• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.47-78
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• 1999

Hoichunyonggyuksan(HCYGS) and Yongseksan(YSS) are important prescriptions that have been used in oriental medicine for stomatitis and wound healing. The study was done to evaluate the inhibitory effects of cytotoxicity, formation of superoxide on the macrophage and neutrophil, prostaglandins($PGE_2$), interleukins($IL-1{\Beta}$), collagenase activity and synthesis of collagen and DNA. The results were obtained as fo1lows: 1. HCYGS and YSS were not showed the proliferation difference of human fibroblast and monocyte in all concentrations to be experimented and in result, it was concluded that they have no cytotoxicity. 2. YSS inhibited the formation of superoxide to $48\% at the concentration of $0.001\%$ in the mouse monocyte. 3. HCYGS inhibited the formation of superoxide to $13\%$ at the concentration of $0.001\%$ as compared with control in the human monocyte. 4. HCYGS and YSS inhibited the formation of superoxide to $25\%\;and\;35\%$ respectively at the concentration of $0.0001\%\;and\;HCYGS\;showed\;38\%$ inhihitory rate on the formation of superoxide at concentration of $0.001\%$ in the human neutrophil. 5. The concentration of inhibiting the production of prostaglandins($PGE_2$) to $11\%$ in the human monocyte stimulated with E. coli were $0.01\%$ of HCYGS. 6. The concentration of inhibiting the production of interleukins($IL-l{\Beta}$) to $43\%\;and\;39\%$ in the human monocyte stimulated with E. coli were $0.01\%$ of HCYGS and YSS. 7. HCYGS and YSS didn't influence on collagen synthesis and total protein in fibroblasts. 8. HCYGS and YSS inhibited the collagenase activity to $22\%\;and\;19\%\;at\;0.1\%,\;45\%\;and\;56\%\;at\;0.2\%,\;57\%\;and\;52\%$ at $0.5\%$ respectively, but YSS exerted the inhibitory effect on collagenase activity to $27\%$ at the lower concentration of $0.01\%$. 9. HCYGS and YSS didn't show the faster recovary than control group hut exerted the consistant effect on the anti-inflammations and the formation of granulation tissue.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.695-701
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• 2015

Previous reports revealed that DMfree (green tea extract) inhibited expression of the IL-6 gene in Mycobacterium lepraeinfected MSCs (mesenchymal stem cells). This study aimed to measure IL-6, $IL-1{\beta}$, $TNF-{\alpha}$ and PGE2 production in M. leprae-infected MSCs using ELISA. To confirm the effect of DMfree on IL-6 and signal transduction, a western blotting test was performed. DMfree inhibited the expression of IL-6 in the MSCs and the heterodimer of STAT3, which also affects the expression of multiple genes. Though DMfree pre-treatment of control MSCs produced a baseline level of IL-6, it significantly inhibited the production of IL-6 in M. leprae-infected MSCs. There was no significant difference in IL-6 production between 1 and 7 day treatment groups. M. leprae-infected MSCs produced more $IL-1{\beta}$, $TNF-{\alpha}$ and PGE2, but DMfree could not inhibit their production at a physiological concentration. This is different from other reports that used higher concentration of EGCG treatment, resulting in significant inhibition of the cytokines. The inhibition appears to be related to the concentration of EGCG. These results indicate that DMfree can alleviate inflammation involving IL-6.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.286-293
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• 2016

