• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.154-165
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• 1991

To establish the hematological reference values in the healthy adults visited our hospitals, following examination were done on 2823 persons by Coulter Counter Model S-plus II ; white blood cell count: (WBC), red blood cell count(RBC), hemoglobin(Hb), hematocrit(Hct), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin(MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration(MCHC), red cell distribution width(RDW), platelet, plateletcrit, mean platelet volume(MPV) and platelet distribution width(PDW). The following results are obtained. 1) Male, mean value of WBC ; $6,800{\pm}2,680(2SD)/{\mu}l$ Female, mean value of WBC ; $5,950{\pm}2,380(2SD)/{\mu}l$ 2) Male, mean value of RBC ; $428{\pm}60(2SD){\times}10^4/{\mu}l$ Female, mean value of WBC ; $415{\pm}56(2SD){\times}10^4/{\mu}l$ 3) Male, mean value of Hb ; $15.4{\pm}1.8(2SD)g/dL$ Female, mean value of Hb ; $13.0{\pm}1.6(2SD)g/dL$ 4) Male, mean value of Hct ; $45.3{\pm}5.0(2SD)%$ Female, mean value of Hct ; $38.2{\pm}4.6(2SD)%$ 5) Male, mean value of MCV ; $93.8{\pm}5.8(2SD)fL$ Female, mean value of MCV ; $92.2{\pm}7.4(2SD)fL$ 6) Male, mean value of MCH ; $31.8{\pm}2.2(250)pg$ Female, mean value of MCH ; $31.4{\pm}2.8(2SD)pg$ 7) Male, mean value of MCHC ; $34.0{\pm}1.2(2SD)%$ Female, mean value of MCHC ; $33.9{\pm}1.2(2SD)%$ 8) Male, mean value of RDW ; $12.7{\pm}1.0(2SD)%$ Female, mean value of RDW ; $12.6{\pm}1.4(2SD)%$ 9) Male, mean value of Platelet ; $242.9{\pm}87.8(2SD){\times}10^3/{\mu}l$ Female, mean value of Platelet ; $242.2{\pm}89.0(2SD){\times}10^3/{\mu}l$ 10) Male, mean value of Plateletcrit ; $0.201{\pm}0.076(2SD)%$ Female, mean value of Plateletcrit ; $0.204{\pm}0.076(2SD)%$ 11) Male, mean value of MPV ; $8.20{\pm}1.70(2SD)fl$ Female, mean value of MPV ; $8.36{\pm}1.82(2SD)fl$ 12) Male, mean value of PDW ; $16.1{\pm}0.8(2SD)%$ Female, mean value of PDW ; $16.0{\pm}0.8(2SD)%$.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.36-58
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• 2022

In this study, the weather conditions corresponding to the increase in the environmental concentration of fine dust (PM₁₀) and ultrafine dust (PM_2.5) from 2001 to 2019 in Jeju and Seogwipo cities were analyzed. The increase in the levels of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 was observed in the order: spring > winter > autumn > summer. In both cities, PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 levels increased more frequently during the day in spring and summer and at night in autumn and winter, with PM_2.5 showing a greater increase in concentration than PM₁₀. The air temperature and wind speed corresponding with increased levels of PM₁₀ were higher than their respective seasonal averages in spring and winter, but lower in summer and autumn. Relative humidity was lower than the seasonal average during all seasons. The air temperature variation corresponding with increased levels of PM_2.5 showed the same seasonal trend as that observed for PM₁₀. The relative humidity was higher than the respective seasonal averages in spring and summer, and lower in winter. The wind speed was lower than the seasonal average in both the cities. When the PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 levels increased, the wind direction was from the north and the west during the day and varied according to the season at night. The rate of the increase in the PM₁₀ concentration was the highest in both cities at the wind speed of 1.6 - 3.4 ms^-1 during the day and night except during night in the summer. The highest concentration of PM_2.5 was observed with the wind speed range of 1.6 - 3.4 ms^-1 in Jeju, and 0.3 - 1.6 ms^-1 in Seogwipo. The results of this study applied to urban and landscape planning will aid in the formulation of strategies to reduce the adverse effects of fine particular matter.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.445-450
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• 2012

