• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.300-310
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• 2008

In order to further determine the mass concentration and ion composition of size-segregated particulate matter (PM) during the non-Asian dust storm of spring, $PM_{2.5}$ (fine particle), $PM_{10-2.5}$ (coarse particle), and $PM_{over-10}$ (PM with an aerodynamic diameter larger than $10{\mu}m$) were collected using a MCI (multi-nozzle cascade impactor) sampler of a three-stage filter pack in the spring season of 2007 in the Iksan area. During the sampling period from 5 April to 21 April, a total of 34 samples for size-segregated PM were collected, and then measured for PM mass concentrations by gravimetric measurements and for water-soluble inorganic ion species by using ion chromatography. Average mass concentrations of $PM_{2.5}$, $PM_{10-2.5}$, $PM_{over-10}$ were $35.4{\pm}11.5{\mu}g/m^3$, $13.3{\pm}5.5{\mu}g/m^3$ and $9.5{\pm}4.7{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. On average, $PM_{2.5}$ accounted for 74% of $PM_{10}$. Compared with the literature from other areas in Korea, the measured concentration of $PM_{2.5}$ were relatively high. Water-soluble inorganic ion fractions in $PM_{2.5}$, $PM_{10-2.5}$, and $PM_{over-10}$ were found to be 47.8%, 28.5%, and 14.7%, respectively. Among the water-soluble inorganic ion species, $SO_4^{2-}$, $NO_3^-$ and $NH_4^+$ were the main components in $PM_{2.5}$, while $NO_3^-$ dominantly existed in both $PM_{10-2.5}$ and $PM_{over-10}$. Non-seasalt $SO_4^{2-}$ (nss-$SO_4^{2-}$ and $NO_3^-$ were found to mainly exist as the neutralized chemical components of $(NH_4)_2SO_4$ and $NH_4NO_3$ in fine particles.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제36권6_3호
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• pp.1681-1690
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• 2020

532와 1064 nm 두 파장 관측 채널을 구비하고 수평으로 360° 스캐닝 관측이 가능한 스캐닝 라이다 시스템을 개발하였다. 또한, 두 파장에서의 후방산란계수를 이용하여 미세먼지를 PM2.5-10(조대)와 PM2.5(미세)입자로 구분하는 분석도 개발하여 스캐닝 라이다 시스템의 데이터 분석에 적용하였다. 개발된 스캐닝 라이다를 이용한 울산 온산공단에서 관측에서 각각 22 - 110 ㎍/㎥과 7 - 78 ㎍/㎥의 분포를 보이는 PM10과 PM2.5의 질량 농도를 성공적으로 산출하였다. 분석된 결과는 라이다 관측 영역 주변에서 지상에서 측정된 질량농도와 유사한 값을 보였으며, 공장 등에서 배출되는 지점에서는 이 각각 80-110 ㎍/㎥과 60-78 ㎍/㎥의 고농도가 측정되는 사례를 확인하였다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.329-341
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to study the $PM_{2.5}$ source characteristics affecting the Seoul area using a chemical mass balance (CMB) receptor model. This study was also to evaluate the $PM_{2.5}$ source profiles, which were directly measured and developed. Asian Dust Storm usually occurred in the spring, and very high $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations were observed in the fall among the sampling periods. So the ambient data collected in the spring and fall were evaluated. The CMB model results as well as the $PM_{2.5}$ source profiles were validated using the diagnostic categories, such as: source contribution estimate, t-statistic, R-square, Chi-square, and percent of total mass explained. In the spring months, the magnitude of $PM_{2.5}$ mass contributors was in the following order: Chinese aerosol $(31.7\%)>$ secondary aerosols ($22.3\%$: ammonium sulfate $13.4\%$ and ammonium nitrate $8.9\%)>$ vehicles ($16.1\%$: gasoline vehicle $1.4\%$ and diesel vehicles $14.7\%)>$biomass burning $(15.5\%)>$ geological material $(10.5\%)$. In the fall months, the general trend of the $PM_{2.5}$ mass contributors was the following: biomass burning $(31.1\%)>$ vehicles ($26.9\%$: gasoline vehicle $5.1\%$ and diesel vehicles $21.8\%)>$ secondary aerosols ($23.0\%$: ammonium sulfate $9.1\%$ and ammonium nitrate $13.9\%)>$ Chinese aerosol $(10.7\%)$. The results show that the $PM_{2.5}$ mass in the Seoul area was mainly affected by the Chinese area.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.298-304
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• 2010