본 연구에서는 ursolic acid의 위의 보호효과를 위한 실험을 실시하였다. 위장 질병에 대한 ursolic acid의 효과를 확인하기 위해서 급성, 만성위염은 각각의 HCl ethanol과 indomethacin에 의해 유도된 위염 동물 모델을 사용하여 관찰하였다. 대표적인 공격인자인 위산에 관해서는 PPI activity를 통해서 확인하였고, 위의 손상에 대한 보호인자에 관해서는, $PGE_2$를 정량적으로 분석하였다. 항균활성 실험은 만성위염, 위궤양, 위암에 원인인자로 잘 알려진 H. pylori로 실험하였다. AGS cell를 이용하여 DAPI 염색, Flow cytometry assay를 통하여 ursolic acid가 위암세포의 apoptosis에 관여하는지를 확인하였다. 그 결과 ursolic acid는 HCl ethanol과 indomethacin에 의해 유도된 급성, 만성에 대한 위손상을 억제하였다. Ursolic acid는 위산분비의 마지막 단계인 위염분비효소인 proton pump를 억제시킴으로써 산의 분비를 억제하였다. 그리고 ursolic acid는 위 점막의 보호인자인 $PGE_2$의 농도가 증가함으로써 위 점막 보호 효과를 확인하였다. 또한 ursolic acid는 공격인자인 H. pylori colonization을 억제하였다. DAPI를 이용한 핵 염색에서, 대조군과는 달리, 핵 형상의 변형과 함께 수축 된 세포 또는 염색질의 응축현상이 관찰되었다. Flow cytometry assay에서 ursolic acid에 의해 apoptosis가 증가하는 것을 확인 하였다. 이를 통하여 ursolic acid는 위 손상에 대한 방어 효과가 있음을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.207-212
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• 2017

Objectives: Study of the mechanisms involved in cancer progression suggests that cyclooxygenase enzymes play an important role in the induction of inflammation, tumor formation, and metastasis of cancer cells. Thus, cyclooxygenase enzymes could be considered for cancer chemotherapy. Among these enzymes, cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) is associated with liver carcinogenesis. Various COX-2 inhibitors cause growth inhibition of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells, but many of them act in the COX-2 independent mechanism. Thus, the introduction of selective COX-2 inhibitors is necessary to achieve a clear result. The present study was aimed to determine the growth-inhibitory effects of new analogues of chalcone epoxide as selective COX-2 inhibitors on the human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cell line. Methods: Estimation of both cell growth and the amount of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production were used to study the effect of selective COX-2 inhibitors on the hepatocellular carcinoma cell. Cell growth determination has done by MTT assay in 24 h, 48 h and 72 h, and PGE2 production has estimated by using ELYSA kit in 48 h and 72 h. Results: The results showed growth inhibition of the HepG2 cell line in a concentration and time-dependent manner, as well as a reduction in the formation of PGE2 as a product of COX-2 activity. Among the compounds those analogues with methoxy and hydrogen group showed more inhibitory effect than others. Conclusion: The current in-vitro study indicates that the observed significant growth-inhibitory effect of chalcone-epoxide analogues on the HepG2 cell line may involve COX-dependent mechanisms and the PGE2 pathway parallel to the effect of celecoxib. It can be said that these analogues might be efficient compounds in chemotherapy of COX-2 dependent carcinoma specially preventing and treatment of hepatocellular carcinomas.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.278-284
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• 2020

목련은 항산화효과와 진정작용과 같은 다양한 효능을 가진 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 목련 에센셜오일의 항균 활성 및 항염증 활성을 검증하고자 한다. 목련 에센셜 오일은 증류법으로 추출한 것을 사용하였으며, 항균 활성은 S. aureus와 E. coli, P. aeruginosa에 대하여 paper disk diffusion법과 최소저해농도(minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC) 값을 측정하여 확인하였다. 목련 에센셜 오일은 S. aureus 균주에 대하여 18 mm의 clear zone형성과 0.25 mg/ml의 MIC 값을 나타내는 우수한 항균효과를 보였다. P. aeruginosa 균주와 E. coli 균주는 clear zone 형성이 각각 14 mm와 17 mm로 나타났다. 또한, MIC값은 각각 1 mg/ml와 0.5 mg/ml로 측정되었다. 항염증 활성은 LPS 유도된 RAW264.7 세포에서 nitric oxide (NO)와 PGE₂의 생성억제율을 조사하였다. 목련 에센셜 오일, 500 ㎍/ml의 농도에서 RAW264.7세포에 대한 세포 독성은 나타내지 않았지만, NO (37.7%)와 PGE₂ (24.0%)억제를 보였다. GC-MS를 이용하여 목련 에센셜 오일을 분석하였다. 목련 에센셜 오일의 3 가지 주요 방향제 성분은 3-carene (77.07%), β-elemene (6.92%) 및 caryphyllene (2.86%)로 분석되었다. 이러한 결과는 목련 에센셜 오일이 항균 및 항염증 효과를 갖는 화장품 기능성 물질로서 잠재력을 가지고 있음을 시사한다.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.97-103
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• 2017

