ${\leq}10{\mu}m$($PM_{10}$) and $PM_{2.5}$ on the increased risk of death for all causes and cardiovascular mortality in Seoul, Korea from 2006 to 2010. Methods: We applied the generalized additive model (GAM) with penalized splines, adjusting for time, day of week, holiday, temperature, and relative humidity in order to investigate the association between risk of mortality and particulate matter. Results: We found that $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ were associated with an increased risk of mortality for all causes and of cardiovascular mortality in Seoul. A $10{\mu}g/m^3$ increase in the concentration of $PM_{10}$ corresponded to 0.44% (95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 0.25-0.63%), and 0.95% (95% CI: 0.16-1.73%) increase of all causes and of cardiovascular mortality. A $10{\mu}g/m^3$ increase in the concentration of $PM_{2.5}$ corresponded to 0.76% (95% CI: 0.40-1.12%), and 1.63% (95% CI: 0.89-2.37%) increase of all causes and cardiovascular mortality. Conclusion: We conclude that $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ have an adverse effect on population health and that this strengthens the rationale for further limiting levels of $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ in Seoul.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.39-46
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• 2005

This study was performed to investigate the concentration of $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ in inside train and platform of subway 1, 2, 4 and 5 in Seoul, KOREA. $PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$, temperature, humidity and carbon dioxide were monitored using Portable Aerosol Spectrometer at afternoon (between 13:00 and 16:00). The concentrations of $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ in inside train were monitored to be higher than those measured in platform. In addition, $PM_{10}$ concentration in both platform and inside train were found to be greatly higher than range of from 35 ${\mu}g/m^3$ to 81${\mu}g/m^3$ in ambient air reported by Ministry of Environment. This study found that there were many inside train in subway 1, 2, 4 line where exceeded 150 ${\mu}g/m^3$ of Korean PM10 standard. The average percentage that exceeded PM10 standard was 83.3% in line 1, 37.9% in line 2 and 63.1% in line 4, respectively. In particular, most of inside train in subway line 1 were over PM10 limit. PM2.5 concentration ranged from 77.7 ${\mu}g/m^3$ to 158.2 ${\mu}g/m^3$, which were found to be greatly higher than ambient air PM2.5 standard promulgated by United States Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA) (24 hours arithmatic mean : 65 ${\mu}g/m^3$, year average : 15 ${\mu}g/m^3$). The percentage of $PM_{2.5}$ in $PM_{10}$ was 86.2% in platform, 81.7% in inside train, 80.2% in underground and 90.2% in ground. These results indicated that fine particles ($PM_{2.5}$) accounted for most of $PM_{10}$.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.23 no.12
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• pp.1963-1970
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• 2014

Ambient particulate matters($PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$) were investigated at GNTECH university in Jinju city. Samples were collected using a dichotomous sampler(series 240, Andersen Corp.) and a TEOM(Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance) monitor period from November 2012 to October 2013. For the dichotomous sampler measurements, daily 24-h integrated $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{10-2.5}$ ambient air samples were collected at a total flow rate of 16.7 L /min. For the TEOM monitor measurements, daily 1-h integrated $PM_{10}$ ambient air samples were collected at a flow rate of 16.7 L /min. The annual average concentrations of $PM_{10-2.5}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ by a dichotomous sampler were $10.0{\pm}6.1{\mu}g/m^3$ and $22.6{\pm}9.3{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. And $PM_{10}$ concentration by dichotomous sampler were similar to TEOM monitor by $32.7{\pm}12.9{\mu}g/m^3$ and $31.7{\pm}11.3{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. And good correlation ($R^2=0.964$) between the two methods was observed. The annual average of $PM_{2.5}/PM_{10}$ ratio was $0.70{\pm}0.12$.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.651-658
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• 2018

Particulate matter (PM) emitted from fossil fuel-combustion facilities can be classified as either filterable or condensable PM. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defined condensable PM as material that is in the phase of vapor at the stack temperature of the sampling location which condenses, reacts upon cooling and dilution in the ambient air to form solid or liquid in a few second after the discharge from the stack. Condensable PM passed through the filter media and it is typically ignored. But condensable PM was defined as a component of primary PM. This study investigates the change of condensable PM according to the variation in the sulfur dioxide of combustion gas. Domestic oil boilers were used as the source of emission ($SO_2$) and the level of $SO_2$ concentration (0, 50, 80, and 120 ppm) was adjusted by diluting general light oil and marine gas oil (MGO) that contains sulfur less than 0.5%. Condensable PM was measured as 2.72, 6.10, 8.38, and $13.34mg/m^3$ when $SO_2$ concentration in combustion gas were 0, 50, 80, and 120 ppm respectively. The condensable PM tended to increase as the concentration of $SO_2$ increased. Some of the gaseous air pollutants emitted from the stack should be considered precursors of condensable PM. The gas phase pollutants which converted into condensable PM should reduced for condensable PM control.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.39-50
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• 2021

This research aims to provide guidelines with the appropriate type of smart bus stop to reduce the concentration of fine dust. To this end, we divided smart bus stops into two types: closed and open bus stops. The estimated reduction effect was compared and analysed by measuring the estimated PM₁₀ and the estimated PM_2.5 at five locations inside and outside a smart bus stop located in Gangnam gu, Seoul. The effect of reducing the amount of the fine dust concentration in external space was insignificant for both types of bus stops. The different effect of reducing the concentration of the amount between in internal space was relatively significant: the fine dust concentration was 26.0 ㎍/m³ for PM₁₀ and 20.2 ㎍/m³ for PM_2.5 at open-type bus stops; whilst was 2.4 ㎍/m³ for PM₁₀ and 1.8 ㎍/m³ for PM_2.5 at closed type bus stops. Based on the findings, a closed type bus stop is recommended when considering the cost of reducing fine dust. In addition, due to the ineffectiveness of reducing the amount of fine dust from the outside of the bus stop, additional provision of smart bus stops is required particularly in locations where demand exceeds the capacity of the inside. A clear definition of smart bus stop and it's minimum standard should also be considered.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.114-124
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• 2022

The Saemangeum has a dry surface characteristic with a low moisture content ratio due to the saline and silt soil, so the vegetation cover is low compared to other areas. In areas with low vegetation cover, wind erosion has a high probability of scattering dust. If the vegetation cover is increased by cultivating crops that can withstand the Saemangeum reclaimed environment, scattering dust can be reduced by reducing the flow rate at the bottom. Thus, the purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of suppressing the generation of fine dust and scattering dust by cultivating winter forage crops on the Saemangeum reclaimed land. While growing 0.5 ha of barley and 0.5 ha of triticale in Saemangeum reclaimed land, the concentration of fine dust was monitored according to agricultural work and growth stage. Changes in the concentrations of PM-10, PM-2.5, and PM-1.0 were monitored on the leeward, the windward and centering on the crop field. As a result of monitoring, PM-1.0 had little effect on crop cultivation. the concentration of PM-10 and PM-2.5 increased according to tillage and harvesting, and tillage had a higher increasing the concentration of PM-10 and PM-2.5 than that of harvesting. According to the growth stage of crops, the effect of suppressing scattering dust was shown, and the effect of suppressing scattering dust was higher in the heading stage than in the seedling stage. So, it was found that there was an effect of suppressing scattering dust other than the effect of land covering. Through this study, it was possible to know about the generation and suppression effect of scattering dust according to crop cultivation.