In order to calculate the aerosol bulk densities of $PM_{1.0}$ and $PM_{10}$, aerosol mass and number concentrations were measured for the period of December 2008~April 2009. $PM_{1.0}$ and $PM_{10}$ mass concentrations were measured using a cascade impactor (Micro-Orifice Uniform Deposit Impactor, MOUDI) while their volume concentrations were calculated based on number concentrations from an environmental dust monitor (EDM). Normal aerosol size distribution fitting functions were retrieved for number size distribution since aerosols < $2.5{\mu}m$ were measured from the EDM. Strong correlation was found between $PM_{1.0}$ mass and volume concentrations obtained with a $R^2$ of 0.95. The calculated average bulk densities of $PM_{1.0}$ and $PM_{10}$ were $1.97{\pm}0.33g/cm^3$ and $2.15{\pm}0.18g/cm^3$, respectively.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제37권7호
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• pp.434-447
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• 2016

2011-2015년 동안 한국 중부 태안과 청주 강내의 배경 관측지점에서 측정한 PM10, PM2.5 질량 농도를 분석하였다. 황사 사례를 제외한 PM10 질량 농도의 계절변동에서 겨울-봄 동안 높은 농도는 서풍 기류에 의한 영향이 반영되고 있으며, 여름에는 북태평양 기단과 잦은 강수로 낮은 수준을 보이고 있었다. 따라서, 일평균 PM10 질량 농도 $81{\mu}gm^{-3}$ (미세먼지 예보 '약간 나쁨' 이상) 이상의 사례도 겨울-봄 동안에 발생이 많으며, 특히 중국 동부 배출원에 가까운 태안에서 더 많은 사례가 발생하고 있었다. 인위적으로 발생한 연무는 입경 $2.5{\mu}m$ 미만 입자의 구성 비율이 높다. 천리안 위성의 밝기온도차 분석에서 대기와 입자가 작은 연무는 $-0.5^{\circ}K$ 이상에서 관측된다. 2011-2015년 동안 태안과 청주 강내에서 관측한 연무 사례일의 PM10 질량 농도와 NOAA 19 위성 밝기온도차를 분석하였다. PM10 질량 농도는 $200{\mu}g\;m^{-3}$ 보다 낮지만, PM2.5/PM10 질량 농도비는 0.4보다 높고 밝기온도차는 $-0.3-0.5^{\circ}K$ 범위에 분포하고 있었다. 그러나, PM10 질량 농도 $190{\mu}g\;m^{-3}$ 이상인 황사 사례의 밝기온도차는 PM2.5/PM10 질량 농도비가 0.4보다 낮고, 밝기온도차는 $-0.7^{\circ}K$ 이하의 범위에 분포하고 있었다. 이러한 연무의 밝기온도차 경계값 범위를 적용한 결과는 MODIS AOD, OMI AI의 에어로졸 분포 범위와 일치하였다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.209-217
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• 2011

Objectives: In this study, the size distribution of airborne particulates ($PM_{10}$) was measured by using Cascade Impactors. The purpose of this study was to assess the size distribution of metal and ionic materials of $PM_{10}$. Methods: Samples were collected in the Kunsan industrial complex from April 2006 to January 2007. Results: The mass fraction of $PM_{10}$ had a bimodal distribution between 2.1-3.1 ${\mu}M$, and the average mass fraction of particles less than 2.1-3.1 ${\mu}M$ was 47%. Average concentrations of PM10 were 68.05 ${\mu}g/m^3$ and seasonal concentration 95.44 ${\mu}g/m^3$ for spring, 49.03 ${\mu}g/m^3$ for summer, 81.99 ${\mu}g/m^3$ for fall, 52.66 ${\mu}g/m^3$ for winter, respectively. Conclusions: Seasonal variations of $PM_{10}$ were significant for showing peak values in spring. The average concentrations of Cd, Cr, Pb, and Fe were 1.54, 4.51, 14.11, and 254.3 $ng/m^3$, respectively. The ratios of fine particles to total mass were 0.47 for $PM_{10}$, 0.45 for Cr, and 0.16 for Fe, 0.91 for Cd and 0.49 for Pb, respectively.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.131-140
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• 2005

To investigate secondary carbonaceous species within PM$_{10}$ and PM$_{2.5}$ in Seoul urban Metropolitan Area (SMA), Korea. atmospheric particulate matters samples were collected at two sites of SMA at UOS (The University Of Seoul station) sites and IHU (InHa University of Incheon station) during the period of 4 to 14 January and 12 to 22 May, 11 to 15 August 2004, and their characteristics were qualitatively discussed. during January and May and August of 2004. Daily average mass concentration 0.095 mg/㎥ in PM$_{10}$ and 0.053 mg/㎥ in PM$_{2.5}$ for mass respectively. were observed in SMA. The concentrations of carbonaceous species contributed 18.4% and 16.4% of PM$_{2.5}$ and PM$_{10}$ during the sampling period, respectively, of which OC accounted for 68% and 52% more of the total carbon (TC). OC and EC concentrations and their mass percentages were higher in PM$_{2.5}$ than in PM$_{10}$ which could be attributed to generation process. Organic aerosols would constitute up to 38% of PM$_{2.5}$ based on the evaluation of 1.6 for the ratio of OC to organic particulate. Secondary organic carbon (SOC) were estimated to be more than 13% and up to 68% of total OC based on the minimum OC/EC ratio of 1.06/1.11 using least square method. Comparisons of OC and EC with trace elements. As results of carbonaceous species analysis, the dominant factor in view of fine particle (PM$_{10}$/PM$_{2.5}$) is primary emission source such as mobile, fossil fuel combustion etc. during winter time in SMA. But in summer periods, remarkable fine particle increasing factor was secondary organic carbon dependent to photochemical reaction. reaction.n. reaction.