Objective : According to recent studies, Anemarrhenae Rhizoma has anti-inflammatory activities of DW extract, but it hasn't not yet conducted to evaluate inflammatory factors about 80% ethanol extract. Therefore, The aim of this study is to investigate the various effects of individual or combined 80% ethanol extract of Anemarrhenae Rhizoma on cell viability and various anti-inflammatory factors. Methods : Anemarrhenae Rhizoma extract was prepared with 80% ethanol. MTT assay, ELISA, and Luminex were performed in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cell line to measure cytotoxicity, Nitric oxide (NO), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), prostaglandin E2 ($PGE_2$), Leukotriene B4 ($LTB_4$), and cytokines ($IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, and $TNF-{\alpha}$), respectively. Results : At concentration of $200{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ Anemarrhenae Rhizoma extract, cytotoxicity was observed in RAW 264.7 cells. However, at concentration less than $100{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of Anemarrhenae Rhizoma, cytotoxicity was not observed in RAW 264.7 cells. All concentration of Anemarrhenae Rhizoma extract showed no difference of NO, and $IL-1{\beta}$level in RAW 264.7 cells compared with control group. In contrast, at concentration of $100{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ Anemarrhenae Rhizoma extract significantly inhibited LPS-induced production of COX-2, PGE2, and $LTB_4$ level in RAW 264.7 cells. In addition, the production of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$) in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells was significantly decreased at concentration of all or 10, and $100{\mu}g/m{\ell}$, respectively. Conclusion : These findings demonstrate that Anemarrhenae Rhizoma has inhibitory effect on inflammatory mediators in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cells showing possible developed as a raw material for new therapeutics to ease the symptoms related with inflammatory.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.53-62
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• 2000

Bone marrow culture systems are widely used to differentiate osteoclast-like cells in vitro using several osteotropic hormones. In this study, we isolated and cultured the mouse bone marrow cells with or without some osteotropic hormones such as parathyroid hormone(PTH), prostaglandin $E_2(PGE_2)$ and $l,25(OH)_2-vitamin$ $D_3$(Vit. $D_3$). We confirmed the formation of osteoclast-like cells morphologically and functionally by the expression of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase(TRAP) and by their capability to resorb dentin slices. We also studied the effects of transforming growth $factor-{\beta}(TGF-{\beta})$ and epidermal growth factor(EGF) on the Vit. $D_3-induced$ osteoclast-like cell formation. In control, a few multinucleated cells were formed whereas PTH and $PGE_2$ increased the number of multinucleated cells. PTH, $PGE_2$ and Vit. $D_3$ induced the formation of TRAP-positive multinucleated cells. After culture of mouse bone marrow cells on the dentin slices with or without osteotropic hormones, giant cells with diverse morphology were found on the dentin slices under the scanning electronmicroscopy. After removing the attached cells, resorption pits were identified on the dentin slices, and the shape of resorption pits was variable. EGF increased the osteoclast-like cell formation induced by Vit. $D_3$, however, $TGF-{\beta}$ showed biphasic effect, which at low concentration, increased and at high concentration, decreased the osteoclast-like cell formation induced by Vit. $D_3$.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.70-80
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• 2013