From 2015, PM2.5 standards will be added to Korean national ambient air quality standards. To characterize PM2.5 levels in Cheonan, annual PM2.5 concentrations along with PM10 concentrations were investigated between February 2010 and January 2011 using a dust monitor. The annual PM2.5 concentration was $40.45{\mu}g/m^3$ and over the standards($25{\mu}g/m^3$). The daily average PM2.5 concentrations ranged from 2.43 to $178.84{\mu}g/m^3$, and 26% days exceeded the daily PM2.5 standard($50{\mu}g/m^3$). During the same periods, only 11% days exceeded the daily PM10 standard, showing that PM2.5 were more concerning levels than PM10. Seasonal variations showed the highest concentrations in spring and winter, and lowest concentration in summer due to heavy rain fall. Changes in PM2.5 concentrations during the day were remarkable and showed the highest concentrations in commuting periods. The results indicated that the concentrations of PM2.5 in Cheonan were at the concerning level, and mainly from the mobile sources.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.217-225
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• 2016

The purpose of the study was to initially investigate the concentration patterns of $PM_1$, $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{10}$ in the Seoul subway lines, and then to figure out the PM behaviors of internal and external sources inside subway tunnels. The PMs were monitored by a light scattering real-time monitor during winter (Jan. 8-26 in 2015) and summer (July 2-Aug. 7 in 2015) in tunnel air, in passenger cabin air, and in the ambient air. The daily average $PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$, and $PM_1$ concentrations on these object lines were $101.3{\pm}38.4$, $81.5{\pm}30.2$, and $59.7{\pm}19.9{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. On an average, the PM concentration was about 1.2 times higher in winter than in summer and about 1.5 times higher in underground tunnel sections than in ground sections. In this study, we also calculated extensively the average PM mass ratios for $PM_{2.5}/PM_{10}$, $PM_1/PM_{10}$, and $PM_1/PM_{2.5}$; for example, the range of $PM_{2.5}/PM_{10}$ ratio in tunnel air was 0.82-0.86 in underground tunnel air, while that was 0.48-0.68 in outdoor ground air. The ratio was much higher in tunnel air than in outdoor air and was always higher in summer than in winter in case of outdoor air. It seemed from the results that the in/out air quality as well as a proper amount of subway ventilation must be significant influence factors in terms of fine PM management and control for the tunnel air quality improvement.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.17-32
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• 1977

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the significance of the insulin and the C-peptide rseponse to oral glucose loads in normal and diabetic subjects and to establish the effects of the obesity. In this study, the authors have measured plasma insulin and C-peptide by means of radioimmunoassay in 10 nonobese normal, 5 obese normal, 13 nonobese moderate diabetic patients, 9 obese moderate diabetic patients and 9 severe diabetic patients. The results obtained were as follows; 1. In 10 nonobese normal subjects, the plasma insulin level at fasting state and at 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after oral glucose loads were $15.7{\pm}3.4,\;48.3{\pm}9.8,\;40.4{\pm}6.7,\;37.4{\pm}6.5\;and\;26.0{\pm}4.2uU/ml(Mean{\pm}S.E.)$ and C-peptide were $1.9{\pm}0.3,\;3.9{\pm}0.6,\;6.3{\pm}0.6,\;5.7{\pm}0.5\;and\;4.0{\pm}0.5ng/ml$. The change of C-peptide was found to go almost parallel with that of insulin and the insulin value reaches to the highest level at 30 min whereas C-peptide reaches to its peak at 60min. 2. The plasma insulin level in 5 obese normal subjects were $38.9{\pm}12.3,\;59.5{\pm}12.3,\;59.2{\pm}17.1,\;56.1{\pm}20.0\;and\;48.4{\pm}17.2uU/ml$ and the C-peptide were $5.5{\pm}0.4,\;6.8{\pm}0.5,\;7.9{\pm}0.8,\;7.9{\pm}0.8\;and\;7.8{\pm}2.0ng/ml$. The insulin response appeared to be greater than nonobese normal subjects. 3. In 13 nonobese moderate diabetic patients, the plasma insulin levels were $27.1{\pm}4.9,\;44.1{\pm}6.0,\;37.3{\pm}6.6,\;35.5{\pm}8.1\;and\;34.7{\pm}10.7uU/ml$ and the C-peptide levels were $2.7{\pm}0.4,\;4.9{\pm}0.7,\;6.5{\pm}0.5,\;7.0{\pm}0.3\;and\;6.7{\pm}1.0ng/ml$. There was little significance compared to nonobese normal groups but delayed pattern is noted. 4. In 9 obese moderated diabetic patients, the plasma insulin levels were $22.1{\pm}7.9,\;80.0{\pm}19.3,\;108.0{\pm}27.0,\;62.0{\pm}17.6\;and\;55.5{\pm}10.1uU/ml$ and the C-peptide levels were $5.2{\pm}0.4,\;8.0{\pm}1.0,\;10.4{\pm}1.6,\;10.4{\pm}1.7\;and\;10.1{\pm}1.0ng/ml$ and its response was also greater than that of nonobese moderate diabetic patients. 5. The plasma insulin concentrations in 9 severe diabetic subjects were $8.0{\pm}3.8,\;12.1{\pm}3.5,\;16.8{\pm}4.6,\;19.6{\pm}5.2\;and\;15.0{\pm}5.0uU/ml$ and the C-peptide levels were $1.6{\pm}0.3,\;2.4{\pm}0.4,\;4.1{\pm}0.6,\;4.0{\pm}0.8\;and\;4.5{\pm}0.7ng/ml$ and the insulin and C-peptide responses were markedly reduced in severe diabetic groups. 6. There were-significant differences between each groups of patients on the magnitude of total insulin or C-peptide areas, the insulinogenic index and the C-peptide index.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.157-167
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• 2017