• 한국입자에어로졸학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.49-57
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• 2011

서울의 대기오염, 특히 고농도 대기오염 사례는 시민 건강에 매우 부정적일뿐만 아니라, 일반 시민들이 서울시에 대해 느끼는 체감오염도에도 중요한 변수이다. 따라서 이러한 고농도 대기오염 사례의 원인을 규명하는 것은 과학적으로 중요할 뿐만 아니라 사회적으로도 중요한 문제이다. 2005년 7월 22일부터 31일 사이에 고농도 대기오염 사례가 관측되었다. 이 대기오염 사례에 대해 측정소 간의 시계열분석, 에어로졸 성분 분석, 궤적 분석 등의 종합적인 해석을 통해, 대기오염 사례가 국지적인 것이었는지, 외부 영향에 의한 것인지 규명 하였다. 측정 결과를 바탕으로 이 사례를 7월 22~27일(기간 1)과 28~31일(기간 2)의 두 기간으로 구분하였다. 우리나라의 도시대기측정소의 PM10 농도 추이를 분석한 결과, 기간 1에는 춘천의 PM10 농도와 3시간 후에 서울의 PM10 농도가 상관관계가 높았으며, 기간 2에는 중부 지방 전체의 PM10 농도 사이에 상관관계가 높았다. 기간 1에는 풍속이 점차 강해져서 오염물질이 희석되는 경향을 보였으며, 기간 2에는 풍속이 점차 약해져 정체성 특성을 보여 고농도가 계속 유지되었다. 관측한 PM2.5 이온 조성은 기간 1보다는 기간 2에 높았으며, 두 기간 모두, 서울의 평균 농도보다는 매우 높았다. 궤적분석 결과 기간 1에는 시계열 분석 결과와 일치하게, 공기덩어리가 중국에서 북한과 강원도를 거쳐 서울로 이동하였고, 기간 2에는 중국에서 직접 서울로 이동하였다. 현재는 북한의 대기오염물질 배출 정도나 대기오염도에 대한 자료가 부족하여 보다 상세한 분석이 힘들다. 그러나 북한의 영향이 상당할 것으로 보이므로 이에 대한 연구가 필요하다 (Kim et al., 2011). 이 연구 결과는 2005년 7월 하순에 서울에서 발생한 대기오염 에피소드는 외부 영향, 특히 중국 영향에 의한 것임을 보여준다. 그러나 같은 외부 영향이라도 공기의 이동 경로와 풍속에 따라 오염 특성이 달라지는 것을 확인하였다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.108-115
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• 2000

The mass fraction of PM10 had a bimodal distribution in the middle of between 2.1 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$, and the average mass fraction of particles less than 2.1~3.1 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ was 54.1% for Pb and 890.8 ng/㎥ for Fe, respectively. For the concentration of PM10 and metallic elements by seasonal variation, PM10 showed bimodal distribution, while metallic elements showed different distributions by their sources. The ratios of fine particles to total mass were 0.45 for PM10, 0.41 for Cr, and 0.20 for Fe, 0.57 for Zn, 0.68 for Cd and 0.63 for Pb, respectively. That facts indicated that PM10, Zn, Cd, Cr and Pb were from anthropogenic sources, and Fe was from natural source. The geometric means and geometric standard deviations by seasonal variations were 3.6 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ , 2.31 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ in winter, 3.0 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ , 2.49 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ in spring, 2.7 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ , 2.03 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ in summer respectively. And, total efficiency of cascade impactor by seasonal variations were 49.6% in winter, 45.9% in spring and 44.5% in summer.

• Mass Spectrometry Letters
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.73-76
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• 2018

The number of matched peaks (NMP) is estimated as the spectral similarity measure in tandem mass spectral library searches of small molecules. In the high resolution mode, NMP provides the same reliable identification as in the case of a common dot-product function. Corresponding true positive rates are ($94{\pm}3$) % and ($96{\pm}3$) %, respectively.