Objectives : Haliotidis Concha has been used to treat various human diseases such as liver dysfunction and inflammatory disorder. Although it has been shown the effects of Haliotidis Concha on the various diseases, it has almost not been studied about the anti-inflammatory effects of the Haliotidis Concha and its mechanisms. Methods : This research investigated the effects of the Haliotidis Concha ethanol extract (HCE) on the production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) as well as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-${\alpha}$). The protein expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were assayed by immunoblot analyses, and the productions of NO, $PGE_2$ and TNF-${\alpha}$ were assessed by ELISA. Results : Haliotidis Concha decreased the production of NO and $PGE_2$, and inhibited the expression iNOS and COX-2 proteins in a concentration-dependent manner in LPS-treated Raw 264.7 cells. HCE suppressed the ability of LPS to activate the signaling pathways of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-${\kappa}B$) as indicated by HCE inhibited nuclear NF-${\kappa}B$ level and I-${\kappa}B{\alpha}$ phosphorylation. Also, HCE inhibited mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Conclusions : HCE repressed the production of LPS-inducible NO, $PGE_2$ and TNF-${\alpha}$, which may be mediated by inhibition of NF-${\kappa}B$ translocation. This study suggest the use for the treatment of acute inflammatory disorders.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.308-313
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to validate the potential etiologic factors for temporomandibular disorder(TMD). TMJ arthroscopic examination was performed in upper joint compartment of 32 joints from 20 patients with mandibular fractures. Synovial fluid was collected from the upper joint space during pumping manipulation with normal saline. Cytologic smearing and histomorphologic exam of synovial fluid were performed in 15 joints. Prostaglandin $E_2(PGE_2)$ concentration was measured in 11 joints. Leukotriene $B_4(LTB_4)$ concentration was measured in 8 joints. There were several arthroscopic variables such as ecchymosis, fibrillation, and adhesion. Histomorphologic exam showed a variety of findings such as bloody smears, cellular cluster, degenerated cells and cartilage, undifferentiated crystal. Mean $PGE_2$ concentrations were 316.5 pg/ml. Mean LTB4 concentrations were 45.9pg/ml. This study demonstrated a variety of findings on inflammatory and degenerative changes of TMJ. Because acute trauma such as mandibular fracture is a major etiologic factor in cartilage degradation and biochemical and intraarticular pathology, clinicians must identify and address TMJ signs and symptoms during follow-up periods in the long term.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.95-105
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• 2016

Objectives : Allergic diseases have a various symptoms of hyperresponsiveness and recently hyperresponsive reaction in the chronic phase is reported as the important mechanisms. Cheonggisan(CGS) is used in oriental clinics for curing various skin diseases due to effect of controlling of pruritus. There have been studies on the anti-allergic effect and anti-inflammatory effect of CGS, but there had no study of anti-allergic effects in allergic late inflammation of CGS, so we aimed to find out the effects of CGS in allergic late inflammation in our study.Methods : To investigate the anti-allergy effect and anti-inflammatory effect of CGS, RAW 264.7 macrophage cells and CSG water-extracts were used. Cytotoxic effect of CSG was examined by MTT assay, an oxidative product of NO was measured in the culture medium by the Griess reagent assay. The level of prostaglandin E2(PGE2) was measured by competitive enzyme-linked immunoassay. Cytokine(PGE2, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) was measured by Bio-Plex suspension assay system and quantitative multiplexed cytokine/chemokine assay.Results : We investigated that there was no cytotoxic effect of CGS water-extract at any levels of concentration on RAW 264.7 macrophage cells by MTT assay. CGS water-extracts significantly suppressed the levels of the inflammatory mediators such as NO and PGE2, cytokine of IL-1β, TNF-α at the level of 400 ㎍/㎖ CGS concentration. But there was no significant effect on IL-6 production suppression.Conclusions : These results suggest that CSG water-extract has and anti-inflammatory effects in allergic reaction. These properties may contribute to the allergic diseases and inflammatory related disease care.