Millions of People die every year from diseases caused by exposure to outdoor air pollution. Especially, one of the most severe types of air pollution is fine particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5). South Korea also has been suffered from severe PM. This paper analyzes regional risks induced by PM10 and PM2.5 that have affected domestic area of Korea during 2014~2016.3Q. We investigated daily maxima of PM10 and PM2.5 data observed on 284 stations in South Korea, and found extremely high outlier. We employed extreme value distributions to fit the PM10 and PM2.5 data, but a single distribution did not fit the data well. For theses reasons, we implemented extreme mixture models such as the generalized Pareto distribution(GPD) with the normal, the gamma, the Weibull and the log-normal, respectively. Next, we divided the whole area into 16 regions and analyzed characteristics of PM risks by developing the FN-curves. Finally, we estimated 1-month, 1-quater, half year, 1-year and 3-years period return levels, respectively. The severity rankings of PM10 and PM2.5 concentration turned out to be different from region to region. The capital area revealed the worst PM risk in all seasons. The reason for high PM risk even in the yellow dust free season (Jun. ~ Sep.) can be inferred from the concentration of factories in this area. Gwangju showed the highest return level of PM2.5, even if the return level of PM10 was relatively low. This phenomenon implies that we should investigate chemical mechanisms for making PM2.5 in the vicinity of Gwangju area. On the other hand, Gyeongbuk and Ulsan exposed relatively high PM10 risk and low PM2.5 risk. This indicates that the management policy of PM risk in the west side should be different from that in the east side. The results of this research may provide insights for managing regional risks induced by PM10 and PM2.5 in South Korea.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.22 no.E1
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• pp.45-48
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• 2006

Mass size distributions of atmospheric particles in Cheonan were determined using a high volume air sampler equipped with a 5-stage cascade impactor. Bimodal distributions that are typical for urban atmospheric particles were obtained. A MMD of the fine particle mode was $0.47{\pm}0.05{\mu}m$ with a GSD of $2.72{\pm}0.21$, and those of the coarse particles were $5.15{\pm}0.18{\mu}m\;and\;2.09{\pm}0.09$, respectively. The annual average concentrations of TSP, PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 were 74.1, 67.5, 54.2, and $42.3{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. Although the daily PM10 concentrations were under the current National Standard, the daily PM2.5 concentrations frequently exceeded the US Standard even in non asian dust periods. The fractions of PM 10, PM2.5, and PM1 in TSP were $0.905{\pm}0.013,\;0.723{\pm}0.022,\;and\;0.572{\pm}0.029$, respectively, and fine mode particles occupied $57{\sim}72%$ of the total particle mass. The results indicate that fine particles were at the concerning level, and should be the target pollutant for the regional air quality strategy in Cheonan.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.189-194
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• 2011

This study used magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to quantitatively analyze the neural fiber tractography according to the age of normal corpus callosum and to evaluate of usefulness. The research was intended for the applicants of 60 persons that was in a good state of health with not brain or other disease. The test parameters were TR: 6650 ms, TE: 66 ms, FA: $90^{\circ}$, NEX: 2, thickness: 2 mm, no gap, FOV: 220 mm, b-value: $800s/mm^2$, sense factor: 2, acquisition matrix size: $2{\times}2{\times}2mm^3$, and the test time was 3 minutes 46 seconds. The evaluation method was constructed the color-cored FA map include to the skull vertex from the skull base in scan range. We set up the five ROI of corpus callosum of genu, anterior-mid body, posterior-mid body, isthmus, and splenium, tracking, respectively, and to quantitatively measured the length of neural fiber. As a result, the length of neural fiber, for the corpus callosum of genu was 20's: $61.8{\pm}6.8$, 30's: $63.9{\pm}3.8$, 40's: $65.5{\pm}6.4$, 50's: $57.8{\pm}6.0$, 60's: $58.9{\pm}4.5$, more than 70's: $54.1{\pm}8.1mm$, for the anterior-mid body was 20's: $54.8{\pm}8.8$, 30's: $58.5{\pm}7.9$, 40's: $54.8{\pm}7.8$, 50's: $56.1{\pm}10.2$, 60's: $48.5{\pm}6.2$, more than 70's: $48.6{\pm}8.3mm$, for the posterior-mid body was 20's: $72.7{\pm}9.1$, 30's: $61.6{\pm}9.1$, 40's: $60.9{\pm}10.5$, 50's: $61.4{\pm}11.7$, 60's: $54.9{\pm}10.0$, more than 70's: $53.1{\pm}10.5mm$, for the isthmus was 20's: $71.5{\pm}17.4$, 30's: $74.1{\pm}14.9$, 40's: $73.6{\pm}14.2$, 50's: $66.3{\pm}12.9$, 60's: $56.5{\pm}11.2$, more than 70's: $56.8{\pm}11.3mm$, and for the splenium was 20's: $82.6{\pm}6.8$, 30's: $86.9{\pm}6.4$, 40's: $83.1{\pm}7.1$, 50's: $81.5{\pm}7.4$, 60's: $78.6{\pm}6.0$, more than 70's: $80.55{\pm}8.6mm$. The length of neural fiber for normal corpus callosum were statistically significant in the genu(P=0.001), posterior-mid body(P=0.009), and istumus(P=0.012) of corpus callosum. In order of age, the length of neural fiber increased from 30s to 40s, as one grows older tended to decrease. For this reason, the nerve cells of brain could be confirmed through the neural fiber tractography to progress actively in middle age.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.61-71
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• 2010

Intensive measurements of airborne respirable $PM_{2.5}$ and inhalable $PM_{2.5}$ were conducted in the downtown area of Iksan city. The $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ samples were collected twice a day in the Iksan city of Korea from October 17 to November 1, 2004. The purpose of the study was to determine the inorganic water-soluble components and trace elements of $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ in the atmospheric environment and estimate the contribution rate of major chemical components from a mass balance of all measured particulate species. The chemical analysis for PM samples was conducted for water-soluble inorganic ions using ion chromatography and trace elements using PIXE analysis. The mean concentrations of respirable $PM_{2.5}$ and inhalable $PM_{2.5}$ were $51.4{\pm}29.7$ and $79.5{\pm}39.6\;{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively, and the ratio was 0.62. The ion species of $NO_3$, $SO_4^2$, and $NH_4^+$ were abundant in both $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{2.5}$. These components predominated in respirable $PM_{2.5}$ fraction, while $Na^+$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$ mostly existed in coarse particle mode. Elemental components of S, Cl, K, and Si were abundant in both $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{2.5}$. These elements, except for Si, were considered to be emitted from anthropogenic sources, while Si, Al, Fe, Ca existed mainly in coarse particle mode and were considered to be emitted from crustal materials. The averaged mass balance analysis showed that ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, crustal component, and other trace elements were composed of 18.4%, 13.2%, 4.8%, 3.5% for PM2.5 and 17.0%, 11.6%, 13.7%, 4.4% for $PM_{2.5}$, respectively.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.327-340
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• 2007

The $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ aerosols were collected at Busan from March to May, 2005, and the concentrations of some metallic elements were analysed to study their characteristics. The mean concentration of $PM_{10}$ was $66.5{\pm}23.0{\mu}g/m^3$ with a range of 22.2 to $118.1{\mu}g/m^3$. The mean concentration of $PM_{2.5}$ was $46.1{\pm}17.2{\mu}g/m^3$ with a range of 9.7 to $83.3{\mu}g/m^3$. The ratio of $PM_{2.5}/PM_{10}$ was 0.69 at Busan. The distribution of metallic elements for $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ were Cd${\ldots}$ ${\ldots}$ $PM_{10}$ were $94.9{\mu}g/m^3$ and $63.7{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. And The mean mass concentrations of Asian dust and non Asian dust in $PM_{2.5}$ were $56.9{\mu}g/m^3$ and $45.1{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. The mean values of crustal enrichment factors for five elements (Cd, Cu, Pb, V and Zn) were all higher than 10, possibly suggesting the influence of anthropogenic sources. The soil contribution ratios for $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ were 20.5% and 19.4, respectively.